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Thyroid ultrasound revealed 2.3 cm TR4 mid right nodule, 3.5 cm TR3 lower right thyroid nodule, and 4.7 cm right thyroid nodule that was incompletely visualized extending substernally. POSTER 258 I Thyroid Imaging Case Study Poster i THYROID BED EXTENSION OF THYROID MASS COMPLICATED BY TRACHEAL STENOSIS FROM MASS EFFECT Sakshi Sharma*, K. Romo, Qasim Iqbal Ochsner Clinic Foundation, USA Introduction: A goiter is defined as an enlargement of the thyroid gland regardless of etiology. POSTER 248 WITHDRAWN POSTER 249 I Thyroid Cancer Clinical Poster i IMPACT OF INCOME DISPARITY ON THYROID CANCER SURVIVAL AND SURGERY OUTCOMES: AN ANALYSIS USING... Mohammad Hussein SP 1 sp , Julia McGee* SP 2 sp , Alexandria Luu SP 2 sp , Michelle Tsang SP 2 sp , Manal Malik SP 2 sp , Eman Toraih SP 1 sp , Emad Kandil SP 3 sp SP 1 sp Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA, SP 2 sp Tulane University School of Medicine, USA, SP 3 sp Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA Objective: Although the relationship between disparities and health outcomes of thyroid cancer patients has been studied, less is known about the specific effects of income inequalities on patient outcomes. Strap muscle retracted, swelling was present behind the left lobe of thyroid we dissected and removal done in total CONCLUSION: There are lots of site for dermoid cyst permeation usually in neck in midline But this was typical case presented in thyroid region giving totally looks like thyroid swelling misleading for thyroid diseases. Discussion: This case presents a patient who had previously undergone a right thyroid nodulectomy instead of formal lobectomy and had subsequently developed thyroid extensions outside the thyroid bed complicated by tracheal stenosis from mass effect. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3]) is essential for development and organ metabolism in all vertebrates. T3 has both genomic and nongenomic effects on target cells. While much has been learnt on its genomic effects via T3 receptors (TRs) in vertebrate development, mostly through TR-knockout and TR-knockin studies, little is known about the effects of T3 on gene expression in animals in the absence of TR. We have been studying Xenopus metamorphosis as a model for mammalian postembryonic development, a period around birth when plasma T3 level peaks and many organs/tissues mature into their adult forms. We have recently generated TR double knockout (TRDKO) Xenopus tropicalis animals. This offers an opportunity to compare the effects of T3 on global gene expression in tadpole tissues in the presence or absence of TR. Methods: We analyzed the effects of T3 on gene expression in tadpole tail and intestine by using RNA-seq analysis on wild-type and TRDKO tadpoles with or without T3 treatment. Results: We observed that removing TRs reduced the number of genes regulated by T3 in both organs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed that T3 affected distinct biological processes and pathways in wild-type and TRDKO tadpoles. Many GO terms and KEGG pathways that were enriched among genes regulated in wild-type tissues are likely involved in mediating the effects of T3 on metamorphosis, for example, those related to development, stem cells, apoptosis, and cell cycle/cell proliferation. However, such GO terms and pathways were not enriched among T3-regulated genes in TRDKO tadpoles. Instead, in TRDKO tadpoles, GO terms and pathways related to "metabolism" and "immune response" were highly enriched among T3-regulated genes. We further observed strong divergence in the TR-independent nongenomic effects of T3 in the intestine and tail. Conclusions: Our data suggest that T3 has distinct and organ-dependent effects on gene expression in developing tadpoles. The TR-mediated effects are consistent with the metamorphic changes, in agreement with the fact that TR is necessary and sufficient to mediate the effects of T3 on metamorphosis. T3 appears to have a major effect on metabolism and immune response via TR-independent nongenomic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical evaluations of articles by expert reviewers make a vital contribution to ensuring the high quality of a journal's content. The editorial leadership of I Thyroid i is very grateful for the support of the highly qualified peer reviewers who have dedicated their time and effort to reviewing our articles. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3]) plays an important role in regulating vertebrate developmental, cellular, and metabolic processes via T3 receptor (TR). Liganded TR recruit coactivator complexes that include steroid receptor coactivators (SRC1, SRC2 or SRC3), which are histone acetyltransferases, to T3-responsive promoters. The functions of endogenous coactivators during T3-dependent mammalian adult organ development remain largely unclear, in part, due to the difficulty to access and manipulate late-stage embryos and neonates. We use Xenopus metamorphosis as a model for postembryonic development in vertebrates. This process is controlled by T3, involves drastic changes in every organ/tissue, and can be easily manipulated. We have previously found that SRC3 was upregulated in the intestine during amphibian metamorphosis. Methods: To determine the function of endogenous SRC3 during intestinal remodeling, we have generated Xenopus tropicalis animals lacking a functional SRC3 gene and analyzed the resulting phenotype. Results: Although removing SRC3 had no apparent effect on external development and animal gross morphology, the SRC3 (−/−) tadpoles displayed a reduction in the acetylation of histone H4 in the intestine compared with that in wild-type animals. Further, the expression of TR target genes was also reduced in SRC3 (−/−) tadpoles during intestinal remodeling. Importantly, SRC3 (−/−) tadpoles had inhibited/delayed intestinal remodeling during natural and T3-induced metamorphosis, including reduced adult intestinal stem cell proliferation and apoptosis of larval epithelial cells. Conclusion: Our results, thus, demonstrate that SRC3 is a critical component of the TR-signaling pathway in vivo during intestinal remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are two highly conserved thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3]) receptor (TR) genes, TRα and TRβ, in all vertebrates, and the expression of TRα but not TRβ is activated earlier than T3 synthesis during development. In human, high levels of T3 are present during the several months around birth, and T3 deficiency during this period causes severe developmental abnormalities including skeletal and intestinal defects. It is, however, difficult to study this period in mammals as the embryos and neonates depend on maternal supply of nutrients for survival. However, Xenopus tropicalis undergoes a T3-dependent metamorphosis, which drastically changes essentially every organ in a tadpole. Of interest is intestinal remodeling, which involves near complete degeneration of the larval epithelium through apoptosis. Concurrently, adult intestinal stem cells are formed de novo and subsequently give rise to the self-renewing adult epithelial system, resembling intestinal maturation around birth in mammals. We have previously demonstrated that T3 signaling is essential for the formation of adult intestinal stem cells during metamorphosis. Methods: We studied the function of endogenous TRα in the tadpole intestine by using knockout animals and RNA-seq analysis. Results: We observed that removing endogenous TRα caused defects in intestinal remodeling, including drastically reduced larval epithelial cell death and adult intestinal stem cell proliferation. Using RNA-seq on intestinal RNA from premetamorphic wild-type and TRα-knockout tadpoles treated with or without T3 for one day, before any detectable T3-induced cell death and stem cell formation in the tadpole intestine, we identified more than 1500 genes, which were regulated by T3 treatment of the wild-type but not TRα-knockout tadpoles. Gene Ontology and biological pathway analyses revealed that surprisingly, these TRα-regulated genes were highly enriched with cell cycle-related genes, in addition to genes related to stem cells and apoptosis. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that TRα-mediated T3 activation of the cell cycle program is involved in larval epithelial cell death and adult epithelial stem cell development during intestinal remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acknowledgment of Reviewers: 2019-2020 Thyroid gratefully acknowledges all the reviewers who have generously offered their time and expertise in evaluating the manuscripts submitted to the Journal from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3]) is essential for the development throughout vertebrates. Anuran metamorphosis mimics mammalian postembryonic development, a period around birth when plasma T3 level peaks and many organs/tissues mature into their adult forms. Compared with the uterus-enclosed mammalian embryos, tadpoles can be easily manipulated to study the roles of T3 and T3 receptors (TRs) in tissue remodeling and adult organ development. We and others have previously knocked out TRα or TRβ in the diploid anuran Xenopus tropicalis and reported distinct effects of the two receptor knockouts on metamorphosis. However, animals lacking either TRα or TRβ can complete metamorphosis and develop into reproductive adults. Methods: We have generated TRα and TRβ double knockout animals and carried out molecular and morphological analyses to determine if TR is required for Xenopus development. Results: We found that the TR double knockout tadpoles do not respond to T3, supporting the view that there are no other TR genes in X. tropicalis and that TR is essential for mediating the effects of T3 in vivo. Surprisingly, the double knockout tadpoles are able to initiate metamorphosis and accomplish many metamorphic changes, such as limb development. However, all double knockout tadpoles stall and eventually die at stage 61, the climax of metamorphosis, before tail resorption takes place. Analyses of the knockout tadpoles at stage 61 revealed various developmental abnormalities, including precocious ossification and extra vertebrae. Conclusions: Our data indicate that TRs are not required for the initiation of metamorphosis but is essential for the completion of metamorphosis. Furthermore, the differential effects of TR knockout on different organs/tissues suggest tissue-specific roles for TR to control temporal coordination and progression of metamorphosis in various organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) is critical for vertebrate development and affects the function of many adult tissues and organs. Its genomic effects are mediated by thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TRs) present in all vertebrates. The discovery of patients with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTHβ) >50 years ago and subsequent identification of genetic mutations in only the THRB gene in these patients suggest that mutations in the THRA gene may have different pathological manifestations in humans. Indeed, the recent discovery of a number of human patients carrying heterozygous mutations in the THRA gene (RTHα) revealed a distinct phenotype that was not observed in RTH patients with THRB gene mutations (RTHβ). That is, RTHα patients have constipation, implicating intestinal defects caused by THRA gene mutations. Methods: To determine how TRα1 mutations affect the intestine, this study analyzed a mutant mouse expressing a strong dominantly negative TRα1 mutant (denoted TRα1PV; Thra1PV mice). This mutant mouse faithfully reproduces RTHα phenotypes observed in patients. Results: In adult Thra1PV/+ mice, constipation was observed just like in patients with TRα mutations. Importantly, significant intestinal defects were discovered, including shorter villi and increased differentiated cells in the crypt, accompanied by reduced stem-cell proliferation in the intestine. Conclusions: The findings suggest that further analysis of this mouse model should help to reveal the molecular and physiological defects in the intestine caused by TRα mutations and to determine the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to excellent scientific and patient care-oriented content, this year's program will also offer ample opportunities for attendees to network and unwind, including the opening welcome reception on Wednesday evening, the DEI networking session on Thursday afternoon, and the ATA attendee meeting party on Friday night. In anticipation of the upcoming revised ATA guidelines on thyroid nodules, cochaired by Susan Mandel, MD, and Lisa Orloff, MD, and on differentiated thyroid cancer, cochaired by Julie Ann Sosa, MD, and Matthew Ringel, MD, the Arthur Bauman Clinical Symposium will offer a sneak peek into changes on the horizon and highlight the main forthcoming recommendations on these topics. We are delighted that the 91st Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) is almost here!. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on the 87th annual meeting of the American Thyroid Association to be held in Victoria, BC, Canada on October 18-22, 2017 and presents several abstracts related to thyroid. Topics mention including the conference programs, case reports and establishing of Intraoperative Parathyroid Scores System (IPSS).

People whom the author would like to thank for their assistance in the creation of the publication "Thyroid" is presented including Geoffrey Abbott, Dev Abraham and Laura A. Adamson.

Twelve months post-treatment, 1 patient maintained PR, 4 patients had SD, 1 patient had progression of disease (PD), and 6 patients had no data. B PATIENTS AND METHODS b We compared the fecal microbial composition of 48 euthyroid (TSH <0.8-2.5>mU/l) patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis subdivided in three groups: A) 13 non-treated patients (median age 52 years); B) 22 patients reaching target TSH with a dose of LT4 of 1.24 mg/kg/day (median age 49 years); C) 13 patients reaching target TSH with a high dose of LT4 of 1.75 mg/kg weight/day (+35%;p = 0.0001) (median age 56 years). Alpha-Diversity Analysis revealed that patients of group A who showed higher Shannon's Diversity as well as Pielou's evenness indexes as compared to patients of group C. Beta-Diversity Analysis measured as weighted UniFrac showed a statistically significant clustering (A vs C; p = 0.006 and B vs C; p = 0.018) B CONCLUSIONS: b This is the first analysis of faecal microbiota composition in patients an increased need for levothyroxine, showing that patients with thyroxine malabsorption had a peculiar microbial signature. Among the 12 patients with D631Y mutation, only two patients (16.7%) have developed MTC, nine patients (75%) had pheochromocytoma and no patients had PHPT. Post operative complications (5%) included change in voice pitch (1 patient), difficulty breathing (1 patient), expanding Hematoma(1 patient), prolonged hoarseness of voice(1 patient) and persistent hypocalcemia (1 patient). [Extracted from the article]

The article presents abstracts on the 15th International thyroid congress program and meeting abstracts including papillary thyroid carcinoma and brain metastasis; renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the thyroid 14 years after nephrectomy; and bilateral hurthle cell adenoma in an adolescent.

People whom the author would like to thank for their assistance in the creation of the journal are mentioned including Michael Abend, Salvatore Benvenga, and Sally E. Carty.

The article presents abstracts on topics related to the thyroid gland including "ORAL LIQUID THYROXINE ASSUMED AT BREAKFAST: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE TICO STUDY" by C. Cappelli and colleagues, "THYROID FUNCTION AND METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OBESE AND OVERWEIGHT PATIENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY" by S. Kommareddy and colleagues, and "AUTOPHAGY IS IMPLICATED IN MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER CELLS RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH NELFINAVIR" by Y. Kushchayeva and colleagues.

People whom the author would like to thank for their assistance in the creation of the journal "Thyroid" are mentioned which include Marcos Abalovich, Ali S. Alzahrani, Peter Angelos, Laura Boucai, Georg Brabant, James Brierley and Penny Clark.

Recurrence was observed in 2.7% of patients with node negative disease, 5.3% of patients with N1a, and 13.1% of patients with N1b disease. Poster 52 I Thyroid Cancer Thursday Poster Clinical i B BILATERALITY IN PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA: AN UPDATE WITH MORE THAN 2,000 CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS FROM A SINGLE INSTITUTE b We have previously reported that bilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) presents with more advanced tumor stage and has a shorter disease-free survival than unilateral PTC in a cohort of 891 patients. Poster 67 I Thyroid Cancer Thursday Poster Clinical i B IMPROVING HEALTH CARE FOR THYROID CANCER PATIENTS - A PATIENT PARTNERSHIP APPROACH b In order to encourage patients' involvement in their own health care plans, some multi-disciplinary teams are choosing a proactive patient partnership approach instead of the traditional patient-centered approach. The patients with stable disease showed better progression free survival than patients with progressive disease (26 months vs. 47 months, p=0.070), but these patients with stable disease did not associate with better overall survival (p=0.42). [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on the 83rd Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association to be held from October 16-20, 2013 in Puerto Rico, presents abstracts on medical topics including role of thyroid hormone, thyroiditis, and thyroid transplantation, and also presents a list of abstract authors including N. Adzick, M. Agosto, and J. Bae.

People that the journal would like to thank for their assistance in evaluating the manuscripts submitted to from July 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012 are listed.

The article offers information regarding 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association and presents several abstracts relared to the meeting including Disorders of Thyroid Function, Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Regulation and Disorders of Thyroid Function.

The article offers information on the 81st annual meeting of the American Thyroid Association on October 26-30, 2011 in Indian Wells, California and presents abstracts including iodine nutrition during pregnancy, growth of plastic thyroid cancer cells and ethical guidelines for thyroid disease.

The article offers information on the 83rd Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association to be held from October 16–20, 2013 in San Juan, Puerto Rico which will feature 15 Meet the Professor (MTP) workshops, 2 plenary talks, and lectures by the recipients of Braverman and Ingbar awards.

People who the author would like to thank including Georg Brabant, David Cooper and Ali Abbasi for their assistance in the creation of the periodical "Thyroid," are mentioned.