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Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have an elevated postprandial lipemia (PPL) that has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk.We aimed to analyze whether the long-term consumption of 2 healthy dietary patterns is associated with an improvement in PPL and remnant cholesterol (RC) concentrations in patients with T2D.We selected patients from the Cordioprev study who underwent oral fat load tests (FLTs) at baseline and the 3-y follow-up (241 patients with and 316 patients without T2D). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either a Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil (MedDiet; 35% of calories from fat [22% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)] and 50% from carbohydrates) or a low-fat (LF) diet [30% fat (12-14% MUFAs) and 55% of calories from carbohydrates]. Lipids were measured in serial bloods drawn at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after the FLT.After 3 y of dietary intervention, patients with T2D showed an improvement in their PPL measured as postprandial triglycerides (TGs) (P 0.0001), TG area under the curve (AUC) (P = 0.001), and TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs-TG; P = 0.001) compared with baseline. Subgroup analysis, based on the type of dietary intervention, showed that those T2D patients randomly assigned to the MedDiet presented a reduction in the TG AUC of 17.3% compared with baseline (P = 0.003). However, there were no differences for T2D patients randomly assigned to the LF diet (P 0.05) or in patients without T2D (P 0.05) regardless of the dietary intervention. In addition, the MedDiet induced a significant improvement in the RC AUC in patients with T2D (P = 0.04). However, there was no significant improvement in those following the LF diet.Our findings show that the long-term consumption of a MedDiet rich in olive oil improves PPL and RC concentrations mainly in patients with T2D. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00924937.

BACKGROUND S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) has previously been identified as a type 2 diabetes (T2D) gene. However, this finding requires independent validation and more in-depth analyses in other populations and ancestries. OBJECTIVES We aimed to replicate the associations between an S100A9 variant and insulin resistance and T2D and to initiate an investigation of potential interactions with the habitual diet in several independent populations. DESIGN We investigated the association of the S100A9 variant rs3014866 with insulin resistance and T2D risk and its interactions with diet in 3 diverse populations as follows: the CORDIOPREV (Coronary Diet Intervention with Olive Oil and Cardiovascular Prevention; n = 711), which consisted of Spanish white adults; the GOLDN (Genetics of Lipids Lowering Drugs and Diet Network; n = 818), which involved North American non-Hispanic white adults; and Hispanic adults who participated in the BPRHS (Boston Puerto Rican Health Study; n = 1155). RESULTS Meta-analysis indicated that T carriers presented a lower risk of T2D than CC carriers (pooled OR: 0.714; 95% CI: 0.584, 0.845; P = 0.002). In all 3 populations (CORDIOPREV, GOLDN, and BPRHS), we showed a significant interaction between the rs3014866 single nucleotide polymorphism and dietary SFA:carbohydrate ratio intake for the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.028, P = 0.017, and P = 0.026, respectively). CC carriers had a significantly higher HOMA-IR only when SFA:carbohydrate intake was high (P = 0.045 for the CORDIOPREV, P = 0.033 for the GOLDN, and P = 0.046 for the BPRHS) but not when SFA:carbohydrate ratio intake was low. CONCLUSIONS The minor allele (T) of the S100A9 variant rs3014866 is associated with lower T2D risk in 3 populations of different ancestries. Note that individuals with the high-risk CC genotype may be more likely to benefit from a low SFA:carbohydrate ratio intake to improve insulin resistance as evaluated with the use of the HOMA-IR. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00924937 (CORDIOPREV), NCT00083369 (GOLDN), and NCT01231958 (BPRHS).

Background: Vitamin E supplementation may be a potential strategy to prevent respiratory tract infections (RIs) in the elderly. The efficacy of vitamin E supplementation may depend on individual factors including specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at immunoregulatory genes. Objective: We examined whether the effect of vitamin E on RIs in the elderly was dependent on genetic backgrounds as indicated by SNPs at cytokine genes. Design: We used data and DNA from a previous vitamin E intervention study (200 IU vitamin E or a placebo daily for 1 y) in elderly nursing home residents to examine vitamin E‐gene interactions for incidence of RI. We determined the genotypes of common SNPs at IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, and IFN-c in 500 participants. We used negative binomial regression to analyze the association between genotype and incidence of infection. Results: The effect of vitamin E on lower RI depended on sex and the SNP at IL-10 2819G/ A( P = 0.03 for interaction for lower RI). Furthermore, we observed that subjects with the least prevalent genotypes at IL-2 2330A/ C( P = 0.02 for upper RI), IL-10 2819G/ A( P = 0.08 for upper RI), and IL-10 21082C/T (P , 0.001 for lower RI in men) had a lower incidence of RI independent of vitamin E supplementation. Conclusions: Studies that evaluate the effect of vitamin E on RIs should consider both genetic factors and sex because our results suggest that both may have a significant bearing on the efficacy of vitamin E. Furthermore, common SNPs at cytokine genes may contribute to the individual risk of RIs in the elderly. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00758914. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:106‐14.

BACKGROUND Several perilipin (PLIN) polymorphic sites have been studied for their potential use as markers for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine whether the presence of polymorphisms at the perilipin (PLIN) locus (PLIN1, 6209T-->C; PLIN4, 11482G-->A; PLIN5, 13041A-->G; and PLIN6, 14995A-->T) influence postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in 2 white populations. DESIGN Eighty-eight healthy Spanish men and 271 healthy US subjects (men and women) underwent an oral-fat-load test in 2 independent studies. Blood samples were taken in the fasting state and during the postprandial phase at regular intervals. Total cholesterol and triacylglycerol and triacylglycerol in triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRL, large and small) were measured. RESULTS Carriers of the minor C allele at the PLIN1 variant displayed lower postprandial concentrations of large-TRL triacylglycerol (Spanish subjects: P = 0.024; US subjects: P = 0.005) than did subjects carrying the T/T genotype. The same pattern was observed in the Spanish population at the PLIN4 locus (P = 0.015), and both SNPs were in strong linkage disequilibrium. In both populations, subjects carrying the minor C and A alleles at PLIN1 and PLIN4, respectively, had significantly lower postprandial concentrations of plasma triacylglycerol (P < 0.05) and lower concentrations of small-TRL triacylglycerol than did those who were homozygous for the major alleles at PLIN1 and PLIN4 (Spanish subjects: P = 0.020 and 0.008, respectively; US subjects: P = 0.021 and 0.035, respectively). CONCLUSION These 2 studies suggest that the presence of the minor C and A alleles at PLIN1 and PLIN4, respectively, are associated with a lower postprandial response that may result in lower atherogenic risk for these persons.

Background: Chronic red wine (RW) consumption has been associated with decreased cardiovascular disease risk, mainly attributed to an improvement in lipid profile. RW intake is also able to change the composition of gut microbiota. High fat intake has recently been reported to increase metabolic endotoxemia. The gut microbiota has been proposed as the main resource of plasma lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in metabolic endotoxemia. Objective: We analyzed the effect on LPS concentrations of chronic RW consumption and acute RW intake in relation to high fat intake in middle-aged men. Design: For the chronic study, 10 middle-aged male volunteers were randomly assigned in a crossover trial, and after a washout period, all subjects received RW, dealcoholized red wine (DRW), or gin for 20 d. Serum endotoxin and LPS-binding protein (LBP) concentrations were determined after the washout period and after each of the treatments, and changes in fecal microbiota were quantified. For the acute study, 5 adult men underwent a fat overload or a fat overload together with the consumption of RW, DRW, or gin. Baseline and postprandial serum LPS and LBP concentrations and postprandial chylomicron LPS concentrations were measured. Results: There were no significant differences in the change in LPS or LBP concentrations between chronic RW, DRW, and gin consumption. Bifidobacterium and Prevotella amounts were significantly increased by RW and correlated negatively with LPS concentrations. There were no differences in postprandial serum LPS, LBP, or chylomicron LPS concentrations between acute RW, DRW, or gin intake together with a fatty meal. Conclusion: Chronic RW consumption increases Bifidobacterium and Prevotella amounts, which may have beneficial effects by leading to lower LPS concentrations. This trial was registered at controlled-trials. com as ISRCTN88720134. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:1053‐61.

Background: Endothelial dysfunction is a fundamental step in the atherosclerotic disease process. Activation or injury of the endothelium leads to a variety of inflammatory disorders, including the release of microparticles. Endothelial progenitor cells may contribute to the maintenance of the endothelium by replacing injured mature endothelial cells. Objective: We studied the influence of dietary fat on the release of endothelial microparticles (EMPs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in elderly subjects. Design: Twenty healthy, elderly subjects (10 men and 10 women) consumed 3 diets following a randomized crossover design, each for 4 wk: a saturated fatty acid diet; a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet; and a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids. We investigated total microparticles, EMPs from activated endothelial cells (activated EMPs), EMPs from apoptotic endothelial cells (apoptotic EMPs), EPCs, oxidative stress variables, and ischemic reactive hyperemia (IRH). Results: The MedDiet led to lower total microparticle, activated EMP, and apoptotic EMP concentrations and higher EPC numbers than did the other diets (P , 0.001). We detected lower superoxide dismutase activity (P , 0.001), a higher plasma b-carotene concentration (P , 0.001), and lower urinary isoprostane and plasma nitrotyrosine concentrations after consumption of the MedDiet than after consumption of the other 2 diets (P , 0.05). Furthermore, the occurrence of IRH was higher after consumption of the MedDiet than after consumption of the other 2 diets (P , 0.05). Conclusion: Consumption of the MedDiet induces a reduction in endothelial damage and dysfunction, which is associated with an improvement in the regenerative capacity of the endothelium, in comparison with 2 other diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:267‐ 74.