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Recent X-ray studies of starburst galaxies have found that charge exchange (CX) commonly occurs between outflowing hot plasma and cold gas, possibly from swept-up clouds. However, the total CX flux and the regions where CX occurs have been poorly understood. We present an analysis of XMM-Newton observations of M82, a prototype starburst galaxy, aiming to investigate these key properties of CX emission. We have used a blind source separation method in an image analysis of CCD data, which identified a component with the enhanced O–K lines expected from the CX process. Analyzing the XMM-Newton/RGS spectra from the regions identified by the image analysis, we have detected a high forbidden-to-resonance ratio of the O vii He α triplet as well as several emission lines from K-shell transitions of C, N, and O that are enhanced by the CX process. CX is less responsible for the emission lines of Ne and Mg, and accurate estimation of the CX contribution is confirmed to be crucial in measuring chemical abundances. The temperature of the plasma acting as an electron receiver in the CX process is significantly lower compared to that of the plasma components responsible for most of the X-rays. From the low temperature and an estimation of the CX-emitting volume, we find that the CX primarily occurs in a limited region at interfaces between plasma and gas whose temperatures rapidly decrease due to thermal conduction.