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Evidence of climate change and global warming is becoming more visible; it is an ongoing process that is likely to become increasingly influential in the near future, not only at the global level but also at the local and regional levels. The fact that climate change affects the development of all forest communities and forest tree species, accordingly, has resulted in the increasing awareness in society towards this phenomenon. Having this in mind, the main aim of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between climate change and coniferous forests in the Balkan Peninsula, as well as to review the management strategies that may contribute to forest adaptation to climate change, with a special emphasis on the conservation of forest genetic resources. Hence, we have analyzed 202 papers regarding climate change and its effects on coniferous forests in the Balkan region, as well as papers dealing with adaptive forest management and forest genetic resources conservation. We concluded that climate change will likely represent one of the major challenges for coniferous forests on the Balkan peninsula in the future, imposing a need for the application of different management strategies to address these challenges and to facilitate adaptation of forests to the altered environmental conditions.

In the paper, the structural, production and development characteristics of a potentially overripe and devitalized sessile oak stand on Fruška Gora were investigated. Structural and production characteristics were investigated on the ICP Forests plot Level 2, where data from two surveys in 2015 and 2020 were used. Developmental characteristics were investigated using center cores of 22 dominant sessile oak trees sampled in 2014 and using electronic and manual dendrometers on six trees from 2015 Topola/Poplar 2022, 210, 29-40 www.ilfe.org 30 to 2022. The diameter distribution shows that the researched stand is two-storeyed and mixed, and based on the diameter distribution of the first floor, it was a pure even-aged stand of sessile oak in the past. Productivity in the period from 2015 to 2020 shows stagnation, but with a clear decrease in the share of sessile oak, especially in the total basal area and volume. By analyzing the age and development characteristics, individual trees show clear signs of devitalization during most of their life, and for the whole stand we can conclude that it is significantly too old and in clear devitalization, especially after 2019. The diameter growth in the growing season is characterized by small values and predominantly occurs in May and June. The general conclusion is that the researched stand is overaged, devitalized (the main species of the stand is the sessile oak), with the regression of the sessile oak in relation to other competing species and very slow growth dynamics even on an annual basis, which from the perspective of future management puts the forestry profession in a very unenviable role and requires an adaptive approach to managing such stands.

We analyzed macro-(Ca, Mg, and K) and microelements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soil from three depths that correspond to different soil horizons (0-60, 61-75, and 76-160 cm) from three sites in Futoški park (Novi Sad, Serbia), which was measured by using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). In this study, we tested the influence of spatial arrangement and soil depth on the variation of micro-and macro-element contents using (i) two-way ANOVA with the site, soil depth, and their interactions as dependent variables, (ii) Tukey post-hoc test (for p

In this paper, the occurrence, frequency, and character of stormy winds in clonal poplar plantations in Vojvodina Province were studied in the period from 2016-2021 years. 10 large gusts of stormy winds were recorded, which caused enormous damage to poplar plantations. Depending on the strength of the wind, the age of the plants, and the state of soil moisture, the damage was reflected in windbreaks, windbreaks, and wind bending of trees.

In this paper we compared the accuracy of different samples (minus the sample with the NN1 edge correction and buffer zone, plus sample and modified cluster sample) to determine indices of spatial structure in beech forests in Serbia, which can be used in regular forest inventory. The research was conducted in 11 forest stands of different structure at the territory of Central Serbia. Field data used for the assessment of spatial structure indices were collected across the examined stands on the sample plots of different sizes, using systematic grid, with the square layout of sample plots (100x100 meters). The study was conducted on 242 sample plots. For accuracy comparison of different sample types, five indices were used: Uniform angle index, Mean directional index, Species mingling index, DBH differentiation and DBH dominance indices. One-way ANOVA showed that at the stand level there were no statistically significant differences between mean values of indices obtained by different sample types. However, Simple linear correlations confirmed for most indices that if the spatial structure is to be determined with accuracy at the level of sample plots (in this case, a circular fixed radius plot of 5 acres) it is necessary to use a plus sample during data collection. For species mingling and DBH differentiation indices, Simple linear correlations show that both minus sampling with edge correction buffer zone and modified cluster sampling with somewhat less accuracy can be used to a certain extent. Minus sampling with NN1 edge correction is not practical for use on sample plots of this size in beech forests in Serbia.

Acontia melanura (Tauscher, 1809) is an Eurasian noctuids species. It is present in Eastern Romania (Bleak Sea coastal area) and Bulgaria, as well as in southeastern European part of Russia, including the southern Urals. In 2019 and 2020, A. melanura was found in northeastern Serbia at the locality Korn in the Special Nature Reserve "Deliblatska peščara", and this was the westernmost finding of this species in Europe. A. melanura is considered as a vulnerable species in the Red List of Noctuidae of Serbia. However, it is mistakenly confused (due to disputed taxonomic affiliation) with Acontia urania (Frivaldsky, 1835), which was declared as the one of two extinct species in this list. This research proves the existence of A. melanura in Banat, with presented overview of the localities and dates of findings of the species. Also, the similarity of the spread of A. melanura and related species Ponemetia candefacta (Hübner, [1831]) in the Republic of Serbia in the light of climate change was pointed out.

Erebia aethiops (Esper, 1777) is an Eurasian butterfly species. Results of the previous studies revealed the presence of only four species belonging to the genus Erebia (Dalman, 1816) on Kopaonik mountain (Mt. Kopaonik), including Erebia ligea (Linnaeus, 1758), Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805), Erebia medusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) and Erebia ottomana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847). A recent finding of the species Erebia oeme (Hübner, 1804) pointed to insufficient research of this group of mountain butterflies on Mt. Kopaonik. This is confirmed by the last finding of Erebia aethiops (Esper, 1777) on two locations at high elevations of Mt. Kopaonik.

Extreme weather conditions, namely droughts, heat waves, heavy rains, floods, and landslides are becoming more frequent globally and in Serbia as a result of climate change. Generally, various parts of human society are affected by changing climate conditions. Forest ecosystems are one of the most sensitive systems to weather and climate. In that sense, small changes may lead to large disturbances including forest decline, outbreaks of insect pests and diseases and eventually mortality. In Serbia, the average temperature in forest ecosystems of the most important and abundant forest tree species has risen for more than 1°C in the last thirty years (1990-2019) in comparison to the previous period (1961-1990). During the last thirty years, the northern and western parts of Serbia experienced an increase in precipitation as opposed to the southern and eastern parts of the country. If one takes a closer look at the climate within a particular forest stands, it would seem that the effect of precipitation decrease is stronger in less humid parts of a tree species range. In this paper, we discuss various aspects of climate change impacts on forests and forestry, including forest ecology, genetics, physiology, pests and diseases, ground vegetation, monitoring, reporting and verification system, climate change litigation and perspectives of forests in the 21st century in Serbia.