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The psychologic effect of sickle cell anemia, a life-long chronic illness, on the self-concept, anxiety level, and personal and social adjustments of school-aged children was investigated by using a battery of standard psychologic tests. Two groups of children were evaluated: a study group of 29 children with sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin SS) and a comparison group of 26 black inner city schoolchildren without sickle cell disease or other known chronic illness. The youngsters with sickle cell anemia did not differ from a peer group of schoolchildren in personal, social, and total adjustments. The self-concept scores of the patient group were lower than those of the comparison group. An unexpected finding of the study was the observation that the anxiety scores (measuring acute anxiety) were significantly lower in the study group than those in the comparison group.