1. How did indirect development with planktotrophic larvae evolve?
- Author
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Nielsen, Claus
- Subjects
Metazoa -- Natural history -- Research -- Analysis ,Larval development -- Research -- Analysis ,Marine plankton -- Natural history -- Analysis -- Research ,Biological sciences ,Analysis ,Research ,Natural history - Abstract
The two main types of theories for the evolution of the biphasic life cycles in marine invertebrates are discussed. The 'intercalation' theories propose that the larval stages (planktotrophic or lecithotrophic) have evolved as specializations from the ancestral, direct life cycle. The opposing 'terminal addition' theories propose that the ancestor was holopelagic and that the adult stage was added to the life cycle with the pelagic stage retained as a planktotrophic larva. It is emphasized that theories based on hypothetical ancestors that were unable to feed must be rejected. This applies to planula theories based on a compact planula. Various arguments against the theories that consider the feeding larvae as ancestral in the major eumetazoan lineages and in particular against the trochaea theory are discussed and found untenable. It is suggested that the 'Cambrian explosion' was actually a rapid Ediacaran radiation of the eubilaterians that was made possible by the evolution of a tubular gut with all the resulting possibilities for new body plans. We have irrefutable proof in support of the pelagic larval life as an original feature. ... This is so well documented that it would he superfluous to enter into the matter more closely, were it not for its great importance and the fact that there exist authors, who still assert that direct development is the original condition (Jagersten, 1972, p. 3)., Introduction In general, two main views have dominated recent discussions of animal life-cycle evolution, and specifically of that of the marine bilaterians. Either the ancestor was holopelagic (and therefore planktotrophic) [...]
- Published
- 2009