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Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the occupational view of the optometrist by surveying general characteristics, major satisfaction, and occupational view of optometrist with optometry students. Methods : An online survey of 26 questions including general characteristics (11), professional self-concept (5), social perceptions (5), and optometrist’s professionalism (5) was conducted with 196 optometry students in Chungcheongnam-do. For the method of analysis, SPSS 18.0 statistical program was applied, and the statistical significance level was based on p

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find out preventative measures for CVS symptoms by investigating the subjective symptoms of CVS and the online learning environments in university students currently using the computer a lot. Methods : The study was conducted with 140 university students who agreed to the questionnaire from March to April 2021. They were 70 male and 70 female students (50.0%) aged 19.87±1.48 years on average. The measurement tool was used the questionnaire with 32 questions, involving in general characteristics (4), online learning environment characteristics (12) and the subjective symptoms of CVS (16). Results : It was appeared that the most frequent symptom of CVS was ‘dryness’ (69.3%) and ‘feeling that sight is worsening’ (62.9%), ‘headache’ (60.7%), ’eye pain’ (53.6%) and ‘heavy eyelids’ (50.7%) appeared the most common symptoms in order. The group that spent time over 8 hours a day for computer a day showed more frequent symptoms of CVS, and the group that did not take regular breaks higher incidence in all CVS symptoms than the other group, which was statistically significant. Conclusion : We study confirmed the online learning environment and the subjective symptoms of CVS. The longer the computer usage time was, the higher the occurrences of CVS symptoms was. It was revealed that taking regular rests during online learning would reduce the frequencies of CVS symptoms. Furthermore, it was identified that the recognition of the need for regular eye exercise awareness shows better high results. Therefore, it is necessary to advertise and educate correct eye exercises and a way to relax.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the customer response attitude, customer satisfaction, change seeking tendencies and switching intentions that customers experienced optical shops to understand the cause that influences the switching intentions of customers.Methods : The online survey was conducted from September to November 2019, and 209 participants who answered the questions were involved in this study. The survey was constructed with 20 questions including the customer response attitude, customer satisfaction, the change seeking tendencies of customers and the switching intentions.Results : The customer response attitude was an average of 3.76 while the customer satisfaction was 3.18, change seeking tendencies of customers was 2.95 and the switching intentions were 2.63. When the optical shop’s customer response attitude improved, the customer satisfaction increased and the switching intentions of customers decreased. When the change of seeking tendencies were high, the switching intentions of customers increased and when the customer satisfaction was high, the switching intentions of customers lowered. It was confirmed that the customer response attitude, change of seeking tendencies of customers and customer satisfaction influenced the switching intentions.Conclusion : The customer response attitude was good with high levels of customer satisfaction, which confirmed that switching intentions of customers was low. The results of this study could be applied as the baseline data in research to reduce the switching intentions of optical shop customers.

Purpose : This study aimed to analyze visual functions by vision correction status, by administering questionnaires about visual functions to undergraduates. Methods : The visual functions (vision-specific quality of life) of 290 undergraduates without eye diseases were evaluated by using the Korean version of National Eye Institute's Visual Functional Questionnaire(NEI-VFQ), from March to May, 2019. This study comparatively was analyzed by the differences in visual functions by the wearing purposes of glasses or contact lens. Results : The group that did not need any correction scored 94.17 on the item of visual function, while the one that needed correction scored 85.33. The former showed the highest scores on each item but the latter showed overall lower scores at the items of the general health and general vision, ocular pain and near vision and distance vision. The group that had no need for correction scored higher at VFQ-13, while the one that needed correction scored lower at all items other than near vision and role difficulties. Conclusion : The visual functions based on the status of visual correction for undergraduates showed that the group with uncorrected vision was poorer than the other group. In particular, the scores on the items general health and general vision were significantly worse for the group with uncorrected vision. The findings suggested that uncorrected vision has negative effects on the vision-specific quality of life.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine optometrists’ emotional regulation ability, by analyzing the actual condition of optical shops’ regular day off. Methods : The questionnaires about the establishment of optical shops and their enforcement of regular day off were administered to 478 optometrists working in optical shops located in Chungnam and Gangwon areas, from April to December, 2018. Then, a comparative analysis on differences in their emotional labor and burnout, self-care for coping with stress and psychological well-being was conducted. Results : Emotional labor and burnout of employees were more than those of owners, while self-care for coping with stress and psychological well-being of the former were less than those of the latter. Emotional labor and burnout and psychological well-being in some optical shops which enforced regular day off were more than those in others which did not, while self-care for coping with stress in the former was less than that in the former. Conclusion : The enforcement of regular day off decreased the degree of optometrists’ emotional labor and burnout and increased the degree of their self-care for coping with stress and psychological well-being. This study can be usefully used to understand optometrists’ emotional regulation ability and psychological well-being and is thought to contribute to reducing job stress derived from management of optical shops and job performance of optometrists.

Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of dry eye syndrome on ocular fatigue and attentiveness. Methods: This study targeted 512 subjects who did not have an abnormal visual function, did not wear contact lens, had corrective eyesight over 0.8, and were between 19 and 83 year olds (mean age of 40.27 years). General characteristics (i.e., sex, age, drinking, and smoking status), dry eye syndrome, the score of a survey on ocular fatigue, and sub-factors of attentiveness were tested and analyzed. Results: Among the subjects, 312 were women and the mean age of them was 40.27 years. The number of drinkers was 260 and there were more drinkers than non-drinkers. There were 438 non-smokers, which was more than smokers. Dry eye syndrome showed positive correlations with age, sex, smoking, drinking, and eye fatigue. Attentiveness showed significant differences with BET, NAR, OET, and RED, which were sub-factors, had significant effects on dry eye syndrome. Conclusion: People with dry eye syndrome showed lower attentiveness than those who without it and higher dry eye syndrome increased ocular fatigue.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the current state of continuing education for opticians in Chungcheongnam-do and thereby provide baseline data needed for quality improvement of continuing education. Method: Three hundred fifty three opticians among 403 who were participated in continuing education at the branch of Chungcheongnam-do in 2017 responded to a survey. A total of 330 questionnaires excluding 23 containing negligent responses were used for the final analysis. Results: The number of males was 273 and that of females was 57, and average age was 43. The number of optical shop founders was 189 and those of employees was 141. The number of those willing to keep working at the current optical shop was 210, which is the highest number. There were significant differences in the experience of continuing education depending on gender, age, type of employment, marital status, career, and income level. Most optometrists received information in the continuing education from Korean Optometric Association, and they mostly participated in continuing education to avoid legal sanctions. They claimed that continuing education should provide state-of-the-art technology and product information more than anything else. Conclusion: Systematic continuing education management can prevent opticians from becoming uneducated attendee for long term and help to secure eye health professionals. In the future, it is necessary to constantly study on satisfaction and demands of educated attendees and make an effort to improve and develop continuing education programs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is that research eye health in Filipino and Korean male students for comparative analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Method: The s ubjects of this study were 196 male s tudents, aged 17, from Korea and the Philippines and it was investigated whether they have dry eye syndrome, subjective symptoms, conjunctivitis, and pterygium or not. The McMonnies questionnaire was used for measuring dry eye syndrome. Subjective symptoms, video display time and sun exposure time were added to the questionnaire items; while conjunctivitis and pterygium were confirmed by visual examination. Results: The average sunlight exposure time per day excluding school hours were 2 hours and 12 minutes for the Filipino students and 1 hour and 1 minute for the Korean students. Sunlight exposure time had a significant effect on the Filipino students with dry eye syndrome, subjective symptoms, conjunctivitis, and pterygium, but multimedia viewing time did not. In contrast, the sunlight exposure time and video display time didn’t effect to Korean students, excluding the scores on the McMonnies questionnaire. The Filipino students had a statistical difference in the occurring frequency of subjective symptoms, conjunctivitis, and pterygium in dry eye syndrome. Also they had the higher the scores on the McMonnies questionnaire and high prevalence of conjunctivitis and pterygium. Conclusion: It was identified that the Filipino students had their sunlight exposure time affecting their eye health, whereas the Korean students didn’t have. And it related to occurring frequency of conjunctivitis and pterygium in case of dry eye syndrome patients. Another analysis needs to be made of other risk factors besides sunlight exposure time analyzed by this study , which may affect the eye health of the Filipino students.

Purpose: A number of low-humidity environment employees are suffering from dry eye by environmental factors and these number are increasing. In this regard, this study aimed to identify its prevalence rates depending on the dry eye screening inspection methods and propose the standards for the methods by making a comparative analysis of them. Methods: The study conducted a survey with 543 employees working in a clean room with environmentally sealed space (with less than 1 percent of relative humidity) for manufacturing secondary (lithium ion) batteries at the Choongnam province in Korea. McMonnies questionnaire was subjectively implemented and the test was objectively performed of their tear film stability and tear volume. Results: In all the 4 dry eye screening inspections, 72 participants were tested positive for dry eye and 471 were tested negative. As a result of the analysis of correlations between the 72 participants and the general characteristics, it was found that dry eye had a negative relationship with the hours of sleeping. As a result of the analysis of reliability of the dry eye screening inspection methods, McMonnies test was found to have the highest conformity degree with 0.53 and the validity obtained by making a comparative analysis of ROC curve was found to be highest with 0.90. As the result of the analysis of decision making for determining the prediction fitness model to investigate whether the patients were tested positive in all the dry eye screening inspections, the second test was made of tear volume for them after the first McMonnies test was performed. Conclusions: It was shown that an employee in the low-humidity environment’s dry eye presence was significantly related to the employee’s sleeping hours. Therefore, there is the need for an education program to encourage them to adjust their sleeping hours to generally recommend 8 hours. As a result of the comparative analysis of dry eye screening inspection methods in this study, it is thought that adding McMonnies test, which is the most reliable and valid method, to the eye examination will help determine whether or not the employees have dry eyes.

Purpose: To analyze the dermatology quality of life of the college students with dry eye syndromes using the Skindex-29 and examine the reliability and validity of each of the items related to the general characteristics of their dry eye syndromes. Methods: The syndromes of 206 students with dry eye were selected through the McMonnies questionnaires, and their dermatology quality of life was analyzed through the Skindex-29 questionnaires. Results: The total score of the dermatology quality of life of the respondents was 44.84 points: the score of each of the domains of syndrome, function, and emotion was 11.95, 16.78, and 19.25 points respectively. The results of the reliability analysis showed a high internal consistency with cronbach’s α(alpha) at 0.80, 0.87, 0.96 respectively. The results of the analysis of the relationship between the general characteristics and their quality of life by level of the respondents show as follows: (1) the symptom was significantly correlated with whether or not they took allergic medication; (2) the emotion with the gender and/or whether or not they drank; and (3) the overall with whether or not they took allergic medication. In the ROC curve for verifying the validity, whether or not they drank was not significant while whether or not they took allergic medication was significant in the symptom of the dermatology quality of life with the value of AUC at 0.74. In the dry eye syndromes, the dermatology quality of life was the lowest in the emotion; and those who took allergic medication had lower a dermatology quality of life than those who did not in the emotion. Conclusions: The dermatology quality of life of respondents with dry eye syndromes in the current study was lower than that of the general respondents in the previous studies; and the respondents with the dry eye syndromes who took allergic medication had a low dermatology quality of life in the emotion. Studies will be needed in the future to improve the dermatology quality of life of those with dry eye syndromes by examining the environmental factors that cause allergic diseases.