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Purpose: This study aimed to examine the anatomical variations and morphometric characteristics of the sulci in the dural venous sinuses within the intracranial cavity, with a particular focus on sex differences and asymmetry., Methods: Thirty fixed cadaveric heads were used to measure the dimensions (length, width, and depth) and spatial relationships of the dural venous sinus sulci within the intracranial cavity, including the distance to the midline, distance to each other, and lateral margin of the skull. Comparisons were made between sexes and sides of the body., Results: A significant difference was observed in the length of the marginal sinus on the right side between sexes (p = 0.028). Various measurements, including the width of the transverse sinus, origin and insertion sites of the superior petrosal sinus, and distances between the sinuses and midline, showed statistically significant differences between the left and right sides (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the width of the inferior petrosal sinus and depth of the sigmoid sinus were notably higher on the right side (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: The results suggest an asymmetric distribution of the sigmoid, superior/inferior petrosal, and transverse sinuses in terms of diameter and distance from the midline. Surgeons should consider these anatomical variations during procedures in this region., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: All procedures conducted in this study involving human participants adhered to the ethical standards of the Bahcesehir University Clinical Research Ethics Committee, as approved by the ethics committee of the Bahcesehir University Faculty of Medicine (protocol ID: 2022-17/02 and approval date: November 16, 2022), and were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent to publish: Not applicable. Informed consent: Not applicable. Statement of research involving human participants and animals: The study was approved by the Bahcesehir University Clinical Research Ethics Committeeand certify that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: This study aimed to examine and analyze the presence of sexual dimorphism and symmetry/asymmetry in fixed cadaveric heads and their contributions to clinical practice., Methods: Measurements were conducted on 6 cadavers and 24 fixed cadaveric heads (n = 30) using a digital microcaliper to assess cranial dimensions, including surgical landmarks, facial index (FI), orbital index (OI), and the danger triangle of the face, offering crucial references for surgeons during surgical interventions., Results: Analyses were conducted on cadavers consisting of 10 females (33.3%) and 20 males (66.7%). Males demonstrated significantly higher values than females in terms of Zy-Zy (Zy = Zygion), nasal body, and width/length of the columella. Hyperleptoprosop types were the most frequently observed, followed by the leptoprosop type. Females exhibited megaseme characteristics according to OI on both sides. Additionally, the danger triangle of the face was greater in males compared than in females, suggesting a higher risk of infection in this region among males., Conclusion: The observed sex differences in facial and nasal dimensions, along with facial indices, are crucial for customizing surgical procedures to individual patients. For example, the greater distance in the danger triangle among males highlights the importance of considering anatomical variations to avoid complications, such as septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Integrating these measurements into preoperative planning can enhance the precision of facial reconstruction and aesthetic surgeries, thereby improving patient outcomes and safety., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the presence and incidence of accessory sutures and bipartite zygomatic bone types, and their effects on population affinity and clinical significance., Methods: We examined 120 dry skulls and 50 zygomatic bones to evaluate the presence, frequency, and location of accessory zygomatic sutures as well as subtypes of bipartite zygomatic bones. Morphometric analysis included measuring the total width and length of the zygomatic bone with accessory sutures (ASs), the total length of the AS, and the shortest distance between the AS and various anatomical landmarks., Results: Bipartite zygomatic bone was observed in 14 of 120 dry skulls (11.6%) and 1 of 50 zygomatic bones (2%), indicating an overall incidence of 16 occurrences (8.82%). The ASs were predominantly located posterolaterally in 11 cases (six males, five females), anteromedially in two cases (one male, one female), superiorly in one case (male), and superolaterally in one case (male). Significant differences were noted in the distribution of the ASs (p < 0.001). Notably, a vertical inferior bipartite zygomatic type, which has not been reported in the literature, was identified. Correlations were observed between the various anatomical landmarks. Among females, the length of AS was significantly different (p = 0.038). Significant differences were also noted in the shortest distance between the AS and the zygomaticofacial foramen (ZFF) based on the body side (p = 0.034)., Conclusions: Our study suggests that the bipartite zygomatic bone is not a common occurrence, indicating its significance as a morphological variation present in certain individuals. The type VII bipartite zygomatic bone exhibited the highest incidence rate, suggesting potential ethnic-specific differences in the prevalence of certain subtypes. The consistent pattern of suture distribution, along with the asymmetry and variability in suture patterns, emphasizes its potential clinical relevance., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: In the existing literature, various insertion variations and classifications for the Pectoralis Minor (PMi) muscle have been reported. However, there is limited information on inferior origin variations of the PMi muscles and a certain classification is lacking., Case Presentation: During routine cadaver dissection of an adult male, variations in the origin of the bilateral PMi muscles were identified. Morphometric measurements of the PMi were conducted using ImageJ software, and the unusual origin patterns of the PMi were categorized into specific types. The PMi muscle demonstrated a bilateral variations. On the right side, the PMi displays a bifid structure comprising medial and lateral fibers. The left PMi originate from the superolateral margins of the 4th to 6th costae and terminate at the anterosuperior surface of the coracoid process. The length of the right medial fiber before merging was 5.67 ± 0.04 cm, while that of the right lateral fiber was 6.68 ± 0.05 cm. The distance between the two fibers was measured as 0.43 cm, with a length of 3.33 ± 0.02 cm. The length and diameter of the muscle fibers extending to the 6th costa were 2.63 ± 0.01 cm and 0.46 cm, respectively., Conclusions: Potential variations in PMi arising from impairment during development may occasionally manifest as asymptomatic conditions or predispose individuals to shoulder impingement, rotator cuff dysfunction, shoulder-related disorders, and functional impairments. Therefore, careful attention to this variation is considered in surgical planning., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: Our study aims to investigate three parts of the intracranial cavity, their distances to essential anatomical landmarks, and the correlations between these distances with sex, laterality, and surgical significance., Methods: The cranial nerve foraminae and essential surgical landmarks of each fossa were investigated bilaterally in 30 adult formalin-fixed cadaveric heads. Measurements, including lengths, depths, diameters, and horizontal distances to each other, to the midline of the skull, and to the outer lateral margin of the skull, were recorded on both sides., Results: The optic canal (OC) depth, internal auditory meatus (IAM) width, CNVII and CNIX diameters, and accessory hypoglossal canal (HC) distance were significantly greater on the left side (p < 0.05). CNVI length, CNV diameter, CNXI length, and the distances of the HC and accessory HC from the skull were significantly greater on the right side (p < 0.05). In males, correlations were found between the length of the left CNVIII and the right IAM diameter (r = 0.864, p = 0.001), right CNVIII length (r = 0.709, p = 0.022), right accessory HC length (r = 0.847, p = 0.016), and right-sided skull distance (r = 0.829, p = 0.042). In females, correlations were noted between IAM depth and length, right IAM location relative to the skull, left CNIX and CNX lengths, left CNXII length, left accessory HC location relative to the skull, and accessory HC length., Conclusions: The findings of the current study indicate inherent asymmetry, sexual dimorphism, and variability in certain cranial nerves among cadaveric heads, which could have implications for surgical procedures, neuroanatomical studies, and clinical assessments. The study revealed side disparities and correlations within cranial fossa formations and essential surgical landmarks in both genders., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: The two-bellied serratus posterior inferior (SPI) muscle with a muscular slip is a rare variation of the back region, which can cause significant discomfort to patients. Patients typically present with symptoms of chronic pain syndrome, radiating back pain, myofascial pain, or lower back pain. This report describes a case of a female cadaver with a two-headed SPI muscle and a right muscular slip, along with a literature review., Methods: A case of an unusual back muscle was observed in a female cadaver during advanced cadaver dissection of the back region. The SPI muscle was found deep to the latissimus dorsi muscle and superficial to the erector spinae and thoracolumbar fascia. Its oblique arrangement and insertion onto the 8th-11th costae were consistent with its known anatomy, but the presence of two separate fibrotendinous heads and an uncommon variance between the erector spinae and latissimus dorsi muscles was observed., Results: The SPI muscle fibers were found to be attached to the 8th costa on the right side and displayed two heads on both sides. In our study, the presence of muscular and tendinous digitations towards the twelfth rib was not detected, which aligns with the characteristics described for types D and E. However, we observed a separation between the digitations. Therefore, it is appropriate to classify our findings as type E according to the established categorization. Simultaneously, an anomalous muscular slip, which did not conform to any of the aforementioned classifications, was identified as extending towards the 8th rib., Conclusion: The underlying cause of unilateral oblique muscular fiber extension is thought to result from aberrant muscle migration during embryonic development or alterations in tendon attachment sites. Differential diagnosis of unidentified lower back pain should consider the various types and alterations of the SPI muscle., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: The presence of supernumerary heads in the Adductor Hallucis (AddH) muscle represents a rare variant of plantar muscle variation that may exhibit divergent clinical manifestations in affected individuals. Clinical presentations may include progressive foot or heel pain, paresthesias, foot discomfort, limited range of motion in the mid/hindfoot regions, hallux vagus/varus deformity, and articular abnormalities., Methods: In this case, a unique variation of the AddH was presented in a female cadaver, along with a literature review. The variation was characterized by the atypical attachment of several fibers to the intermuscular septum, and it was found that the cadaver had two-headed AddH muscles on both sides, with medial and lateral heads., Results: The present case showed that the medial part of the Oblique Head (OH) blended with the tendon of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis (FHB), while the lateral part met with the tendon of the Transverse Head (TH). The origin of OH different than the previous types, while the origin site of TH was classified as type B. In contrast to previous reports, the medial and lateral heads of OH were recorded on both sides., Conclusion: The varied organization of both heads and the location of AddH muscles may be attributed to various combinations of primordial muscles or anomalies during embryological development. Therefore, the variations and types of AddH should be taken into account during foot surgery., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: The influences of porus acusticus internus (PAI) on ethnicity and differences between populations have not been investigated so far. Therefore, we performed this study to elucidate further the relationship between the different morphologies of PAI and ethnicity and to discuss their effects on surgery., Methods: One hundred twenty dry adult human temporal bones (61 male, 59 female) were investigated in the study. Their horizontal diameter (HD), vertical diameter (VD), shape, prevalence of the shapes of PAI, and the distance from the sulcus for the sigmoid sinus (SSS), sulcus for superior petrosal sinus (SSPS), and jugular foramen (JF) of dry Turkish temporal bones were recorded., Results: Forty-three (35.8%) elliptical (or transverse) and 77 (64.1%) oval (or round) PAI were detected in the Turkish dry temporal bones. On both sides, round PAI were identified more frequently than elliptical ones (32; 26.6% (left); 39; 32.5% (right)) (p < 0.05). There was a similarity between the Indian and Turkish dry temporal bones in terms of distance from the PAI to the SSPS (7-8 mm) and SSS (19-20 mm) (p = 0.01) and prevalence of morphology of PAI (oval and elliptical) (p = 0.04, p < 0.05)., Conclusion: The findings of the present study provided a detailed understanding of the preoperative and intraoperative identification of different morphologies of PAI and ethnicity. The ethnicity might contribute to morphology of the PAI and it can be explain the similar forms and distances between the various ethnic populations., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: The detailed information regarding the types of trigeminal porus (TP) and related surgical approach is lacking in the literature. Therefore, we performed this study to elucidate further the types of TP and the relationships with critical surgical landmarks in the skull base., Methods: The study was performed on 19 formalin-fixed cadavers of the cranial base (52.6% male, n = 10; 47.4% female, n = 9) on both sides. Calculations were made of the vertical dimension (VD), horizontal dimension (HD), and types of TP, the thickness of the TP, the HD and VD of the internal acoustic meatus, the distance between the TP-IAM, the thickness of the ossifying tissue that forms the TP, the trigeminal nerve (CN V) in both types and the distance between the CN V-VI., Results: The elliptical (42.1% left, 36.8% right), oval (52.6% left, 36.8% right) and slit-like (5.3% right) types of TP were detected (X 2  = 11.722). The HD of the TP was, on average, 8.02 mm (female) and 9.2 mm (male) on the right side, and 8.26 mm (female) and 8.81 mm (male) on the left side. The VD of the TP was, on average, 1.99 mm (female) and 2.65 mm (male) on the right side, and 2.42 mm (female) and 2.94 mm (male) on the left side., Conclusions: In our study, ellipse and slit-like types of TP are taken into account in order to plan the surgical approaches to remove or prevent the extension of tumors. A combined surgical technique is recommended to reach the TP easily without damaging the nearby surgical structures during surgery. The oval type of TP allows a wide range of movements, so it is more advantageous in skull base surgery., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS part of Springer Nature.)