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Purpose We investigated the status of deceased organ donation and transplantation through a questionnaire distributed to transplant centers in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The questionnaire was distributed electronically to 206 transplant centers for heart (n = 11), lung (n = 10), liver (n = 25), kidney (n = 130), pancreas (n = 18), and small intestine (n = 12) transplantation. Organ donations and organ transplantation data were extracted from the Japan Organ Transplant Network website. Results We received questionnaire responses from 177 centers (response rate, 86%). In 2020, the number of brain-dead donors (BDDs) decreased to 68 (69% of the year-on-year average) and the number of donors after cardiac death (DCDs) decreased to 9 (32% of the year-on-year average). Eighty-five (48%) transplant centers (heart, n = 0; lung, n = 0; liver, n = 4; kidney, n = 78; pancreas, n = 22; and small intestine, n = 0) suspended transplant surgeries in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, the number of organ transplantations from deceased donors was significantly lower in 2020 than in 2019. Conclusion Although the COVID-19 pandemic has had less impact in Japan than in other countries, it has affected transplantation activity significantly, suspending transplantation surgeries in 48% of the transplantation centers, including 78% of the kidney transplantation centers, and reducing the number of organ donations to 61% of the year-on-year average.

We herein report an effective procedure for liver transplantation (LT) for severe cirrhotic patients with hemophilia. Three hemophilic patients suffering from liver cirrhosis due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection underwent deceased donor LT in our institute. Basic clotting parameters were measured and evaluated during LT to determine the optimal packing procedure. All patients were treated with a gauze packing procedure to ensure stable hemostasis in relation to hemophilia during the peri-transplant period. The graft function of all patients recovered well upon gauze removal (depacking) procedure and the patients were finally discharged to home. The administration of clotting factor was discontinued on day 3 after deceased donor LT. No infectious complications occurred in any of the 3 patients. This technique could be an option for achieving successful LT in these patients. Cooperation between transplant surgeons and anesthesiologists can make this challenging operation possible.

Pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis is recommended for preventing pulmonary embolism according to some abdominal surgery guidelines. However, few reports have so far described pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis after pancreatic surgery. In addition, concern remains regarding postoperative bleeding due to pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. We investigated the safety and efficacy of enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, as postoperative pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis after pancreatic surgery. In this record-based retrospective study, the sample population comprised 151 consecutive patients who underwent pancreatic surgery and received enoxaparin postsurgery at our institute between November 2009 and March 2014. The primary outcome was the incidence of symptomatic pulmonary embolism after surgery, and the secondary outcome was the incidence of bleeding as an adverse effect of enoxaparin injection. No symptomatic pulmonary embolism events occurred during the study. Major and minor bleeding events were experienced in 5 (3.3%) cases each. Four of these major events were caused by the rupture of a pseudoaneurysm with a pancreatic fistula not related to enoxaparin, and all events were treated safely with no mortalities in the study period. We found no factors related to minor bleeding with enoxaparin injection in a statistical comparison. The use of enoxaparin is considered to be safe and effective for pulmonary embolism prophylaxis after pancreatic surgery.

Although the incidence of living donor death is low in Japan, statistics show one living liver donor death in more than 7000 living liver transplants. Thus, medical transplant personnel must recognize that the death of a living organ or tissue transplant donor can occur and develop an appropriate risk management program. We describe how Nagasaki University Hospital established and implemented a Donor Advocacy Team (DAT) program: a risk management program for initiation in the event of serious, persistent, or fatal impairment of an organ, tissue, or cell transplantation from a living donor. The purposes of the DAT program are as follows: To address (1) and (5), actions, such as reporting and responses to the government, mass media, transplant-related societies, and organ transplant networks, have been established to ensure implementation.

We report two cases of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS), a rare but fatal complication after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Despite their recovery from pancytopenia following treatment with steroid pulse therapy, granulocyte stimulating factor, and intravenous γ-globulin, both patients died. The outcomes reported in cases published in English are devastating, with only 4 survivors among the total 14 patients including ours. Pancytopenia is frequently recognized postoperatively in liver transplant recipients, although its cause is difficult to establish. When pancytopenia accompanying persistent high fever is recognized in LDLT recipients, HPS should be suspected and bone marrow aspiration performed as promptly as possible because of the poor prognosis of this syndrome. There is still no optimal treatment for HPS after liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains challenging. The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV has reduced mortality from opportunistic infection related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dramatically, while about 50% of patients die of end-stage liver cirrhosis resulting from HCV. In Japan, liver cirrhosis frequently develops after HCV-HIV coinfection resulting from previously transfused infected blood products for hemophilia. The problems of liver transplantation for those patients arise from the need to control calcineurin inhibitor with HAART drugs, the difficulty of using interferon after liver transplantation with HAART, and the need to control intraoperative coagulopathy associated with hemophilia. We review published reports of liver transplantation for these patients in the updated world literature., Surgery Today, 41(10), pp.1325-1331; 2011

Among 137 living liver donors who underwent partial hepatectomy between August 1997 and November 2010, 58 donated the left lobe of their liver, with or without the caudate lobe. Gastric stasis developed after surgery in 4 (7 %) of these 58 donors (Fig. 1); possibly because of dislocation of the stomach after hepatectomy and adhesion between the stomach and the cut surface of the liver. This complication is specific to left hepatectomy [1] and although not life-threatening, it is symptomatic and requires endoscopic or surgical intervention. We describe our surgical technic designed to prevent this complication., Surgery Today, 42(8), pp.816-818; 2012

The key consideration when performing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is careful management of a stenotic or occluded inferior vena cava (IVC), because it is not possible to replace the recipient stenotic or occluded IVC with donor IVC as in cadaver donor transplantation. We describe how we performed LDLT with extensive thrombectomy in a patient with acute-on-chronic BCS with a totally thrombosed retrohepatic IVC. The operation was successful and the patient remains well, with follow-up images showing a patent IVC and hepatic veins. To our knowledge, LDLT for a BCS patient with severe extensive caval thrombus has never been reported before. We consider that the successful outcome of this patient clearly demonstrates the feasibility of our technique of extensive thrombectomy, without a vessel graft, to manage a stenotic or occluded IVC in LDLT in patients with BCS., Surgery Today, 41(7), pp.1026-1028; 2011

The revised Organ Transplant Law came into effect in Japan in July 2010. The law allows for organ procurement from brain-dead individuals, including children, with family consent from subjects who had not previously rejected organ donation. Nevertheless, the number of cadaveric organ donations has not increased as expected. The Spanish Model is widely known as the most successful system in the field of organ donation. The system includes an earlier referral of possible donors to the transplant coordination teams, a new family-based approach and care methods, and the development of additional training courses aimed at specific groups of professionals, which are supported by their corresponding societies. South Korea, a country which neighbors Japan, has recently succeeded in increasing the rates of organ donation by introducing several systems, such as incentive programs, an organ procurement organization, a donor registry, and a system to facilitate potential donor referral. In this review, we present the current status of organ donation in Japan and also explore various factors that may help to improve the country's low donation rate based on the experiences of other developed countries.

This report presents a case of portal vein thrombosis possibly caused by anastomotic stricture after living-donor liver transplantation. The patient underwent systemic thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator and subsequent balloon dilatation of the stenotic lesion, and both were successful. These procedures allowed the patient to receive antiviral therapy to improve the pancytopenia, leading to a sustained virological response.