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Insomnia, or sleep disorder, is a common complaint in the general population and the etiologies of insomnia are complex. Treatments for insomnia can be divided into pharmacological agent and non- p...

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation has been proposed as a main environmental stressor of skin damage because of its mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects as well the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Photoprotective effects of probiotics have a potential to prevent UV-induced skin damage and have drawn much attention recently. Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are an important dietary prebiotics and generally defined as non-digestible food ingredients that promote the function or viability of probiotics via their fermentation, but the effects of reinforced GOS between the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the oral administration of high content GOS by using enzyme reaction process to modulate the growth of beneficial bacteria and the immune-suppressive effect of UVB and skin wrinkle development in male hairless mice. The oral administration of GOS was effective to alleviate skin damage by reducing the expression...