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Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are epithelial neoplasms with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation that arise in most organs of the body. Mediastinal NETs are very rare, and account for no more than 5% of all mediastinal tumors. R0 surgery represents the milestone of treatment. Here, we describe a case of a locally advanced primary atypical carcinoid of the mediastinum. This was initially considered inoperable due to infiltration of a great vessel and was successfully resected after neoadjuvant treatment as a result of very extensive surgery. Only through an accurate preoperative diagnosis and good radiological planning is it possible to obtain satisfactory oncological results., Locally advanced primary mediastinal atypical carcinoid.

Primary lung signet‐ring cell carcinomas are a rare entity and only a few cases of pure signet‐ring cell carcinomas of the lung are reported in the English literature. They usually have an aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis because in most cases they are identified at an advanced stage. We present a unique case of primary signet‐ring cell carcinoma of the lung because the patient was HIV positive, a heavy smoker, and also the tumor, discovered incidentally during chest x‐ray, was a pure type of signet‐ring cell carcinoma. Surgical therapy associated with chemoradiotherapy represents the gold standard in the care of these patients., Primary lung signet‐ring cell carcinomas are a rare entity characterized by poor outcome due to the infiltrating nature of this tumor. We present a unique case of primary signet‐ring cell carcinoma of the lung in an HIV‐positive patient discovered incidentally. An early diagnosis can be of extreme importance for patient survival, as in our case.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis that accounts for 10% of all cases of clinical lung cancer. Due to its high growth fraction and rapid doubling time it is usually diagnosed as extensive local or metastatic disease in 60%–70% of cases. Combined small cell lung cancer (C‐SCLC) is a relatively rare subtype of SCLC and is defined as SCLC combined with any elements of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinical presentation of SCLC as an isolated pedunculated endotracheal lesion is an especially rare occurrence. Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of a C‐SCLC as a polypoid tumor of the trachea diagnosed in an 80‐year‐old woman admitted to the emergency department with a principal complaint of cough and wheezing., Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis that accounts for 10% of all clinical lung cancer. Due to its high growth fraction and rapid doubling time it is usually diagnosed as extensive local or metastatic disease in 60%–70% of cases. Combined small cell lung cancer (C‐SCLC) is a relatively rare subtype of SCLC and is defined as SCLC combined with any elements of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinical presentation of SCLC as an isolated pedunculated endotracheal lesion is a rare occurrence. Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of a C‐SCLC as a polypoid tumor of the trachea diagnosed in an 80‐year‐old woman admitted with a principal complaint of cough and wheezing.