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The objective of this study was to assess the exploitation of small economies by global digital firms through tax evasion. It explored the obstacles and suggests how small economies can address these challenges posed by global digital firms that leverage the nature of their service and technology to evade tax. Qualitative research methods were applied with the use of key informant interviews and secondary data collection from relevant literature and reports. Five key informants purposefully selected from Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) were interviewed. The paper also classifies the nature of services provided by different digital economies. It highlights the challenges being faced by small economies such as the shift in the global business models, tax concept and evasion, international tax regulations, and lack of capacities thereof. The findings indicate how small economies are being taken advantage of by digital giant firms through operating in their jurisdictions, capitalizing on profits, and circumventing tax payments due to non legally binding instruments that compel global firms to comply. Tax evasion by these firms leads to the shrinking of the small economies' tax base. A possible solution to this tax deceitfulness is the adoption of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Pillar One proposal to address and overhaul the current international tax regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the theoretical issues of financial sustainability on several levels. First of all, the variety of definitions of sustainability is discussed. After that, the concept of financial sustainability is clarified and the main elements of financial sustainability are indicated. Finally, the map of financial sustainability concepts is presented and three main approaches to financial sustainability (at international, national, and company levels) are identified. In addition, the relationship between the application of financial derivatives and a company's financial sustainability is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking a historical perspective, we analyze the economic growth of GAFA companies, and how they fit into the indicators that measure global human development. We explore the limits of growth -assuming that economic growth is inherent to good economic performance- by studying these cases, which are relevant insofar as they lead global economic growth in the new digital-based ("ethereal") economy. Our methodological approach contrasts the growth patterns of GAFA companies with general human growth parameters. This case-to-global study finds clear trends, suggesting that the ethereal economy is constrained only by the limits of human growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]