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The article discusses the taxonomic classification and nomenclature of the genus Soda (Dumort.) Fourr. within the family Chenopodiaceae s.str. / Amaranthaceae s.l. The article highlights the debate surrounding the typification of the genus name Salsola and the need for proper taxonomic application. The authors propose conserving the name Soda against the name Sevada, as the former is applicable to a distinct clade within the genus. The article emphasizes the importance of maintaining nomenclatural stability and suggests that the acceptance of their proposal will not eliminate the name Sevada from the nomenclature. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the issue of similar-sounding generic names in the plant taxonomy field. Specifically, it focuses on the names Blackiella Aellen, Blakiella Cuatrec., and Blakella (L.D. Pryor & L.A.S. Johnson ex Brooker) Crisp & L.G. Cook. The authors argue that the names Blackiella and Blakiella are easily confused due to their phonetic similarity, and they propose the need for a new generic name for the South American taxon currently known as Blakiella Cuatrec. Additionally, they suggest that a new generic name should be considered for the group of eucalypts recently segregated as the genus Blakella. The authors request binding decisions from the Nomenclature Committees to address these naming issues. [Extracted from the article]

After a rather turbulent taxonomic history, Dysphanieae (Chenopodioideae, Amaranthaceae) were established to contain five genera, four of which are monospecific (Cycloloma, Neomonolepis, Suckleya, Teloxys) and geographically restricted, and the fifth genus, Dysphania, having a nearly worldwide distribution and comprising ca. 50 species. This study investigates the phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomy of Dysphanieae. We studied specimens from 32 herbaria to infer morphological differences and distribution areas of the species and sampled 121 accessions representing 39 accepted species of the tribe for molecular phylogenetic analyses. The molecular phylogeny tested generic relationships of the tribe and infrageneric relationships of Dysphania on the basis of two plastid DNA markers (atpB‐rbcL spacer, rpl16 intron) and two nuclear ribosomal markers (ETS, ITS) and was also used for an ancestral area reconstruction with BioGeoBEARS. Three of the monospecific genera (Neomonolepis, Suckleya, Teloxys) form a basal grade and appear to be relictual lineages of the tribe, while Cycloloma is nested within Dysphania. The ancestral area reconstruction favors a widespread ancestry for Dysphanieae, and the relictual lineages in Asia (Teloxys) and North America (Neomonolepis, Suckleya) might be explained by a wide distribution across Beringia during the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene. Dysphania likely originated in North America; however, the simultaneous diversification into three major clades, an Asian/African, an American and an Australian/African clade, indicates a widespread ancestor at the crown node of Dysphania. Our taxonomic revision results in four accepted genera in Dysphanieae, Dysphania, Neomonolepis, Suckleya and Teloxys. The sectional subdivision for Dysphania is revised. We subdivide the genus into five sections, D. sect. Adenois (13 spp.), D. sect. Botryoides (10 spp.), D. sect. Dysphania (17 spp.), D. sect. Incisa (2 spp.) and D. sect. Margaritaria (4 spp.); three strongly deviating species remain unplaced and need further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two latter species are perennial subshrubs and have hairy leaves, while I C. annua i and I C. songorica i are annuals; all have a 4-lobed perianth. 2013), Linnaeus's concept cannot be associated with any of the currently known species of I Camphorosma i L. Four taxa are accepted in this genus (see Kadereit & Freitag, l.c.): I C. annua i Pall., I C. songorica i Bunge, I C. monspeliaca i L., and I C. lessingii i Litv. This latter name was placed by Linnaeus (l.c. 1753) as synonym of I C. monspeliaca i , which is a perennial subshrub according to the type (lectotype: Herb. [Extracted from the article]

With ca. 300 species of herbs, shrubs and subshrubs adapted to saline or alkaline soils, the evolution of the genus Atriplex is key to understand the development of semi‐arid environments worldwide. Previous phylogenetic analyses of Atriplex, including only a few species from South America, especially in comparison with North American species represented, proposed a North American origin for the South American Atriplex, through more than one dispersal event. Since South America is one of the four centres of Atriplex diversity, with a high number of endemic species, a wider and more representative sampling of this region is essential to understand the origin and evolution of the genus Atriplex in the Americas. We performed a phylogenetic analysis with estimated clade ages and an ancestral range estimation focused on the American species of Atriplex, to identify South American lineages, their relationships with other lineages of the genus (and particularly with North American ones), and to unravel their biogeographical history in the Americas. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted with sequence data from ITS, ETS and atpB‐rbcL spacer markers, using maximum parsimony, Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood approaches. The DEC+J model implemented in BioGeoBEARS was applied in order to infer ancestral ranges. The Americas were colonized by Atriplex in two independent dispersal events: (1) the C4Atriplex from Eurasia or Australia, and (2) the C3Atriplex (represented only by the extant A. chilensis) from Eurasia. The C4 American lineage of Atriplex originated roughly 10.4 Ma (95% HPD = 13.31–7.62 Myr) in South America, where two lineages underwent in situ diversification and evolved sympatrically. North America was colonized by Atriplex from South America; later, one lineage moved from North America to South America. Most of the extant species have arisen in the last 3–4 Myr, in Pliocene–Pleistocene. We detected some South American taxa differing in position between both nuclear and atpB‐rbcL spacer partitions, which could be explained by chloroplast capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The informally named "aervoid clade" in Amaranthaceae includes ~134 species in five genera: Ptilotus (~120 spp.), Aerva (11 spp.) and the monotypic Nothosaerva, Omegandra, and Kelita. The relationships of the small aervoid genera to the large genus Ptilotus, and relationships between major clades within Ptilotus, are poorly resolved. The aims of this study were to: (1) elucidate relationships between genera and within Ptilotus using a phylogenomic approach; (2) identify morphological characters within each genus to help delimit generic boundaries; and (3) provide an updated taxonomic framework for the aervoids. A well‐supported coding DNA sequence (CDS) phylogeny was constructed for 36 aervoid and 5 outgroup species based on 69 gene sequences derived from assembled whole‐plastid genomes. The CDS tree was used to constrain relationships on a larger phylogeny based on Sanger‐sequenced ITS and matK for 135 taxa, comprising near‐comprehensive sampling within the aervoids. Both datasets were analysed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Morphological characters were assessed from herbarium specimens. Our study demonstrates that Aerva is polyphyletic; this is resolved by reinstating Ouret and erecting a new genus, Paraerva. Kelita is found to be deeply nested within Ptilotus and is formally synonymised. The well‐resolved phylogeny of Ptilotus presented here will inform future studies in biogeography and character evolution. A taxonomic treatment is provided for all aervoid genera, and new combinations are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iresine is a neotropical genus of the Amaranthaceae with most of the species diversity in Mexico and Mesoamerica. It has suffered a complex classification history with considerably diverging views on the genus concept. We have carried out a phylogenetic analysis of Iresine and allied genera using sequence data of combined plastid introns (including the matK CDS) and spacers as well as ITS, and a dense sampling of species. Trees depict a clade of Iresine with Irenella and Woehleria deeply nested. This clade is sister to the remainder of Gomphrenoideae including Hebanthe and Trommsdorffia (= Pedersenia). One of two maximally supported subclades of Iresine comprises mostly species restricted to the Mexican highlands and adjacent areas, whereas the other subclade is composed of more widespread Mexican-Mesoamerican taxa. Pollen grains of Iresine and relatives were examined using high-resolution SEM, which yielded a matrix of 15 pollen characters. Ancestral character state reconstruction shows dodecahedral grains (in I. angustifolia and I. nigra) to have evolved within the Iresine clade, not involving the complete suite of character shifts associated with metareticulate pollen but just an increase of aperture diameter and a slight decrease of mesoporia width. To the contrary, four character state transformations occurred in the common ancestor of core Gomphrenoideae that led to metareticulate pollen (shifts to a distal orientation of punctae and microspines, to a sunken position of apertures relative to the distal part of mesoporia resulting in narrow mesoporia higher then wide, and a reduction in the diameter of mesoporia). The Iresine clade is characterized by pollen with well-separated ektexinous aperture membrane bodies, rounded or triangular, and gradually tapering into a single spine. For the monophyletic genus Iresine, 35 species are currently accepted. We provide a taxonomic backbone (including one new combination, one new name and several lectotypifications) that also comments on the current understanding of species delimitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acceptance of this proposal would neutralise the threat posed by I Salsola coquimbana i to the well-established and unequivocal name I Salicornia neei i and its derivatives, and avoid negative nomenclatural changes. 1782) was described from the coast of Coquimbo (Chile) by a brief diagnosis ("Salsola ( I Coquimbana i ) fruticosa, caul. aphyllis, cal. succulentis diaphanis") with observations on the use of the plant by Chilean natives. Rejection of this proposal would mean that I Salsola coquimbana i , an uncertain and forgotten name, could replace I Salicornia neei i , a widely used name for a South American species. [Extracted from the article]

Linnaeus had a broad concept of Illecebrum and, based on the current circumscription wherein the genus is considered monotypic, only one out of the seventeen names Linnaeus treated in combination with Illecebrum -- I. verticillatum -- remains in the genus. The other sixteen names are now referred to other genera of both Caryophyllaceae (Chaetonychia, Paronychia, Polycarpon), and Amaranthaceae (Achyranthes, Aerva, Althernanthera, Blutaparon, Nothosaerva). Two of the species referred to Illecebrum by Linnaeus have remained to be investigated from a nomenclatural point of view, I. bengalense and I. javanicum. Illecebrum bengalense is here lectotypified with a specimen preserved at LINN and is placed in synonymy with Nothosaerva brachiata. Illecebrum javanicum, based on Iresine javanica, is lectotypified with a Burman illustration. The name Aerva tomentosa is placed in synonymy of Iresine javanica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salicornioideae (Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae) comprise 11 genera and ca. 100 species of succulent halophytes distributed worldwide in coastal and inland saline habitats. Most species have peculiar articulated, seemingly leafless stems and spike-like sessile thyrses with highly reduced flowers hidden by fleshy bracts. We analysed sequence data of four markers (ETS, ITS, atpB-rbcL, matK-trnK) from 57 species, 9 subspecies, 1 variety and 2 hybrids representing all curently accepted genera using maximum likelihood, Bayesian analysis, fossil-calibrated molecular dating and ancestral area analysis. All molecular markers gave similar phylogenet ic signals. Salicornioideae probably or iginated in Eurasia during the late Eocene--early Oligocene. The divergence of the early main clades took place in the middle Oligocene with the separation of Allenrolfea/Heterostachys, Halocnemum/Halopeplis/Halostachys/Kalidium and Arthrocnemum/Microcnemum/Tecticornia/Salicornia/ Sarcocornia lineages. The latter lineage diversified most and comprises 3/4 of the species of the subfamily. The Arthrocnemum macrostachyum/Microcnemum lineage diverged at the turn of the Oligocene/ Miocene -- while the Arthrocnemum subterminale, Tecticornia and Salicornia/Sarcocornia lineages were all present by the middle Miocene. Long-distance dispersal has taken place several t imes to the Amer icas (Allenrolfea/Heterostachys, Arthrocnemum subterminale, Salicornia/Sarcocornia), South Africa (Halopeplis, Salicornia/Sarcocornia) and Australia (Tecticornia, Salicornia/Sarcocornia). Most currently accepted genera were resolved as monophyletic. However, Sarcocornia is paraphyletic in relation to Salicornia, and Arthrocnemum proved to be polyphyletic. In addition, the name Arthrocnemum is a nomenclatural synonym of Salicornia. As a consequence, we propose the merging of Sarcocornia under Salicornia and provide 19 new nomenclatural combinations and one replacement name. For Salicornia (incl. Sarcocornia) we propose a new infrageneric classification to accommodate the four phylogenetically and geographically well-supported sublineages of the genus. We also propose abandoning the name Arthrocnemum in its current use, and describe two new genera, Arthrocaulon (Eurasia, Africa) and Arthroceras (North America), and provide three new nomenclatural combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ptilotus (Amaranthaceae) is an Australian genus with over 100 species, most of which occur in arid Western Australia. Ptilotus has been a taxonomically difficult genus; despite rigorous morphological studies into the genus over many years, previous workers have found it difficult to delimit infrageneric groups due to inconsistent morphological variation. With the goal to establish a phylogenetic framework for the genus, 100 taxa were sampled, including 87 Ptilotus spp., and the ITS nrDNA and matK cpDNA were sequenced. The phylogeny was reconstructed using Bayesian, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses on separate and concatenated datasets. Morphological characters were assessed and compared to clades on the phylogeny to identify synapomorphies and aid in the construction of an infrageneric classification. A diversification rate analysis was used to identify rate shifts in speciation across the phylogeny. Four major clades of the monophyletic Ptilotus were resolved, three small clades together comprising 27% of sampled taxa and a large, diverse clade comprising the remaining 73%. Four floral synapomorphies were identified as uniquely occurring within the latter, although none were common to all taxa in the clade. The diversification rate analysis identified a probable rate shift at the base of Ptilotus, indicating that the genus may have undergone a rapid diversification early in its evolution. This rapid diversification provides a plausible explanation for the lack of consistent variation in morphology among the major clades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of the generic names Salsola L. and Kali Mill is discussed. The latter is a legitimate name, published independently from Salsola, even though the original generic boundaries are by and large the same. The type of Salsola is S. soda L, the earliest to have been designated in a non-supersedable way. The type of Kali is S. kali L. (K. soda Moench non (L.) Scop.; = K. turgidum (Dumort.) Guterm.). The current nomenclatural situation is satisfactory and need not be changed by any conservation proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typification of the names Amaranthus flavus L, A. mangostanus L, A. polygamus L, A. sanguineus L. and A. tristis L. (Amaranthaceae) are discussed as well as their current recognition. Specimens from the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN) are designated as lectotypes for these four names. Amaranthus mangostanus, A. polygamus and A. tristis are treated as synonyms of A. tricolor L, while A. flavus and A. sanguineus are synonyms of A. cruentus L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linnaeus's (l.c. 1754) description of I Bosea i agrees with the morphology of the Canarian endemic and does not apply to I Phyllanthus nutans i . Despite the discrepancies between Iamonico's lectotype and Linnaeus's description in I Genera plantarum i , this designated lectotype is in accord with the rules on lectotype selection (Art. Linnaeus's description is similar to that provided by Ludwig (l.c.), but it has a few differences, as for instance Linnaeus referred to plants with leaves that are "lanceolatis, concavis, erectis, margine tenuioribus" (vs. "oblongis cuspidatis" in " I Yervamora i "). After comparing the Sloane (l.c. 1725) and Walther (l.c.) illustrations mentioned in the protologue, Iamonico remarked that because the Sloane image is more complete "we are designating it as lectotype of this name". [Extracted from the article]

(in Sukhorukov & Kushunina, l.c. 2015: 288) was coined to be applied to that species of I Atriplex i , while the species of I Chenopodium i was described as I C. harae i Sukhor. After considering all nomenclatural I pros i and I contras i (see above, and also arguments presented in Mosyakin & McNeill, l.c. and Mosyakin & Mandák, l.c.), we think that the best escape from that nomenclaturally confusing situation would be to reject the long-forgotten and only recently resurrected name I C. pallidum i . Moreover, all original specimens of I Chenopodium pallidum i in P (all belonging to an I Atriplex i ) are not completely mature ("gathered in vegetative or early blooming stage": Sukhorukov & Kushunina, l.c. 2015: 288), and thus there remain some doubts regarding their actual species identity. [Extracted from the article]

Polycnemoideae is a poorly studied subfamily of the Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae alliance which contains ca. 13 rare species in three disjunctly distributed genera. We present the results of a dated molecular phylogeny and a survey of morphology, micromorphology and stem anatomy revealing the phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of the subfamily as well as its morphological evolution. The results are converted into a new classification of the group. The diver-gence of Polycnemoideae from Amaranthaceae s.str. dates back to the Eocene and the oldest split in the subfamily separated a Northern Hemisphere lineage (Polycnemum) and a predominantly Southern Hemisphere lineage (Nitrophila, Hemichroa, Surreya gen. nov.) around the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. There is some evidence for a southern connection via Antarctica in the ancestor of the Nitrophila!Hemichroa!Surreya clade. The amphitropical genus Nitrophila likely originated in South America and reached North America via long-distance dispersal. Genera of Polycnemoideae diversified during the Miocene and Pliocene. They are species-poor and appear relictual. The morphological and micromorphological survey revealed a number of useful diagnostic characters which permit a clear definition of all four genera and 13 species recognized here. Hemichroa in its traditional circumscription lacks diagnostic characters. Hemichroa pentandra is much more similar to Nitrophila and shares a number of symplesiomorphies with it, while H. diandra and H. mesembryanthema, which form a highly supported clade, show several clear synapomorphic characters. Therefore the latter two species are here described within a new genus, Surreya R. Masson & G. Kadereit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tidestromia (Gomphrenoideae, Amaranthaceae) is a monophyletic genus restricted to deserts of North America with the highest levels ofendemism centered in the Chihuahuan desert. Tidestromia is morphologically distinct from related genera which caused researchers difficulty in identifying its phylogenetic affinities. Recent molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests that a monophyletic Tidestromia is related to Alternanthera and Pedersenia in a well-supported Image referred to as the Alternantheroid dade. Preliminary species circumscription of Tidestromia suggested six species, two subspecies and two varieties. However, this study revealed problems in the current infraspecific classification based on morphology. The current study aims at testing the phylogenetic relationships within the genus using nuclear (ITS), chloroplast (rpIl6, trnL-F), and morphological data and examine the role that soils, climate, and habitat have had on speciation in the genus. Earlier researchers hypothesized these environmental features were reproductive barriers driving speciation; however, incongruency between the chloroplast and nuclear datasets with additional support from previous cytogenetic data suggests that hybrid speciation has played a larger role. The total evidence results in a fully resolved ingroup and suggests that all infraspecific taxa are distinct species requiring nomenclatural taxonomic changes. Contrary to previous findings, the annual habit has evolved twice in the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typification of the name Salsola sativa (Amaranthaceae) is discussed. An illustration of Antoine de Jussieu's Kali Hispanicam, supinum, annuum, Sedi foliis brevibus from 1719 is designated as the lectotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological, morphometric and molecular phylogenetic studies in the Eurasian/North American genus Krascheninnikovia suggest to synonymise all previously described taxa of this genus under the single species K. ceratoides. Krascheninnikovia ceratoides comprises two subspecies: the North American subsp. lanata, comb. nov., and the Eurasian subsp. ceratoides. The subspecies ceratoides comprises in addition to the traditional K. ceratoides also K. arborescens, K. compacta, K. eversmanniana, K. intramongolica, K. lenensis and K. pungens. Specimens sampled from a single, large population of subsp. ceratoides in western Mongolia showed extreme inter-individual variation, which encompasses almost any attribute previously considered to separate the different Eurasian species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal ITS1-5.8S gene-ITS2 DNA revealed the genus Krascheninnikovic, to be sister to the largely Asian genera Axyris and Ceratocarpus, all of which are characterised by the presence of stellate hairs. Nomenclaturally, subtribe Axyridinae, nom. nov., is proposed to cover this group in order to replace the illegitimate name Eurotiinae. The position of the North American genus Grayia, within or outside the Axyridinae, remains unsettled. Grayia is sister to Krascheninnikovia, Axyris and Ceratocarpus in the molecular phylogeny, but has no clearly stellate hairs, Its hairs appear intermediate between uniseriate and candelabra hairs and might be the precursor of stellate hairs. The adaptive significance of the different trichomes, life form evolution and biogeographical patterns are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendroportulaca mirabilis U. Eggli, a Malagasy liana described as an atypical member of Portulacaceae, was shown by ndhF sequence data to be placed within Amaranthaceae tribe Celosieae, strongly supported as sister to Deeringia polysperma. A re-evaluation of the morphology of Dendroportulaca, including field observations, also supported its placement within Celosieae and in particular its relationship to the existing Malagasy species of Deeringia. Dendroportulaca mirabilis is herein transferred to Deeringia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the second report of the Special Committee on Suprageneric Names listing the proposed changes to the citations of names of families in Appendix IIb (Spermatophyta) that were not implemented in the Saint Louis Code. Regard for current entries as isonyms, which have no nomenclature status under the Code; Amaranthaceae; Cactaceae.

The article focuses on the proposal to conserve the name Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae s.str.; Amaranthaceae sensu APG) with a conserved type. Topics discussed include generic name Chenopodium was formally established by Linnaeus, genus Chenopodium was first typified under the American Code by Britton & Brown, and typification of Chenopodium should not depend solely on the 2017 International Botanical Congress.

The typification of four Linnaean names in Achyranthes L. (Amaranthaceae) are discussed. Specimens from the Linnaean Herbarium and illustrations from Burman and Dillenius are designated as the lectotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which proposed to reject the name Chenopodium caudatum (Amaranthaceae/ Chenopodiaceae). It highlights the Chenopodium caudatum's general resemblance to flowering plant Amaranthus viridis L., a specie of botanical family Amaranthaceae. It further discusses the Chenopodium caudatum's morphology and identification.