1. Endotoxin Tolerance Represents a Distinctive State of Alternative Polarization (M2) in Human Mononuclear Cells
- Author
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Robert E. W. Hancock, Disha Raj, Jelena Pistolic, Olga M. Pena, and Christopher D. Fjell
- Subjects
Lipopolysaccharides ,Microarray analysis techniques ,Macrophages ,Systems Biology ,Phagocytosis ,Monocyte ,Immunology ,Cell ,Computational Biology ,Inflammation ,Drug Tolerance ,Biology ,Microarray Analysis ,Peripheral blood mononuclear cell ,Monocytes ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,Cell biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Downregulation and upregulation ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,medicine.symptom ,Mononuclear Phagocyte System - Abstract
Classical (M1) and alternative (M2) polarization of mononuclear cells (MNCs) such as monocyte and macrophages is known to occur in response to challenges within a microenvironment, like the encounter of a pathogen. LPS, also known as endotoxin, is a potent inducer of inflammation and M1 polarization. LPS can also generate an effect in MNCs known as endotoxin tolerance, defined as the reduced capacity of a cell to respond to LPS activation after an initial exposure to this stimulus. Using systems biology approaches in PBMCs, monocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages involving microarrays and advanced bioinformatic analysis, we determined that gene responses during endotoxin tolerance were similar to those found during M2 polarization, featuring gene and protein expression critical for the development of key M2 MNC functions, including reduced production of proinflammatory mediators, expression of genes involved in phagocytosis, as well as tissue remodeling. Moreover, expression of different metallothionein gene isoforms, known for their role in the control of oxidative stress and in immunomodulation, were also found to be consistently upregulated during endotoxin tolerance. These results demonstrate that after an initial inflammatory stimulus, human MNCs undergo an M2 polarization probably to control hyperinflammation and heal the affected tissue.
- Published
- 2011