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The article presents a guide to sources for dyes and pigments and contains paid listings of products that are manufactured or distributed by U.S. firms. It is suggested that this restriction is intended to assure that all products included in the guide are readily available to U.S. users. Also included are tables that contain information including names, addresses and telephone numbers of the companies wherein products are listed in the guide. According to the author, any U.S. producer or distributor of dyes and pigments can get a listing of products from the next issue of the said guide.

Limited research has been conducted regarding dyeing levelness and unwinding performance involving changes in the construction of two-ply yarn packages at the two-for-one twister, a process that typically requires random winding. Investigations into the effects of press packing at the kier and its effects upon dyeing levelness and unwinding performance of two-ply packages are also limited. For this research, two-ply polyester packages were dyed with liquor flow rate and package construction variations to determine the effects upon dyeing levelness and unwinding performance. Packages were also dyed under two levels of compression to determine the effects on dyeing levelness and unwinding performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An automated system for analysis of carpet dyebaths that permits realtime sampling and determination of multiple dye concentrations during the course of the dye cycle has been designed and constructed. The dyebath sample is pumped through a filter to a flow cell by a gradient HPLC pump which permits precise dilution of the sample to a concentration range acceptable for spectrophotometric analysis. The HPLC dual-flow cell is connected by fiber optics to a light source and a dual-beam spectrophotometer that measures the intensity of the entire visible spectrum in a fraction of a second. The system is controlled by a computer so that the exhaustion curves for the dyes can be determined throughout the entire dye cycle without operator attention. This system has been used to obtain exhaustion curves on a laboratory dyeing machine and in a carpet dyehouse to monitor production dyeings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenaf is being considered an alternative agricultural crop in many states. Research has proven the feasibility of both woven and nonwoven textile products made from kenaf fiber blends. However, for kenaf to be used in apparel, its response to conventional finishing and dyeing processes must be evaluated. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of bleaching and slack and tension mercerizing on physical properties, dye uptake, and colorfastness of kenaf/cotton fabrics. The slack- and tension-mercerized kenaf/cotton blend fabrics showed less shrinkage than the respective controls. Barium activity number was not a good indicator of the level of mercerization of the kenaf/cotton blend fabric. The number obtained was less than 150, yet the fabric showed all effects of mercerization. Moisture content of the mercerized kenaf/cotton blend fabric (6.9%) was slightly less than that of the 100% mercerized cotton control fabric (8.1%). Mercerization increased the dye uptake for the kenaf/cotton fabric. These results support the belief that kenaf/cotton fabrics can respond to conventional finishes as well as all cotton fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cupric ion content of copperized dyes was examined in soiutions of twelve azo, three formazan, and four phthalocyanine dyes using an ion specific copper electrode. Although the ion specific electrode (ISE) is inexpensive, simple to use, and gives good precision, it could not be used with the phthalocyanine dyes. For the other dyes, cupric ion content ranged two orders of magnitude (0.007-0.7%) and varied with dye concentration. Most of the dyes have low cupric ion concentrations. For these dyes, both the cupric ion concentration and its dependence on dye concentration are attributed primarily to the dissociation of the colorant chelates. The results suggest that many copperized dyes may contain enough cupric ion to cause waste streams (depending on treatment) to exceed permitted limits even if those limits were based only on cationic copper content rather than total copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates that even with a well-chosen trichromy initial direct dye predictions are not generally satisfactory. This is because the amount of electrolyte used to dye a particular concentration of any individual direct color is rarely the same as the amount needed to dye the same concentration of that color in a mixture shade with other color components. The addition of colors of different dyeing characteristics makes matters worse. Reasons for the deviation between prediction and reality are discussed, as is the repeatability with which any individual direct color can be dyed, which, in turn, is related to the expectation of repeatability and closeness of match with mixture shades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixtures of food and fabric dyes in deionized, stream, river, and sea water have been identified using a novel method to correlate UV-visible spectra with library spectra of pure dyes in deionized water. Two-, three-, and five-component mixtures of dyes were successfully identified using the Mix-Match algorithm. This algorithm performs principal component regression (PCR) on an entire library of spectra of pure components treating each of the spectra as a standard mixture having a unit concentration for that component. Approximate concentrations are obtained by projecting the scores of an unknown spectrum onto the principal component basis set and multiplying by the regression coefficients. An adaptive filter is then used to remove all similarities of the first target component from the mixture and the library spectra. PCR is performed on the modified spectra and used to identify the second target component. This process is repeated until the residuals approach zero. A total of 107 mixtures of food and fabric dyes were searched in a library of 48 pure dyes. The predictions were correct for 100% of deionized water samples, 92% of stream water samples, 89% of river water samples, and 74% of ocean water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatability of wastewaters from selected typical dye baths of biological, chemical and physical means was examined. Twenty systems were selected to provide a broad cross-section of dye classes, fibers and application techniques. Wastewaters were produced using typical formulations on a pilot plant scale to provide desired control and simulate plant conditions. Treated wastes were evaluated for color and TOC. Physical treatments were done with alum, lime and activated carbon and chemical treatment with ozone. Disperse, vat and sulfur dyes were most effectively decolorized by coagulation procedures, and carbon was most effective for decolorizing reactive, basic, acid and azoic dyes. Biological treatability at several concentrations was examined with domestic sewage seed, acclimated seed and without seed. Wastewaters generally were compatible with the biological process and color reduction was incomplete. No single treatment was effective for removal of both color and TOC. A statistical evaluation of the heavy metal content of over 200 commercial dye baths was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightfastness is one of the more important colorfastness tests, yet current industry practice in the evaluation of lightfastness properties of colored textiles involves inexact methods and comparative judgments. It is believed that the poor performance of the AATCC Blue Wool Standards is responsible for today's prevalent lack of controls in lightfastness testing. The Blue Wool Standards have very low sensitivity and are of variable uniformity. A recent publication has shown that their fade rate is not linear, particularly at the termination point of the exposure cycle. This can lead to as much as 30% variation in exposure time during a cycle. A new reference standard is proposed for controlling exposure levels in lightfastness testing. It is a polyester fabric dyed with a disperse violet dye. The proposed standard has, among other desirable attributes, high sensitivity on exposure to light, essentially linear rate of fade and shows excellent reproducibility. It provides an easier and more exacting method for visual control to a standard exposure level in lightfastness testing. Additional improvement can be achieved by instrumental measurement of the color change due to fading. Even higher levels of precision are attainable with the use of the Atlas Monitor Control System and/or instrumental methods for controlling exposure levels. Precision control of exposure levels is the key to exaction results in lightfastness testing. The means to achieve it are now available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent experience in consulting within the textile industry indicates that a further 20% reduction in energy consumption per pound of production is an achievable goal. The five prerequisites for a successful energy management program are reviewed as they relate to all of industry. Projected increases in energy costs are discussed as they affect production costs and selling price. Some examples of successful plant energy conservation measures reflect on the practical approaches that can and must be implemented In order to survive in the textile dyeing and finishing business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant developments in science and technology in recent years make it possible fully to automate package bleaching and dyeing. Successful operation of automated plants requires that colors are obtained within the present dyeing program without having to resort to corrective additions of dyes and/or chemicals. The essential factors needed to operate automated plants successfully are listed and examined, and the limits within which these factors must be operated are assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey of trends in dyeing of polyesters presents a projection of the importance of polyester fibers and filaments, including the new carrier-free dyeing polyester types, over the next 5-10 years. The changes that have occurred in dyeing methods for regular polyester fibers are reviewed. The role of exhaust dyeing in rapid dyeing methods for yarn and piece goods is discussed. New ways of optimizing dyeing cycles and the short liquor dyeing technique reflect the trend in machinery and process development. Continuous dyeing of polyester fibers is reviewed in all its stages, with particular emphasis on the use of instrument checks during dye application, drying and dye fixation. Recent advances in thermosol dyeing are compared with alternative techniques to show further development possibilities. These observations on new trends also include the aftertreatment units, which are considered from the aspect of environmental protection. Profitability considerations in the limits in different development trends are also given, with comparisons between discontinuous and continuous dyeing methods being also taken into account. Probable dyeing methods of the future, and the present state of such developments in comparison with possible expectations are surveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural features and methods of preparation of nonionic surfactants are reviewed. The former are related to various physiochemical phenomena such as cloud points in aqueous and electrolyte solutions, surface films, micelle formation, solubilization, emulsification, foaming, wetting, detergency and dispersibility. Nonionic surfactants as surfactant intermediates are discussed in which the ethylene oxide adduct is combined with sulfate, phosphate, carboxyl, or propylene oxide units. Optimum structures for textile processes such as wetting, leveling, detergency and emulsification are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic retarders utilized in the dyeing of acrylic fibers have been considered to act as colorless dyes by blocking dyesites and hence moderating the rate of dye uptake during the critical initial stages of the dyeing of acrylic fibers. By studying the rate of exhaustion of selected retarders concurrently with the rate of exhaustion of several cationic dyes, a novel classification scheme for the behavior of retarders has been arrived at. Utilization of the herein defined CR value for retarders allows intelligent choice of retarder prior to dyeing without having to resort to empirical methods which are often costly and lacking in accuracy. The overall activity of cationic retarders such as quaternary ammonium compounds bas been found to be dependent upon the structure of the alkyl or aryl side chains. The relationship between retarder structure and its activity or compatibility behavior is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of a Natural Blend (a Cotton Incorporated trademark for blended fabrics containing a minimum of 60% cotton) knit fabric with good performance requires correct mechanical engineering of the structure, as well as suitable dyeing and finishing procedures. An understanding of the structural characteristics and physical properties of knits is helpful when designing, knitting and finishing. In dyeing and finishing Natural Blend knits, conventional chemical technology is used, but special measures must be taken to avoid inducing distortions and strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information resources of the American Association of Textile Chemists & Colorists (AATCC) for textile treatment processes. It contains paid listings of products that are either manufactured or distributed by the U.S. firms. It provides directory listings of producers and suppliers including their names, addresses and telephone numbers. It cites the registered trademarks of the manufacturers and trade names of the products in alphabetical order. Moreover, it presents a product classification indicating its chief method of application and its principal use.

The separation and identification of eight dye carriers {1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1-methylnaphthalene, biphenyl, methyl salicylate, butyl benzoate, methyl benzoate, o-phenylphenol and p-phenylphenol) by thin layer chromatography are described. A mixture of eight dye carriers was separated by using a solvent system of 98 parts hexane/2 parts diethyl ether on silica gel film in a sandwich chamber. The separation obtained was good with the exception of methyl and butyl benzoate which run together as one spot. These two carriers can be easily separated, however, by using two dimensional techniques or by the use of other solvents. The R, values of all dye carriers are reported. Also semiquantitative estimations and the minimum quantity required for each dye carrier for visualization are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparison of various dyeing equipments and materials including Defoaming/Antifoaming Agent, Low foaming Carrier, and Dye Paste Transfer Pump.

Granular activated carbons, particularly those manufactured from lignite, are especially well suited for removing color and other pollutants from dye wastes. This report presents information to aid in the selection of carbon for textile and/or dye wastes, and discusses the effect of thermal regeneration of carbon performance. The latter is particularly important to avoid undersizing a carbon system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a series of tour round robins conducted by ISCC Problems Subcommittee 25D to establish the interlaboratory precision of solution spectrophotometric determination of strength of dyes are reported. Statistical evaluation of the data show that the agreement between two laboratories ranges from ±1.7 to 4.5% for the dyes analyzed when a test sample was compared in an identical manner to a reference sample. Measurement of absorptivity in one laboratory and comparison with an absorptivity established in another laboratory can lead to inaccurate results because of systematic interlaboratory errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A free radical mechanism is proposed to explain the bleaching of cotton with hydrogen peroxide. In alkaline media, both bleaching activity and hydrogen peroxide decomposition reflect the activity of hydroxyl and perhydroxyl free radicals released from hydrogen peroxide during decomposition. The mechanism is based on the formation of free radicals through one-electron transfer and interaction of the radicals with colored matter to produce decolorization. Fabric was found to stabilize the peroxide solution, the rate of decomposition decreasing with increasing weight of treated fabric. It was concluded that bleaching is accomplished because of the chain-breaking role of the fabric. In acidic systems, the stability of hydrogen peroxide was higher and its bleaching activity was lower; this was attributed to the lack of necessary initiator required to decompose the peroxide into free radicals. In the presence of HBr, the bleaching activity and rate of peroxide decomposition were appreciably greater than in other acid-peroxide systems, probably due to the ability of HBr to initiate decomposition of the peroxide to form hydroxyl and bromine radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bleaching action of alkaline hydrogen peroxide is attributed to free radicals generated in the decomposition reactions of the peroxide. The free radicals ordinarily induce decomposition through a chain mechanism. The decomposition occurring within a given time interval is limited by colorbearing impurities (bleaching) or by inhibiting metal cations. These reduce decomposition by interrupting the reaction sequence. Inhibiting metal cations appear to protect the cellulose from chemical damage, possibly by minimizing the production of molecular oxygen in the alkaline medium. (See TCC, December 1975, p30 for Part I: A Free Radical Mechanism) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-soluble polymeric cationic resins used as retarders (PCRs) have been shown to exhibit utility in achieving union dyeings with basic dyeabte Wintuk yarns. They largely overcome the well known deficiencies of conventional cationic and anionic dye retarders and do so at very low use levels. The economic advantages of union dyeing with PCRs has been demonstrated. A new mechanism for PCR retarded acrylic dyeing is proposed in which surface dyesites on the fiber are strongly blocked by the PCR and dyeing proceeds via a diffusion mechanism through a cationic surface barrier layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation problems in pad-jig dyeing with vat dyes are analyzed in terms of the apparent kinetics involved in such a process. A new technique by which the oxidation of the leuco dye on the fabric may be retarded is presented. The novel technique, which involves the use of polymeric material to increase defined fabric volume term Vt is shown to be reasonably sound in terms both the process kinetics and the industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates several industrial equipment and supplies for the textile chemical industry, including the Scarlet SLK disperse dyes from American Color & Chemical Corp., the temperature jet dyeing machine from Umex Inc., and the carriers for dyeing of polyester from Apollo Chemical Corp.

If the transfer printing process is carried out at low air pressure (preferably 50 mm Hg or less) the mobility of the dye vapor is greatly increased and the color penetration of a fabric is improved. ICI has developed a vacuum transfer process based on this concept, and it is now being used commercially in carpet tile printing. This report describes some of the effects of vacuum transfer printing on pile fabrics and takes a brief look at some of the dyes used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new simplified rate of dyeing equation is proposed and shown to be of value for calculating the temperature/ time relationship necessary to maintain a linear exhaustion rate in package dyeing polyester with disperse dyes. The rational development of dyeing processes by the use of scientific principles is contrasted to the traditional, and so far successful, empirical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain rapid and level dyeings of polyester with disperse dyes, the exhaustion rate must be adapted to the critical dyeing rate of the system, i.e., the limiting rate at which it is possible to obtain level dyeings from the beginning of the process. This depends on the efficiency of the dyeing machine and on the form of the textile. Characteristic features of rapid dyeing machines are a high rate of liquor circulation and a high heating capacity. In the dyeing of polyester fibers, the behavior of the dye dispersion under the dyeing conditions must be taken into consideration. In package dyeing, temporary deposits are likely to form, particularly in those regions where the rate of liquor flow is exceptionally high. The deposits are caused primarily by a "jamming" effect, and this is more marked, the larger the dye particles. Normally, the deposits are removed again or dissolve in the course of dyeing and therefore do not impair the final result. They tend, however, to retard the dyeing, an influence that is particularly objectionable in rapid dyeing processes. The processing of the dye is a major factor governing the particle size of the finely dispersed dyes and therefore in obtaining level dyeings with rapid dyeing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several tables on American-made dyes and pigments and American-made resin pigment colors including a table on code letters, names and addresses of companies, another on registered trademarks of the classes of dyes and pigments and another on American-made dyes and pigments arranged by colour index generic names are presented.

The stability in water of 16 commercial dyes to visible and ultraviolet light from a carbon arc has been studied. Dyes were selected from three major dye classes—vat, disperse and sulfur. The results are compared to the degradation of two of the dyes in natural sunlight. The dyes degraded at least ten times as fast in artificial light as in sunlight. A significant difference in degradation rate was observed between water soluble dyes and pigment dispersions. Results show that most commercial colors are resistant to photodegradation and that it would take many weeks before appreciable dye degradation occurred in a natural aquatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of problems associated with the use of chromium-containing compounds in the dyehouse, hydrogen peroxide is a more desirable oxidizing agent for sulfur dyes. However, hydrogen peroxide oxidation of sulfur dyes usually yields dyeings with washfastness ratings greatly inferior to those obtained when sodium or potassium dichromate is used for oxidation. Results of a study of hydrogen peroxide oxidation of sulfur dyes are reported. The poor washfastness obtained when hydrogen peroxide is used for oxidation appears to result from incorporation of acidic groups into the molecular structure of the dye. The washfastness of fabrics dyed with sulfur dyes and oxidized with hydrogen peroxide is equivalent or superior to that obtained with dichromate oxidation when an aromatic amine is added to the acidified hydrogen peroxide oxidation bath or when the dyed fabric is aftertreated with an aromatic amine under acidic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some general aspects of the importance of exhaust dyeing processes today and in the future are examined. The problem of keeping the textile industry attractive simultaneously for the capital market and for those working in the industry requires consideration of two main interdependent factors: optimizing of processes and automation of process operations. To work efficiently with high performance machinery and a high degree of automation requires an understanding of dyeing processes, in particular of the behavior of the dyeing system and the mechanical parameters of the machines. A simple model valid in many practical trials has been developed which relates these two factors by the relative exhaustion per cycle (% ex/c). A future model of automation is presented which includes optimum processing and represents a rnaximum level of automation. In this model the parameters important for the final aspect of the material to be treated are constantly measured and controlled by feedback. The necessary developments for the realization of this model of automation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relative affinities of cationic dyes for acrylic fibers were determined by an isotherm method. Values for the affinity of a few cationic dyes have been calculated by a simple equation compiled in tabular form. Dyes of high relative affinity permit quantitative bath exhaustion and good reproducibility of dyeings, but have the disadvantage of poor migration. Apart from the affinity, steric factors in the configuration of the dye molecules play a role in the migration properties so that those with low relative affinity need not automatically display good migration properties. The relation between affinity and combinability is explained. The relationship between the constitution of the dye and its affinity for the fiber is demonstrated by examples. Incorporation of an additional hydrophilic substituent decreases the affinity of a dye for acrylic fibers. Conversely, an increase in hydrophobic substituents, such as aryl groups, increases the affinity of dye for the substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic laboratory study and subsequent pilot plant trials were carried out to determine the feasibility of substituting a continuous dyeing process for the presently used exhaustion dyeing methods (high temperature and carrier dyeing) on 100% texturized polyester fabrics. Continuous dyeing with the use of superheated steam or thermofixation is indeed a feasible approach. Since texturizing is at least partially lost above 360F, it is desirable to fix the dyes below this temperature. By selecting appropriate disperse dyes and additives, good color yield and fastness performance can be attained, even in medium and dark shades, at fixation temperatures of 360F and below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the vapor-phase transfer printing of polyester fabrics has been growing at an accelerating rate, this process has limited value for transfer printing acrylic fabrics. Disperse dyes used for polyester do not give deep, bright shades on acrylic fabrics; and the cationic dyes widely used for coloring acrylics and anionic modified polyesters do not sublime and cannot be used in a vapor-phase transfer process on these fabrics. This paper describes a method for so modifying cationic dyes that they can be used to give deep, bright shades with satisfactory fastness properties on acrylic and anionic modified polyester fabrics when applied by transfer printing. Many cationic dyes were modified, and several were found suitable for transfer printing on acrylic fabric, Of these, three were chosen for intensive study: C.I. Basic Yellow 11, C.I. Basic Blue 11 and C.I. Basic Violet 10. They were modified and formulated into inks which were screen printed Onto paper. A wide range of conditions for transfer printing was investigated. The deep, bright shades obtained on Orlon 75, and in later work on Dacron 92, provide a new dimension for styling of brilliant colors and designs. Within the practical range of time and temperature used for transfer, there was no severe yellowing of the fabrics. The very slight fabric stiffening that occurred in printing was easily removed during the normal handling of the fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several tables on American-made dyes and pigments are presented.

ISO Gray Scales for Color Change and for Staining have been widely used for more than 25 years. Now they are available in a new, easier to use fold-out format that is just as accurate and just as reproducible as the old slide-rule type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This second of a two-part series on colorfastness of dyes to atmospheric contaminants deals with assessment of ozone fading. The chemistry of ozone fading is reviewed, and AATCC procedures for evaluating susceptibility to ozone at low and high humidity are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limitations of computer color matching for textiles and the chances to overcome these limitations by improved techniques are discussed. The most serious limitations in the accuracy of the matches are those imposed by variations in dyeing conditions and textile materials. These can hardly be solved by development of general theories, but only by new calibration dyeings or by approximations such as a test dyeing. General improvements in the theory used for the calculations today would have only a minor bearing on the whole process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general procedure is detailed for determining dye strength of a sample relative to a standard from measurement of the spectral reflectance factor of dyeings. Relative dye strength is calculated from the ratio of specific absorption function values for sample and standard. The specific absorption function used is the Kubelka-Munk function K/ at a selected wavelength, divided by the amount of dye on a unit weight of substrate. Problems associated with dye application, sample presentation and measurement are discussed. Precision and accuracy of the method are dealt with from the standpoint of both dyeing and spectrophotometric measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of previous alkali (sodium carbonate) treatments at different concentrations on the properties of wool bleached with solutions of hydrogen peroxide at different concentrations was evaluated. Optical, chemical and mechanical properties of bleached and unbleached unscoured wool and of pretreated and bleached wool were determined. Treatment with the sodium carbonate solutions leads to a decrease of both degree of whiteness and the Yellowness Index of the original wool; bleaching of pretreated wool yields a lower degree of whiteness than bleaching of wool pretreated with sodium carbonate. On the other hand, the Yellowness Index of bleached wools is not altered by the alkali pretreatment. The alkali solubility of pretreated, bleached wool is lower than that of untreated wool bleached at the same peroxide concentration. At a given concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the content of cysteic acid of pretreated, bleached wool is independent of the severity of the previous alkali treatment and lower than that of I wool not treated with alkali. The wet tensile strength is much more sensitive to the alkali and hydrogen peroxide treatments than the dry strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing use of spectrophotometric transmittance measurements to determine the relative dye strength of incoming shipments to a standard type has been noted for users of dyes. For many dyes, the results determined from solution measurements are in agreement with those determined by application tests on the intended substrate. The purpose of this paper is to point out the exceptions; i.e., those factors that affect the accuracy and precision of measuring dye concentrations in solution. The solution variables examined are categorized into three groups: group 1—effect of additives, concentration, dissolution aids, hydrogen ion activity and solvents on the absorption spectrum; group 2— effect of dye interaction, fluorescence, irradiation, plating, solution heating and temperature on the absorption spectrum; group 3—effect of hydrolysis, interfering ions, ionic strength, light fading and redox potential on the absorption spectrum. A brief description of each solution variable is included together with suggestions on methods of preparing the colorant solutions to avoid these effects. Illustrations of most of these solution effects on currently available dyes are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeatable laboratory dyeings are necessary for evaluation of fiber dyeability, dyestuff strength or shade matching. A laboratory method for dyeing polyester at the boil in a low temperature Launder-Ometer bas been studied. Leaks from the stainless steel containers are avoided by using a Mason jar lid for a gasket. Dye depths were measured by Hunter L values or Color-Eye reflectances at maximum absorbance wavelengths. Three disperse dyes in self shades were included in this study. Controlled conditions permitting repeat dyeings within 1-2% were determined. Dyeings in open beakers were unsuccessful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wintuk yarns can be composed of a single bicomponent fiber, blends of bicomponent fibers or blends of bicomponent fiber with Orion homofibers. The blends offer a broad range of aesthetics and performance in hand and machine knits. A problem is achieving level dyeing with these blends, which have widely different union dyeing characteristics. Careful regulation of dyeing conditions and/or the use of the proper chemical retarder make feasible the dyeing of solid shades with these blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

waste disposal in the textile industry are reviewed. No simple economical treatment is yet available to handle removal of color, BOD, COD, phosphates, and other wastes. Each waste seems to demand a tailored solution requiring a combination of methods. Biological treatment alone does not remove enough color, COD and nutrients to be used alone but is the most economical of the methods. Reverse osmosis or use of adsorptive resins for removal of dissolved organics and color must be preceded by chemical flocculation, sedimentation or some other type of filtration. Success of a carbon adsorption method depends on the dyes used and the nature of the liquid to be filtered, and can also require chemical treatment prior to use. Hyperfiltration as a method of upgrading effluent is promising, If cost can be competitive. Gamma irradiation of textile waste effluents degrades refractory dye colors which most conventional treatments do not reduce. The use of an adsorbent to concentrate the organic fraction prior to irradiation is another possiblity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To use the acrylonitrile (AN) monomer to the maximum, a new technique has been proposed that uses the monomer from the first bath, several times, by applying a standing bath technique. An appreciable amount of grafting has been obtained until the fourth bath. By modifying the standing bath technique, adding accurate amount of AN monomer to successive baths has been possible, so that all four batches of grafted fibers had the same graft add-on and could be safely blended to give uniform dyeing. A new equation has been developed to facilitate the calculations of the quantities of AN monomer to be replenished in their standing baths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical reduction of sulfur dyes was examined with regard to the substitution of nonregenerable reducing agents in dyeing processes. The redox behavior of Leuco Sulfur Black 1 was characterized by photometric and potentiometric methods. In the presence of a surplus of reducing agent, the disulfide groups and the quinonermine groups were reduced. A comparable degree of dye reduction could be achieved by cathodic reduction. The catholically reduced sulfur dye had a reduction capacity of sufficient magnitude to serve as a reducing agent and antioxidant by itself. The cathodically reduced dye was used for one-bath pad-steam dyeing experiments. The color depth and shade of the dyed samples corresponded to standards dyed with the use of reducing agents, thus indicating that full substitution of reducing chemicals by cathodic dye reduction can be achieved. The described electrochemical technique offers ecological and economic advantages in combination with sulfide free sulfur dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on equipment and supplies for the wet processing of textiles in the textile industry. It includes a list of dyes, pigments, and resin-bonded colors available, along with their trademark and patent data, evaluations of equipment and supplies for the wet process, and a directory of the manufacturers and suppliers of these products.

Durable and regenerable antibacterial properties have been achieved on cotton and cotton blend fabrics. The antimicrobial function can be regenerated by simply washing the treated fabric with a dilute chlorine bleach. This work focuses on the durability and regeneration of the antibacterial and antimicrobial function of treated cotton and cotton/polyester blend fabrics, as well as an innovative approach for the regeneration principal. The biocidal properties of the fabrics are proven to exceed at least 50 standard machine washes and can be regenerated at least over 11 cycles with diluted chlorine solutions. Such a technique will truly impact medical-use, hygienic-use, and institutional-use textile products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very little has been published about the effects, if any, supercritical CO2 dyeing may have on either fiber morphology or fiber properties. Extensive research into the use of supercritical CO2 for analytical applications has indicated that polyester (PET) fiber structure could be affected under the conditions typically used in supercritical dyeing. Thus, the principal objective of this research was to identify and characterize any changes in PET fiber properties and morphology that occurred under model supercritical CO2 dyeing conditions. The PET samples used were commercially available regular and microfiber filament yarns. The yarns were studied in both the partially-oriented and fully drawn state. They were exposed to supercritical CO2, an aqueous dyeing cycle, and with heat only. Tensile properties, optical birefringence, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to charaterize the resulting changes in fiber morphology and properties. The results obtained to date indicate that while the supercritical CO2 does penetrate the fiber structure to some extent, no adverse affect on the fiber properties was observed. However, the data also shows that further experimentation may be necessary to adequately define all the effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]