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Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.In this cross-sectional study of 284 children and adolescents with clinically or radiologically suspected tuberculosis in a low-endemic country, the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus assay specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91.5%, 87.3%, 86.4%, and 91.2%, respectively. The specificity was higher than that observed in tuberculin skin tests performed simultaneously, but similar to previous-generation interferon-gamma release assays.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) is a relatively common complication in HIV-infected adults starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Data on IRS in HIV-infected children remain limited and are largely restricted to resource-limited settings. This study investigated the incidence, spectrum and outcome of IRS in a pediatric cohort in the United Kingdom.

We present the case of a previously healthy 15-month-old girl with acute adenovirus infection who had features of severe bacterial sepsis and meningitis. Real-time qPCR done on cerebrospinal fluid identified adenovirus as the causative agent allowing stopping antibiotic treatment. The patient subsequently recovered without sequelae. An overview of published and unpublished data on adenovirus central nervous system infection in immunocompetent children is presented.

Novel swine-origin influenza A pandemic 2009 (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) infection in the context of other respiratory viruses circulating in winter has not been studied.

The significance of Ureaplasma species as pathogens in neonatal meningitis remains contentious. Using an illustrative case of a premature infant with Ureaplasma parvummeningitis, confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid cultures and both specific and 16s rDNA polymerase chain reaction, we discuss the epidemiology of Ureaplasma species, the difficulties involved in diagnosis and establishing pathogenicity, and the challenges in defining appropriate treatment.

We describe the case of a 4-month-old infant presenting with severe respiratory distress secondary to necrotizing epiglottitis, who was subsequently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Additionally, we review the existing literature on this rare condition with a focus on the potential underlying pathogenesis.

A HIV-positive child presented with acute onset of right hemiplegia, facial palsy and dysphasia 4 weeks after commencing highly active antiretroviral therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a left-sided cerebral infarct. Cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction was positive for varicella zoster virus. This is the first reported pediatric case of varicella zoster virus–related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome involving the central nervous system.