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Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the residual content of used syringes., Methods: Used syringes were collected in March 2014 at 9 sites in Marseille (automatic injection kit dispensers, streets, drug-user risk reduction centers [Centres d'accueil et d'accompagnement à la réduction de risques pour usagers de drogues [CAARUD]). Several substances (n=28) were investigated using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry method., Results: On average, 2±1 substances in each syringe were found among 254 syringes analyzed. The most detected substances were cocaine, buprenorphine, methylphenidate and cathinones (in 57 %, 56 %, 39 % and 19 % of the syringes respectively). Heroin and morphine were found in 10 % of the syringes., Discussion-Conclusion: This study helps define the main substances consumed by injection drugs users. It highlighted differencies in used substances according to neighborhood and site of collection and thus help to adjust prevention and harm reduction strategies., (Copyright © 2015 Société française de pharmacologie et de thérapeutique. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

This study aims to describe profile and consumptions of subjects suffering a substance use disorder recruited in harm reduction centers (HRC, French "CAARUD", 156 included subjects in 7 centers) for the 2010 OPPIDUM survey, performed by the French CEIP-Addictovigilance network, in order to compare them to subjects included in ambulatory care centers (ACC, French "CSAPA", 3549 subjects included in 80 centers). Subjects recruited in HRC are younger and more precarious; they consume more illicit drugs, and prescription drugs known to be diverted (methylphenidate, morphine, ketamine,…). They consume less opiate maintenance treatment, antidepressants and psychotics. Obtaining and consumption modalities are also different (more illegal acquisitions for prescription drugs, more intravenous route use and less nasal route use in HRC). HRC are privileged places for watching substance use disorder (abuse, dependence) or prescription drugs diversions, and for early warning signal detection in addictovigilance., (© 2012 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique.)

Drugs affecting the central nervous system form a unique group of products for surveillance because they could be misused, abused or diverted. Considering the characteristics of this behaviour that is often concealed, specific post-marketing surveillance systems have been developed to monitor abuse of prescription drugs in some countries. The purpose of this review is to list and to describe post-marketing surveillance systems, according their methodology, in France and in foreign countries. These programs are based on adverse effect notifications, medical or legal consequences of abuse, general or specific population-based survey, professional networks or medication databases. Some programs use simultaneously several information sources. In conclusion, the multifaceted nature, the diversity and the inventiveness of post-marketing surveillance systems reflects the complexity of the abuse issue., (© 2011 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique.)