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The data for this study were obtained from 357 farm families of Minnesota taken at random in groups of fifty from seven representative areas. The migration of females to the city in the third generation is distinctly higher than that of males. This study appears to show that migrants from the farm do not mount rapidly to the upper economic and social classes, I0.I per cent of the migrants being in professions, including nursing, and 2.6 per cent in business as owners. The migration tends to be toward the larger cities, and the great majority travel only a short distance. Urbanization may be expected to increase in rate, with many serious problems, notably that of the sopport of the rural schools.

This study, based on 694 farm families of Minnesota, appears to show that children of successful farm families stay on the farms more often, while those of the less successful migrate to large industrial cities and enter the ranks of the wageearnig classes. Farm girls from the poorer class families migrate more often than any other group. Further study will be needed before these principles may be accepted as established.

This study discusses the use of budgetary analyses by the rural sociologists for the purpose of grasping and understanding some of the chief effects of urbanization or ruralization upon the behavior of social groups. Studies of budgetary behavior have been carried on with profit for more than two hundred and fifty years, yet much is still to be done. The works of Engel and LePlay suggest that an understanding of many effects of urbanization upon social behavior may be grasped through the use of budgetary analyses. Studies made by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station suggest that the organization of the rural budget is primarily about their land and real property. On the other hand, urbanization increases the organization of the budget about the individualand adds to the number of choices and decisions that must be made. Further, a summary of some characteristics of living or budgetary behavior indicates that the value of such studies is increased by the use of intercorrelations of many fields of behavior. This means that the sociologist have an opportunity and an obligation in making such studies. Some principles or social laws not ordinarily given in such studies are suggested. The footnotes include a bibliography of the more important studies and a reference to the chief articles on methodology in this field.

Nominalism and realism are defined as types of community integration. In the beginning the North American community was realistically integrated because it represented the transplanting of the medieval semifeudal village on our eastern coast. With the growth of the frontier and the mixing of peoples, Americanism and nominalist forms of community organization came to be almost identical. While pure realism or pure nominalism seldon exists in fact, a number of variables tend to emphasize one or the other. In America, age of settlement has been a constant factor promoting community realism. Mobility, low and differential fertility, urbanism, trade and commerce, and centralization of government and economic life have promoted community nominalism. On the whole, however, the evolution of the American community, after its first settlement, has been toward realistic integration. This process will probably move more rapidly in the twentieth than in the nineteenth century because the community-forming forces are gaining the upper hand over those which promote disintegration.

Facing crises like those of the present, neither the Greek nor the Roman civilization was able to survive. The modern Western world, unlike its cultural predecessors, has developed the essentials of a system of familial values and preserved them despite their detachment from the real situation. If the family is to endure, the literate minority must assume responsibility for inculcating family doctrine in the social conscience of the masses.

This paper tests the hypothesis of chance selection in migration to cities from agriculture. The data used concern the economic and educational conditions among 477 city and farm families in Minnesota, and the migrations of 401 young adults. Farm families hold their children longer than urban families. All classes who keep children in agriculture give them less formal education than the children sent to the cities receive. Formal education may not be used as a measure of the quality of the population for purposes of testing selectivity. There is no evidence of a net selectivity unfavorable to agriculture, but some suggestions of assortative mating. The most important element in the urban upper classes was the children of the farmers; next was the children of the upper classes themselves; and, finally, the children of the lower urban classes. Occupations other than agriculture are composed out of the most heterogeneous groups. The first-born in agricultural families shows a preference for agriculture, which indicates that the organization of the family is a factor.

Hypotheses about the relation of various factors to the standard of living or to the standard obtaining in the social class under investigation may be classified into three groups: (1) utility hypotheses, including (a) relations between laws of supply and price and of the budget, (b) the law of diminishing returns or of rent, and (c) the marginal utility analysis; (2) the Engelian hypotheses which attempt to correlate the distribution of the budget with ideas of well-being; and (3) the Le Play hypotheses which attempt to correlate the family budget of expenditures with the social consequences of consumption, particularly in the field of social organization. Many of the ideas conflict; very few have been tested for complete validity under all conditions. Most of the laws have an economic bias, neglecting many of the fundamentals of the standard of living from the sociological viewpoint. The analyses have been largely biased by the assumption of an immediate reaction between an individual and his present consumption goods without relation to long-time or non-sensational points of view. Thirty-six theoretical formulations may be grouped under: (1) food budgets, (2) clothing budgets, (3) rent, fuel and housing budgets, (4) budgets of sundry items, (5) investment expenditures.