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Xanthomegnin, a known fungal toxin, secondary metabolite, and pigment diffuses from the dermatophytes has gained attention as local virulence factor because of the mutagenicity, toxicity, cytocidal, and immunosuppressive properties. Not only as a dermatophyte in skin related disorders, the production of xanthomegnin is implicated as a powerful diagnostic marker in patients suffering from ocular mycoses. Incidentally also attributed to death in livestock's majorly by exposing themselves to food-borne fungi like Aspergillus and Penicillium. The production of xanthomegnin in dermetophytic species Trichophyton rubrum, found commonly in infected skin and nails. In this study nickel/nickel hydroxide nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ni/Ni(OH) 2 -rGO) modified glassy carbon electrode has been successfully used for non-enzymatic detection of xanthomegnin. The Ni/Ni(OH) 2 -rGO composites were synthesized through a simple microwave assisted technique with less harmful reducing agent. The UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and electrochemical investigations demonstrated the robust formation of the sensor. The sensor exhibited improved electrochemical properties with enhanced electrochemical active area and excellent electrochemical behavior towards xanthomegnin detection with a limit of detection of 0.12 μM. The selectivity, stability, and analytical recovery studies proved the potential use of the sensor for the detection of xanthomegnin in real samples. Further, the sensor successfully detected xanthomegnin produced by the Trichophyton rubrum, the most common superficial fungus, accounting for at least 60% of all superficial fungal infections in humans. Validation studies showed satisfiable and quantifiable amount of xanthomegnin in comparison with common bench mark UV-Vis studies meant for fungal mycotoxin detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present scenario in the world largely demands affordable, fast, recyclable, and flexible electronic devices for bio sensing. Varieties of paper-based devices such as microfluidics paper electrodes, paper diodes, and paper-based transistors etc. have been developed and validated. Most of the fabrication techniques published so far have focused on economic, environment-friendly straightforward methods to develop paper-based field-effect transistors (PFET) sensors, additionally, explored their applications. The synthetic-free, mechanically flexible, biocompatible, and signal amplification capability render PFET based sensors for wearable device makers. Modified organic/inorganic PFETs identify target analytes based on the electrical signal and endow them as perfect transducers. In the field of PFET bio sensing technology, numerous challenges are needed to be discussed to proceed forward in biomedical and other analytical applications. Realizing biologically or chemically modified PFET having an exceptional signal to noise ratio, specificity, with rapid detection ability is challenging. This review recapitulates the fabrication techniques, performances of various PFET sensors, and summarizes the report by concluding remarks including the limitations of the existing PFET based sensors and the future holds in regards to the sustainable nature of PFET., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A simple procedure for the modification of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) from castor oil soot using acid treatment was described herein. Characterization studies revealed the presence of edge plane sites and surface carbon-oxygen functionalities at the surface of the CNP material. Voltammetric studies revealed the increased electrochemical activity of the CNP-modified electrode toward various biologically important molecules, including dopamine, uric acid, dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, tyrosine, and serotonin, relative to those obtained using the unmodified electrode. The improved electro-oxidation potentials for these compounds-and, thereby, the enhanced sensitivity of related sensors-was due directly to the presence of surface C(δ+)O(δ-) functional groups and the greater number of edge plane sites developed after acid treatment of the soot sample., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)