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Este artículo trata de profundizar en la realidad de los comerciantes de la Carrera de Indias como agentes mercantiles, pero, sobre todo, como protagonistas de la cultura urbana y como conectores culturales en un mundo crecientemente integrado. Con este fin, aborda el estudio de los Sopranis, una familia de mercaderes de origen genovés que tuvo una activa presencia en Andalucía y en Canarias. El trabajo se centra específicamente en la rama familiar de los Sopranis instalada en Cádiz, ciudad que ejerció un decisivo papel en las relaciones de España con el norte de África, el archipiélago canario y los nuevos espacios coloniales americanos. En Cádiz, los Sopranis desempeñaron una intensa actividad como cargadores y navieros, al tiempo que se insertaron eficazmente en la oligarquía local de regidores perpetuos y jugaron un papel decisivo en la conformación de las redes relacionales y el desarrollo de las manifestaciones culturales propias de la élite urbana dominante. The aim of this paper is to delve into the merchants who were involved in the Carrera de Indias not merely as commercial agents, but mostly as protagonists of urban culture and cultural connectors in an increasingly integrated world. To this end, it addresses the study of the Sopranis, a Genoese merchant family whose members actively worked in Andalusia and the Canary Islands. The present paper focuses specifically on the Sopranis branch based in Cadiz, a city that played a major role in Spain‘s relations with North Africa, the Canary Islands and the new colonial areas in the West Indies. In Cadiz they carried out an intense activity as merchants and shipowners, while effectively inserting themselves into the local oligarchy of regidores perpetuos and played a decisive role in the formation of relational networks and the development of the dominant elite‘s urban cultural manifestations. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad HAR2017-85305-P Junta de Andalucía US-1262566

This paper deals with an aspect of the confrontation between astrology and inquisitorial censorship, which took place from the last third of the 16th to the 18th century: it focuses on the prognostications and astrological repertories that were censored by the Spanish Inquisition in the 17th century. This widespread literature in vernacular language was the target of the Holy Office due to its frequent incursions into the field of the prohibited judicial astrology. The paper investigates the passages that were subject to expurgation or inquisitorial suspicion and the motive of the censorship, in the light of the censorial files. This study aims to characterise the Spanish Inquisition attitude towards a popular astrological literature and to identify what is the rationale behind the control of its abundant editorial production. Este artículo aborda un aspecto del conflicto entre astrología y censura inquisitorial, que se dio a partir del último tercio del siglo XVI hasta el siglo XVIII: se centra en el caso de los pronósticos y de los repertorios de los tiempos que fueron censurados por la Inquisición española en el siglo XVII. Esta producción editorial en lengua vulgar de amplia difusión estuvo en el punto de mira del Santo Oficio por sus frecuentes incursiones en el campo de la prohibida astrología judiciaria. En este artículo, se examinan los pasajes que fueron objeto de expurgo o de recelo inquisitorial y se investigan los motivos por los que fueron censurados, a la luz de los expedientes de calificación y censura. El presente estudio aspira a caracterizar la actitud de la Inquisición española frente a una literatura astrológica de amplio consumo y a dilucidar lo que estaba en juego en el control de su nutrida producción editorial. /n

While in the Castilian Meseta, several textile manufacturing hubs enjoyed their heyday during the Early Modern Period, only the town of Béjar still retains some textile activity. The reasons for the survival of this local industry must be sought in the circumstances that surrounded manufacturing in the ducal town in former days./nThe present paper probes into the early stages and the later expansion of Béjar-based wool manufacturing and analyses the main factors that contributed to its location in this town. /nCenturies of textile activity have left a valuable cultural heritage as well as an indelible mark in Béjar by shaping a unique industrial landscape whose main elements are characterised in this paper. Last but not least, the current state of this heritage is likewise described before examining several conservation proposals. En la meseta castellana destacaron unos cuantos centros manufactureros textiles que conocieron momentos brillantes durante la Edad Moderna, pero a día de hoy solo Béjar mantiene alguna actividad textil. Las razones de esta pervivencia hay que buscarlas en las condiciones en las que se desenvolvieron las manufacturas de la villa ducal en aquel período./nEn este trabajo se consideran las etapas iniciales y de expansión de las manufacturas laneras y se analizan los principales factores que contribuyeron a la localización de éstas en la villa bejarana. /nSiglos de actividad textil en Béjar han dejado un valioso patrimonio cultural y una huella indeleble en la ciudad, configurando un singular paisaje industrial, cuyos principales elementos se caracterizan. Finalmente, se describe el estado actual de ese patrimonio y se revisan algunas propuestas para su conservación.

This paper analyzes the specific schedule of translation conducted by the Abreu family in the early Hispanic Enlightenment. The program may seem like an insignificant element in the face of the flood of translations in that context. But what this text argues is that, on the contrary, it was very new in terms of political languages and no less indicative of the survival in Hispanic culture, despite that flood, of selective capacities in the practice of translation. New, because it constituted the most ambitious attempt so far rehearsed to explore the possibility of receiving the discourse that, since the middle of the previous century, had been presenting the interest of the states as the effective sovereign of the international order. And it was also indicative of the validity of selective capacities in the deployment of translation because the root that infused the program was precisely the detection of a variant of that political rhetoric that, while enabling the monarchy to try to reverse its subsidiary position in the Utrecht order, it was consistent with its Catholic moral tradition El artículo analiza el específico programa de traducción conducido por la familia Abreu en la temprana Ilustración hispana. Ese programa puede parecer un elemento insignificante ante la inundación de traducciones a la que entonces se asiste en aquel contexto. Pero lo que aquí se plantea es que, por el contrario, el mismo era muy novedoso en el plano de los lenguajes políticos y no menos indicativo de la pervivencia en la cultura hispana, pese a esa inundación, de unas capacidades selectivas en la práctica de la traducción. Novedoso, porque constituía la tentativa más ambiciosa hasta entonces ensayada para explorar la posibilidad de recepción del discurso que desde mediados del siglo anterior venía figurando al interés de los estados como el soberano efectivo del orden internacional. E indicativo de la vigencia de unas facultades selectivas en el despliegue de la traducción porque la raíz que infundía el programa era justamente la detección de una variante de esa retórica política que, al tiempo de capacitar a la monarquía para intentar revertir su posición subsidiaria en el orden de Utrecht, resultaba compatible con su tradición moral católica

Current research about old age during the Ancient Regime in Spain is insufficient. And the same is the case with women, despite the large number of studies about gender and family history in the past decades. Taking, as a starting point, the analysis of widow women which became heads of households, this paper aims to know which specific characteristics had those households during their old age, composition, size, typology and the tendency to solitude; which activities and livelihood they had, paying attention to those differences as an expression of inequality; and which mechanisms and social reproduction strategies they followed to deal with the effects of aging. This paper is geografically focused in a wide rural area of central-southern Spain and aims to review the assumption that single and widow women in preindustrial age had subordinted lives., Las investigaciones sobre la vejez en la España del Antiguo Régimen son muy insuficientes. También para el caso de las mujeres, a pesar de los abundantes de estudios sobre la historia del género y de la familia en las últimas décadas. Partiendo del análisis de las mujeres viudas que estaban al frente de sus casas, con este artículo nos preocuparemos por conocer cuáles eran las características específicas de sus hogares en la vejez, su composición, tamaño y tipología y su propensión a la soledad residencial; cuáles eran sus actividades y medios de subsistencia, incidiendo en sus diferencias como expresión de la desigualdad; y cuáles eran los mecanismos y estrategias de reproducción social seguidos para afrontar los efectos de la edad. El trabajo se centra en una amplia zona rural de la España centromeridional y pretende contribuir a revisar la suposición de que las mujeres solas en la época preindustrial siempre vivieron vidas subordinadas.

This paper focuses on the first anatomical studies of human bodies and the development of the practice in New Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries. Even before the Royal University of Mexico developed an anatomy chair, dissections were already very common throughout the Viceroyalty. During the second half of the 16th century, physicians and surgeons conducted autopsies for diverse purposes, suggesting that New Spain was influenced by the anatomical reform of the Renaissance. Later, in 1621, it was created the chair of anatomy and surgery in Mexican university, giving royal institutions greater control over scientific development and knowledge. As a result, anatomical studies stagnated, as a concession to Counter-Reformation doctrine.

En este trabajo se analizan algunas de las facetas del ejercicio de la patria potestad en el Antiguo Régimen con la pretensión de mostrar, a partir del empleo de pleitos civiles y eclesiásticos de finales del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX, las diferentes maneras con las que es entendida e interpretada esta figura legal que, en el caso de los matrimonios, permite al que la esgrime acudir a los tribunales con el fin de impedirla, o forzar su celebración. En su desarrollo, los protagonistas de estos pleitos nos aportan líneas clave para comprender el sistema de acuerdos y consensos con los que la sociedad moderna se regula internamente, y el modo en el que comienzan a imponerse una mentalidad distinta., This paper discusses some of the facets of the exercise of parental authority under the Ancien Régime. We want to show the diffe- rent ways in which it is understood and interpreted this legal figure that, in the case of married couples, allows that wields go to court in order to prevent them, or otherwise force their celebration. The protagonists of these lawsuits give us key to understanding the system of agreements and consensus with which modern society is regulated internally, and how they begin to impose a different mindset lines.

The focus of this article is the hagiographies and novenas to San Benito de Palermo that circulated in the territories of New Spain, most of which were produced locally in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. While these devotional books can be used as a means of taking the measure of official holiness during the years of their publication, upon closer analysis this body of religious literature reveals the virtues and attributes of this Sicilian Saint that descended upon, among others, people of African descent. For this reason, the discussion surrounding his «skin color» constituted the principal obstacle against which this Negro Franciscan found himself struggling constantly. In the final section, the paper highlights the role of the Franciscans in New Spain during the colonial period in America as the community that, through the medium of the printing press, most strongly promoted the cult of this illustrious figure.

In the eighteenth century, confraternities such as that of Our Lady of the Rosary and those dedicated to the black saints Benedict, Iphigenia and Elesban – to mention only the most popular devotions – were common in different areas of the Atlantic World. They were especially popular among people of color, both enslaved and free. In this paper I argue that the popularity of these sodalities should not be understood solely as the result of Catholic expansion. Rather, Africans and their descendents assumed an active role in this process, as important agents in propagating and popularizing the devotions and black confraternities. In order to understand this process I examine the history of black confraternities and devotions in two parts of the Portuguese Atlantic world: the kingdom of Portugal and the territories it conquered in Angola.

The loss of Cyprus to the ottoman Turks, hand in hand with the Battle of Lepanto was the major reason of a period of frozen politics and caused the breaking of the traditional peace between Venice and Constantinople. Yet there is a notable difference between the historical and political Conseptualization of these two major episodes. The ottoman state didn’t interpret this catastrophe as the Republic did. As, it could be seen from the bilateral diplomacy carried out by both states, neither the loss of Cyprus, nor the myth-creating Lepanto could change the classical oriental policy of the Serenissima. The case was not different for the Sublime Porte. The aim of this paper is to analyse the post-war politics of these two states and the noteable change in the political polarization in Europe in the milieu of the ottoman-Hapsburg rivalry., La caída de Chipre en manos de los otomanos, seguida de la Batalla de Lepanto, era el primer motivo de las relaciones diplomáticas heladas y causó la ruptura de la paz tradicional entre Venecia y Constantinopla. Sin embargo, hay una diferencia notable entre la conceptualización histórica y política de estos dos importantes episodios. El estado otomano no interpretó esta catástrofe como lo hizo la República. Como se puede atestiguar de la diplomacia bilateral mantenida por los dos estados, ni la pérdida de Chipre, ni la Batalla de Lepanto, que creaba nuevos mitos, podía cambiar la política oriental de la Serenísima. El caso no era diferente para la Sublime Puerta. El motivo de este trabajo es analizar las políticas de posguerras de los dos estados y el cambio notable en la polarización política en Europa en el ámbito de la rivalidad otomano-Habsburgica.

La rama del linaje valenciano de los Castellví iniciada a principios del quinientos por el señor de Puchol protagonizó durante el siglo XVII un significativo proceso de acumulación patrimonial. En el origen del mismo se sitúan las adquisiciones realizadas por los sucesivos miembros que lo encabezaron, pero tan importante como ello resultó la estrategia matrimonial de los titulares del linaje, el reducido número de hijos y la reversión a la línea principal de legados de los miembros de la familia que no contrajeron matrimonio o fallecieron sin descendencia. En contrapartida, diversos factores se conjugaron para provocar un endeudamiento progresivo, especialmente acusado desde la década de 1670 en que herencia y deudas se anudaron en permanente complicidad. Analizar los pormenores de este doble proceso y su repercusión para la Casa constituye el objetivo de este trabajo., The valencian branch of the Castellví family, which was started in the early five hundreds by the Lord of Puchol, took part in a significant asset accumulation process during the seventeenth century. At the root of it lie the acquisitions carried out by the successive heads of the household. However, the marital strategy of the lineage holders, the reduced number of descendants and the reversion to the main bloodline of the bequests from those members of the family who did not get married or died without descendants, proved to be just as important. In contrast, the combination of several factors resulted in a mounting debt. It was particularly pronounced since the 1670s, when inheritance and debts came together to constitute an unbreakable bond. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the details of this double process and its impact to the Household.