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Examines the framework for observation in relation to neurophysiological reductionism. Conceptual analysis of observation by Hanson; Role of human agency in the relation of observational processes; Critical analysis of connectionist network; Evaluation of Churchland's interpretation account on observation.

Determines the relationship between philosophy and history of science. Relative autonomy of philosophy from history in the three alternative paradigms of philosopher Thomas Kuhn; Similarity between styles of reasoning and paradigms; Disadvantage of using Whiggism as a central notion for the philosophy of science.

Examines the feasibility to develop a plausible realist epistemology and ontology for experimental science. Interplay between developments in the dimensions of experimental action and production; Reference of scientific knowledge to elements of human-independent reality; Differentiation between three types of reproducibility.