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— Three new species of Justicia (Acanthaceae), J. montealegrensis, J. multiglandulosa, and J. paraensis from the Brazilian Amazon, discovered during the preparation of a taxonomic treatment of genus for the state of Pará, are herein described and illustrated. Their geographic distribution, habitat, preliminary conservation status, taxonomic comments, line drawings, photo plates, and comparison of diagnostic morphological characters with those of similar taxa are also provided.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T15:01:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) US National Science Foundation A species previously treated in Staurogyne (S. nitida) is elevated to the category of a new genus of Acanthaceae, subfamily Nelsonioideae, based on morphological and molecular data. The sole species, Aymoreana nitida, occurs in the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil, from southern Bahia to northern Espirito Santo. Aymoreana differs from other genera of Nelsonioideae by the combination of the calyx with subequal segments, the slightly zygomorphic corolla, the four didynamous stamens, and the asymmetric gynoecium. Morphological information is accompanied by a molecular phylogenetic tree, ecological data, a preliminary conservation assessment, and Univ Fed Rural Rio de Janeiro UFRRJ, Inst Ciencias Biol & Saude, Dept Bot, BR 465,Km 7, BR-23890000 Seropedica, RJ, Brazil Calif Acad Sci, Bot, 55 Mus Concourse Dr, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA Claremont Grad Univ, Rancho Santa Ana Bot Garden, 1500 North Coll Ave, Claremont, CA 91711 USA Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Biol Vegetal, Inst Biociencias, Av 24 A,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Biol Vegetal, Inst Biociencias, Av 24 A,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 00/05881-5 US National Science Foundation: DEB 1754845

—We describe and illustrate Stenandrium diamantinense and Stenandrium eustachyum, two new species from campos rupestres in a region of high endemism in southeastern Brazil. Stenandrium diamantinense is differentiated from other congeners by its unique indurate, small leaves with revolute margins. Stenandrium eustachyum is most similar to Stenandrium villosum, the only congener with which it shares the combination of oval bracts and caulescent habit; it can be distinguished from the latter species by its ovate to widely ovate leaves (vs. lanceolate in S. villosum). Stenandrium eustachyum differs from other species of Stenandrium from the Serra do Espinhaço by its oval (vs. linear in all other regional species) bracts. Photographs of living plants in the field are supplemented by scanning electron micrographs of pollen, seeds, and trichomes. A distribution map and a key to the Stenandrium species of the southern Serra do Espinhaço are provided. Stenandrium diamantinense is informally and provisionally assessed as Endangered and S. eustachyum as Critically Endangered. The distribution of Stenandrium in the Serra do Espinhaço supports proposed centers of endemism and key biodiversity areas.

—Justicia rubrobracteata, a new species from northeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to J. aequilabris due to its shrubby habit, and terminal and axillary spicate inflorescences with red flowers. However, J. rubrobracteata is differentiated mainly by the shape and color of its bracts and bracteoles as well as an orangish macula in the corolla, and a torulose capsule. In addition, J. rubrobracteata is only known from northeastern Brazil, from the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte, while J. aequilabris is widely distributed in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. A table with the main morphological characters of both species is included, as well as photographs, a key to species of Justicia for the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte in northeastern Brazil, a distribution map of both species, and conservation data for the new species.

—Acanthaceae represent one of the most ecologically dominant families of plants in the Namib Desert and adjacent portions of Namibia and Angola yet have never been comprehensively treated from a taxonomic perspective in the region. Recent fieldwork in Angola yielded discovery of two populations of plants, morphologically allied to the tribe Ruellieae, that could not be ascribed to any known genus. Morphological study combined with molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ddRAD sequencing that sampled broadly across other lineages of Ruellieae yielded evidence for a new, previously undocumented lineage of Acanthaceae, which we here formally describe under the monotypic Mcdadea. Plants of M. angolensis are characterized as compact, weak-wooded shrubs with dense vegetation, minute corollas, and small, 2-seeded capsules. The species is restricted to limestone mesas and outcroppings in ultra-arid deserts of Namibe Province, southwestern Angola, where plants rely primarily on coastal fog for precipitation. Although highly range-restricted, there are no known threats to this species and it is currently assessed as of Least Concern. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest treatment of Mcdadea angolensis within a newly described subtribe of Ruellieae: Mcdadeinae. Additional revisions to subtribal classification are herein presented, including placement of Calacanthus within Ruelliineae, placement of Echinacanthus within Petalidiinae, and description of two additional new subtribes, Dinteracanthinae and Phaulopsinae.

—Ruellieae is a highly diverse tribe of Acanthaceae in Brazil, and morphological studies of its seeds have revealed important information about the systematics of the tribe. We analyzed the seed morphology of Brazilian species of Ruellieae, using stereoscopic, light, and scanning electron microscopy. The best-sampled genus was Ruellia (53 species), followed by Dyschoriste (seven), and Hygrophila (three); including external groups, a total of 65 species of Ruellieae (68 of Acanthaceae) were sampled. We observed capsular fruits with explosive dehiscence, important for autochory, and discoid seeds covered by hygroscopic and mucilaginous trichomes. The characters most relevant to the taxonomy of the groups were fruit shape, number of ovules, and the distribution, shape, and number of rings on the seed trichomes, the latter two addressed here for the first time. Those characters proved useful for discriminating and characterizing the sampled genera within Ruellieae, and especially the infrageneric clades of Ruellia. Based on the morphological patterns observed, we provide a key for those taxa, and suggest the infrageneric placement of unclassified Ruellia species: R. hypericoides and Ruellia sp. 4 for the clade “Ebracteolati” s. l., Ruellia spp. 2 and 3 for “R. inflata,” Ruellia sp. 1 for “Euruellia” s. s., and R. anamariae for the clade “Blechum.” In a broader context, we corroborate the finding that partial loss of seed trichomes is exclusive to one of the two large lineages of Neotropical Ruellia (lineage II). The hygroscopic and mucilaginous trichomes of Ruellieae seeds play important roles in water retention, germination, protection, and secondary dispersal, and we discuss some aspects of secondary hydrochory and epizoochory on medium- and long-range dispersal of Ruellieae, including transatlantic distances.

—Three new species of Justicia (Acanthaceae), Justicia birae, Justicia distichophylla, and Justicia mcdadeana, discovered during the preparation of a taxonomic treatment of Acanthaceae for the “Flora of the cangas of the Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil” are described. Their distribution, habitat data, conservation status, taxonomic comments, and illustrations are provided.

The genus Ruellia (Acanthaceae) consists of some ca. 350 species that are concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Old World Ruellia have never been the focus of explicit phylogenetic study, yet comprise the earliest diverging lineages in the genus and contain upwards of 100 species. We sampled 52 accessions representing 29 OW species of Ruellia for phylogenetic analysis. Results yielded five clades that were strongly supported and marked by morphological synapomorphies. Analyses additionally recovered a newly recognized lineage within the tribe Ruellieae, a small radiation of plants in the deserts of Namibia and Angola, and the name Dinteracanthus is available for reinstatement. Divergence time analysis using a primary fossil calibration revealed relatively young estimates for crown ages of all five clades of OWRuellia (2.5 Ma - 630,000 ypb) as well as for Dinteracanthus (2.0 Ma). Ancestral state reconstruction of pollination systems among OW Ruellia suggest a minimum of two transitions from short-tongued insect pollination to nocturnal moth pollination, one from short-tongued insect to bird pollination, and one reversal from nocturnal moth pollination back to short-tongued insect pollination. We formally delimit the five clades of OW Ruellia as sections and present a key to aid in their identification: sect. Eusiphon, sect. Dipteracanthus, sect. Madagasikara, sect. Pseudoruellia, and sect. Discifolia. We provisionally treat 77 of 97 species of OW Ruellia among these five sections, with the remaining names considered to be unresolved.

The Mirandea clade (Acanthaceae) is part of the Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae: Justicieae). Traditionally, macromorphological floral traits such as floral form and color have guided taxonomy in the Tetramerium lineage but earlier results on this group indicate that these traits are highly homoplastic. The present study includes all described species and multiple samples of Hoverdenia, Mirandea, and Yeatesia to fully delimit the Mirandea clade, test monophyly of species, and determine relationships among them using DNA sequence data from five regions (nuclear: nrITS and ncpGS; cp: trnS—G, ndhF—trnL(UAG), and trnT-L). The Mirandea clade is here shown to include seven species currently placed in four genera: Mirandea, Hoverdenia, Yeatesia, and Justicia. The lineage is edaphically and geographically cohesive, occurring along the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico and southern Texas in xeric habitats, except for one species that inhabits a broad geographical region of the southeastern U. S. A. in mesi...

During a taxonomic review of the Neotropical genus Herpetacanthus (Acanthaceae) we found eight new species from the Atlantic Forest and one from a neighboring deciduous forest in Brazil: H. angustatus, H. chalarostachyus, H. delicatus, H. longipetiolatus, H. neesianus, H. parvispica, H. pauciflorus, H. strongyloides, and H. magnobracteolatus, which are here described and illustrated. Geographical distribution for each species is provided, as well as a key to all Atlantic forest species of Herpetacanthus.

Recent fieldwork in Namibia has led to the discovery of two undescribed species of Ruellia, Ruellia acetabula and Ruellia kaokoana. These taxa are described and illustrated. Additionally, new lectotypifications are proposed for Ruellia marlothii and Ruellia diversifolia. Some specimens previously identified as Ruellia diversifolia are ascribed to the two new species. A revised checklist and a key to distinguish the nine species of Ruellia native to Namibia plus the Angolan R. diversifolia are provided. Keywords—Africa, discovery, new species, Ruellieae, sympatry, systematics.

Ruellia section Chiropterophila as here recognized contains 11 species endemic to areas in and around the transnational Volcanic Belt of Mexico: the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Balsas Depression, and the Altiplano. Most of these species are rare, and nearly half are known only from one or two collections. Of the remaining six, two are restricted to single states. One species described as new to science, Ruellia laslobasensis , is distinguished from a close relative by its smaller corollas, calyces, and fruits. Ruellia chilpancingana is placed into synonymy with R. sororia. Ruellia section Urceolata is synonymized with sect. Chiropterophila. Two species previously treated in sect. Chiropterophila, Ruellia petiolaris (as R. palmeri) and R. carmenaemiliae, are excluded from the section. Phylogenetic analyses using three chloroplast markers (trnC-trnR, trnG-trnS, psbA-trnH) and one nuclear marker (ITS + 5.8S) were conducted to test the monophyly of sect. Chiropterophila and to reconstruct relationships...

We used DNA sequence data from five genic regions (nrlTS; chloroplast trnL-F, trnT–L, rps16, trnS–G) to study phylogenetic relationships of the Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae: Justicieae). From a sample of 70 species (representing 25 genera) previously affiliated with the Tetramerium lineage, 68 are included therein. Our analyses excluded Papuasian Calycacanthus and Neotropical Streblacanthus monospermus from the Tetramerium lineage; however, two species described in Justicia (J. gonzalezii and J. medranoi) and a Malagasy species of uncertain generic affinities are nested within the lineage. A monophyletic Tetramerium lineage consists of 23 currently recognized genera with at least 168 species, more than 70% of which occur in the New World. Old World Chlamydocardia and Clinacanthus are serially sister to all other members of the lineage. Other Old World taxa consist of: Ecbolium clade (all sampled species of Ecbolium plus Malagasy Papulina richardii), Megalochlamys clade (Megalochlamys, Trichau...

Phylogenetic relationships among species of the large genus Ruellia (Acanthaceae) have never been studied. Ruellia, with approximately 300 species, is geographically widespread and morphologically diverse. Molecular data for 196 specimens from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and the chloroplast trnG-trnR region were used to test monophyly of the genus against closely related genera in Ruellieae, to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among species of Ruellia on a global scale, to re-evaluate previous morphology-based classifications, and to examine the utility of morphological characters, especially corolla morphology, for future sectional delimitation. Bayesian and parsimony analyses indicate four genera are evolutionarily allied to Ruellia. Acanthopale is sister to Ruellia s. l. with strong support. Blechum, Eusiphon, and Polylychnis are nested within Ruellia s. l., and species in Eusiphon and Polylychnis are here formally transferred to Ruellia resulting in the new combinations Ruellia gea...

We used DNA sequence data from four regions ([1] nrITS; the chloroplast [2] rps16 intron, [3] trnG-S spacer, and [4] trnL-F intron and spacer) to study phylogenetic relationships within tribe Acantheae (Acanthaceae). Our sample includes 18 of 20 recognized genera and 82 of ca. 500 species (plus two Justicieae as out-groups). Results of parsimony and Bayesian analyses were entirely congruent and provided strong support for monophyly of two sub-lineages of Acantheae, referred to here as the ‘one-lipped corolla’ and ‘two-lipped corolla’ lineages, reflecting notable differences in corolla morphology. Subsequent analyses were of the two sublineages separately in order to include all characters (a hypervariable region of trnG-S could not be aligned across the full range of taxa but could be aligned within sublineages). The ‘one-lipped corolla lineage’ comprises six clades of Old World taxa related as follows: [Crossandra (Sclerochiton clade {Cynarospermum [Blepharis (Acanthus clade + Acanthopsis)]})]. ...

We used sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nr-ITS) region, both alone and in combination with data from the intron and spacer of the trnL-trnF chloroplast (cp) region, to study phylogenetic relationships within the large tropical and subtropical family Acanthaceae. Substitution rate in the nr-ITS region is nearly twice that of the trnL-trnF cp region, and more than twice the rates of other cp loci that have been sequenced for members of Acanthaceae (i.e., rbcL, ndhF). In terms of phylogenetic relationships, the hypothesis based on ITS was largely congruent with the trnL-trnF results. Exceptions are Crossandra pungens and the two Acanthus species, which are placed enigmatically by nr-ITS data. The combined analysis provides strong support for a single hypothesis of relationships among Acanthaceae sensu stricto (s.s.) and their closest relatives. 1) Elytraria (representing Nelsonioideae) is more distantly related to Acanthaceae s.s. than Thunbergia and Mendoncia. ...

Original meiotic chromosome counts are presented for 39 species in 15 genera of Acanthaceae from Belize, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, the United States, and Venezuela. These reports include the first counts for 20 species representing 10 genera of the family, including the first chromosome number documented for the genus Poikilacanthus. Counts for 15 species confirm numbers previously reported for them from different sources. New chromosome numbers are reported in two genera, Carlowrightia (n = 17 in C. pectinata) and Justicia (n = 24 in J. galapagana). New chromosome numbers are also reported in two species of Justicia, J. comata (n = 28) and J. oerstedii (n = 11). Systematic implications of these chromosome numbers are addressed where appropriate. Communicating Editor: Anita Cholewa

Meiotic chromosome numbers were determined for 36 species representing 15 genera of Acanthaceae from Jamaica, Mexico, and Panama. Chromosome numbers of 21 species are reported for the first time including the initial reports for two genera, Oplonia (n = 21) and Streblacanthus (n = 18). Based on chromosome numbers and morphological characters, three distinctive groups of New World Justicieae: Odontoneminae are delimited. A primitive basic number of x = 7 is probable for the family. The Acanthaceae are a large, pantropical fam- ily that has only recently begun to receive con- centrated systematic analyses at both floristic and monographic levels. The proportionally large number of acanthaceous genera, includ- ing an abundance of unispecific genera, with respect to the number of species in the family is well documented (Gentry 1973, table 1; Wal- ters 1961). Previous studies of chromosome numbers in American Acanthaceae have been useful both in understanding relationships among genera and in reassessing the status of some of the unispecific genera. This paper is the third in a series of contri- butions on chromosome numbers of New World Acanthaceae. In the previous two papers (Dan- iel et al. 1984, 1990) chromosome numbers were determined for 80 species in 26 genera. Al- though we report chromosome numbers for species from Panama and Jamaica in this paper, our geographic emphasis has been, and contin- ues to be, concentrated on species occurring in Mexico. With more than 350 native and natu- ralized species in some 50 genera representing each of the four subfamilies (Acanthoideae, Mendoncioideae, Nelsonioideae, and Thunber- gioideae) traditionally recognized within the Acanthaceae, Mexico is the major center of di- versity for this family in North and Central America (Daniel, in press a).

Mitotic and meiotic chromosome numbers are reported for 22 species representing eight genera of Argentinean Acanthaceae. Counts for 18 of these species are published for the first time (including the first count for the genus Chaetothylax, 2n = 28). In Siphonoglossa, 2n = 36 is a newly reported chromosome number and n = 13 is a new number for Stenandrium. Polyploidy and aneuploidy have been important in chromosomal evolution of Acanthaceae and diploids are ap- parently not very common. The basic number x = 7 seems to be primitive for the family, from which the widespread x = 14 would have been derived.

A total of 72 meiotic chromosome numbers were determined for 58 taxa representing 23 genera of Acanthaceae from the United States, Mexico, Panama, and Peru. Chromosome numbers of 41 of these taxa are reported for the first time. Chromosome numbers obtained in Aphanosperma (n = 18), Chalarothyrsus (n = 18), Gypsacanthus (n = 18), Ixtlania (n = 14), Razisea (n = 18), and Teliostachya (n = 9) are the first for these genera. Our counts for Dicliptera resupinata (n = 40), Elytraria imbricata (n = 12), Justicia pectoralis (n = 11), and Yeatesia mabryi (n = 18) differ from previously published numbers for these species. Constancy of chromosome number appears to be characteristic of certain genera of Acanthaceae whereas variation due to polyploidy and aneuploidy occurs in others. Various generic relationships are discussed with respect to the chromosome numbers now known for neotropical Acanthaceae.

Mexacanthus is based on specimens from west-central Mexico and placed in the Justicieae, Odontoneminae. Its closest relatives appear to be Carlo- wrightia and Anisacanthus. The only known species, M. mcvaughii, differs from these genera in several features including the bicolporate pollen. The Acanthaceae consists of herbs and shrubs with centers of diversity in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds. Mexico appears to have been a secondary center of diversification, possessing several endemic or nearly endemic genera and many endemic species. While preparing a treatment of the Acanthaceae for Dr. Rogers McVaugh's forthcoming Flora Novo-Galiciana, I encountered several in- teresting specimens from west-central Mexico, representing an unde- scribed genus with an unusual pollen type. They are described here as a new genus and species with affinities to both Carlowrightia A. Gray and Anisacanthus Nees.

Pulchranthus (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae) is established for a series of species once referred to Odontonema or Pseuderanthemum. Four species are assigned to the genus: P. surinamensis (the type species) from Surinam, P. adenostachyus from Peru, southern Colombia, and western Brazil, P. variegatus from French Guiana and adjacent northeastern coastal Brazil, and P. congestus from the states of Amazonas and Para, Brazil. Pulchranthus is clearly related to Odontonema but differs in having a well-developed bilabiate, curved, white to violet corolla with dark purplish dots on the lobes, exserted and curved filaments, and glandular-puberulent rachises. In Odontonema the corollas are tubular, red or white to yellow or rarely purplish, and only weakly bilabiate, the filaments are straight and short with anthers usually included in the corolla tube, and the rachises of the inflorescences vary from glabrous to tomentose or rarely glandular. In Pseuderanthemum the flowers are narrowly salverform with a slender tube and a regular corolla. During the course of a revision of the Neo- tropical Odontonema Nees, nom. cons. prop. (Baum and Reveal 1980), specimens of 0. suri- namense Bremekamp (1938) were set aside be- cause they did not represent the typical expres- sion of Odontonema. Bremekamp had noted that the genus seemed to comprise "two sections which, probably, might be raised to generic rank: one with tubiform, subregular, red flow- ers in dense and very narrow panicles; the oth- er with deeply bilabiate white or slightly col

Meiotic chromosome numbers are reported for 30 taxa representing 12 genera of Acanthaceae from Mexico and the southwestern United States. Chromosome numbers of 25 of these taxa are reported for the first time. Chromosome numbers obtained in Henrya (n = 18), Hol- ographis (n = 13, 26, 39), Mexacanthus (n = 18), Mirandea (n = 18), and Stenandrium (n = 26) are the first for these genera. A newly reported chromosome number in Justicia is n = 11. Polyploidy and aneuploidy appear to have been frequent events in the family and are especially evident in the large, polymorphic genus Justicia. Generic relationships are discussed with respect to the known chromosome numbers.

The new combination Poikilacanthus capitatus is made following the transfer of Jacobinia capitata to Poikilacanthus on the basis of pollen morphology and anisophyllous leaves. The genus is represented in Mexico by two species. Leonard (1938) described lacobinia capitata based on Hinton 1354 from Temascaltepec in the State of Mexico, Mexico and remarked that it is "apparently unrelated to any other Mexican member of the genus." In gross morphology, J. capitata resembles members of Beloperone, Jaco''L S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S FIG. 1. Pollen grains. A. Justicia UJacobinia) umbrosa (Breedlove 42606) x 924. B. Beloperone californica (Rudd 3042) X 1001. C. Justicia caudata (Cowan 1588) x 847. D. Poikilacanthus capitatus (isotype) x 847. E. Portion of 0 enlarged x 4158. All vouchers at MEXU.