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Clinical, histological and immunohystochemical studies of keratocystic tumors were performed showing differences in proliferative activity and MMP-9 expression scores in orthokeratinized and parakeratinised cysts. These histological features are associated with clinical course and may be used as markers for recurrence probability.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficiency of modern materials in complex treatment of patients with lower jaw defects. The study demonstrates the advantages of biologically inert materials (carbon composite material "Uglekon-M" and titanium alloys) for lower jaw defect restoration.

The structure of submandibular lymph nodes (LN) from rats with arterial hypertension (AH) and normal pressure after mandible damage was investigated by methods of light microscopy. It was revealed that in submandibular LN of both compared groups of animals after induction of inflammatory reaction cortical field was extended, bulk density of lymphoid nodules without reproductive centres was increased, in nodules with centres mantle was extended and germinative centres were decreased. In all structures of LN the numbers of mitosis, imrnuno - and plasmoblasts were increased, the contents of reticular cells and macrophages were increased only to 4-5 week. In structure of LN from rats with normal arterial pressure and with AH the volume of sinus system statistically significantly differed: animals with AH had more volume of sinuses on all points of observation. Inflammation in the conditions of AH the distinction in cellular content of various zones of LN were connected with occurrence or higher number of erythrocytes.

The results of surgical interventions with the use of autobone transplants carried out to increase alveolar processes and to repair different jaw bone defects of different etiology with application of dental implantation method for the period 2000-2005 were presented and compared.

A total of 96 vascularized flaps used in the reconstruction of the mandible in 91 patients are analyzed. In 82 cases the defects appeared after treatment of malignant and benign lesions of the mandible. In 18 patients the mandible was reconstructed using rib grafts. The lateral border of the scapula was used in 30 patients and fibular grafts in 12 patients. In 36 cases mandibular and soft tissue defects were corrected using vascularized latissmus dorsi flaps combined with the tenth or eleventh rib. The results were positive in 86-92% of the cases. The postoperative analysis shows excellent esthetic and functional results in all the patients who had primary plastic reconstruction of the mandible and the results were good in 36% of cases of secondary plastic reconstruction of the mandible. The donor sites in all cases showed no functional disturbances.

Efficacy of course use of chewing gum for alveolar bone reinforcement was studied with the use of digital X-ray-graphy at three levels of interalveolar bone in 93 patients with clinically different periodontal tissue conditions. It was established that optical density of alveolar bone is higher on the working side than on the inactive side and it depended upon clinical status of periodontal tissues. Top of the interalveolar bone had the lowest density, the middle part - the highest. Course use of chewing gum in the optimal regimen increased interalveolar bone optical density, at that to a greater extent on the inactive side and in the upper part of it.

Wide use of local trigeminal third branch anesthesia not rarely leads to mouth opening restriction. There is no common opinion on etiology and pathogenesis of this complication, that explains also the absence of treatment algorithm for such patients depending upon length of the process development.

Results of examination and prosthetics making in 32 patients aged 27-56 years with end defects of lower dentition are presented. Bridge like constructions with abutment on natural teeth and intraosseous implants were made and tested. Influence of density coefficient of bone tissue on its resorption in the implant region is described and discussed.

Clinical anatomical features and orthodontic strategy were studied in a specially selected group of 72 patients aged 56-86 years with completely lost teeth and unfavorable clinical conditions on the toothless mandible. The authors claim that their strategy and method of treatment of this patient population are effective and recommend it for wide practice.

The effect of a new immunomodulator neovir was studied in 35 patients with chronic traumatic mandibular osteomyelitis. The immune status and clinical parameters notably improved.

Clinical picture, bacterial passage, and immune status were studied in patients with chronic traumatic and chronic odontogenic mandibular osteomyelitis. The deepest disorders of biocenosis and the highest incidence of immunodeficiencies were observed in patients with chronic odontogenic osteomyelitis. Local and total ozone therapy is suggested for antibacterial and immunomodulating treatment. Medical ozone exposure promoted more complete and rapid normalization of nonspecific resistance and T-cellular immunity, thus accelerating clinical cure and reducing the incidence of complications.

A rare case with aneurysmatic cyst located near the condylar process is described. The treatment consisted in curettage of the formation and filling of the cavity in the condylar process. The operation was performed through the mouth.

Intraoral supraosseous compression-distraction devices (CDA) have been used for repair of mandibular underdevelopment and defects of different etiology at Central Institute of Stomatology since 1997. The distraction regenerates have been examined by ultrasonography, roentgenography, and echo-osteometry. These methods allow timely correction of the course of distraction and rule out formation of wrong hypotrophic distraction regenerates.

Studies of surgical anatomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle with the adjacent skin and clavicle site helped determine the variants of entry of the major neurovascular bundle into the muscle in surgical repair of mandibular defects with complex transplants on a mobile neurovascular pedicle. The location of "portae" does not depend on the patient's sex and is determined by age and constitutional type. The location of muscular port determines the pattern of the transplant.

Inflammatory process in mandibular bone was induced in 39 outbred rats by a pure culture of Bacteroides fragilis and by an associative culture of B. fragilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Anaerobic microflora notably aggravated the course of inflammation. In contrast to inflammation in other parts of the skeleton, inflammation of the jaws involves a high risk of infection of the oral cavity by pathogenic microflora. A variety of microorganisms is isolated from the focus: from gram-positive staphylococci to gram-negative enterobacteria, which fact should be borne in mind when planning antibiotic therapy. Combined use of antibiotics active towards the entire spectrum of agents detected in this study is the most effective.

The results of treatment are analyzed in 51 patients (35 with exacerbation of chronic traumatic mandibular osteomyelitis and 16 with chronic traumatic mandibular osteomyelitis). Low-intensity pulsed magnetic therapy of the focus in combination with electric stimulation of segmentary bioactive points, synchronized by the patient's pulse, are proposed to be added to the therapeutic complex. Such a modality improved the regional hemodynamics, promoted liquidation of the postoperative edema on days 1-2 after intervention, and sooner than after traditional therapy repaired the energy of the patient's organism.

Thirteen patients aged 20-60 years (9 men and 4 women) with keratocysts of the jaws were observed. Clinical, x-ray, and microscopic picture of the disease is described. Keratocysts were removed and the resultant cavity scraped in 10 patients; in 3 the mandible was resected because of the process dissemination and vegetation of the periosteum and muscles. The diagnosis was confirmed morphologically. Enucleation with scraping is recommended in keratocysts; in extensive lesions with vegetation of tissues adjacent to the bone, the jaw is to be resected.

Hydroxyapol, hapcol and colapol were used to repair the postoperative defects in the jaws in 83 patients of different sex and age. Ossification of bone cavities was more rapid and complete than in the reference group. Complications observed in 7 patients resulted from strategic or technological errors.

A total of 280 children and adolescents with congenital and acquired mandibular defects and deformations were treated. The main principle in the treatment of such children is to begin treatment as early as possible. Stages of rehabilitation and scope of therapeutic measures for each stage are determined. The best results were attained in patients administered multiple-modality treatment by surgical, orthodontic, physiotherapeutic methods and therapeutic exercises at an early age immediately after the defect was diagnosed.

Resection and reconstruction of the mandible by intraoral way. The results of resection and reconstruction of the mandible for 12 patients with benign tumors and dysplastic processes by intraoral way are introduced. Indications and the surgery are developed and long-term outcomes are considered. Patients observation for several years proved these suggested methods to be effective.

The authors review clinical and X-ray examinations of 30 patients with keratocysts and show difficulties of differential diagnosis with other cysts. Keratocysts are aggressive and prone to recurrences. The authors disclose some clinico-radiological, macroscopic and histological features of keratocysts which may be helpful in valid diagnosis making.

A rare case, heterotopia of the salivary gland in a female patient with repeated recurrences of radicular cysts of the mandible, is described. Histologic examination of removed material revealed dystopic acinar tissue in the subepithelial layer of the radicular cyst. A hypothesis on the possible effect of acinar heterotopic tissue on recurrences of the cystic process is offered.

Forty-six patients (21 men and 25 women) with keratocysts were treated at Dental Surgery Chair of the Moscow Medical Stomatological Institute. Cystectomy was carried out in 26 patients, two-staged treatment in 20. Histologic examination of the operative material confirmed the diagnosis. A two-staged method of treatment of this disease in an outpatient setting has been developed. Cystectomy was carried out in cases with cysts up to 2-3 cm in diameter, it did not destroy the cortical plate of the jaw; it was performed similarly as total biopsy and was the final treatment modality. In cases with larger cysts, when the thickness of the cortical layer was less than 0.5 cm and there was a risk of fracture, two-staged treatment was resorted to: the first step, decompression performed similarly as cystostomy and the second, cystectomy a year or more after the first stage, when the size of the cyst reduced to 1.5-2 cm in diameter. The patients were followed up for up to 2-5 years after the treatment. Hence, correct and timely diagnosis of the disease and a two-staged method of treatment of keratocysts developed at out Chair bring about good results with the least injury to the patients.

A total of 444 patients with histologically verified cysts (radicular, residual, traumatic, keratocysts, follicular) and some cystic formations (ameloblastomas, osteoclastomas, myxomas) were examined by clinical and x-ray methods. X-ray signs of some cystic diseases of the mandible are analyzed, x-ray symptoms which help differentiate between individual nosologic entities are singled out.

The author has succeeded in improving functional results of surgical treatment of the teeth that caused pararadical cysts. This was due to access to the pathologic focus, preservation of the 'causative' tooth root, filling of the residual osseous cavity with formalin-treated allogenic placental transplant. A total of 79 patients were operated on using this method. Late results were followed up for 2 years, no recurrences occurred and functional status of the operated on 'causative' teeth permitted their use as abutment teeth for bridge dentures.

The results of transplantation of surface-demineralized, lyophilized, and formalin-treated orthotopic allotransplants, including dental roots, to 40 dogs [correction of rats] are analyzed. Clinical, x-ray, and morphologic studies have demonstrated that formalin-treated allotransplants are the optimal plastic material, providing restoration of bone intactness, preservation of dental roots, and the osteoid type of dental root join with the bone regenerate. Dental roots within surface-demineralized and lyophilized allotransplants are resolved in the course of their replacement with newly developing bone tissue.

A rational method to remove the intraosseous cavities by cystectomy, making use of biogenic composite material Colap, has been developed. This material stimulates reparative osteogenesis, creates the optimal conditions for bone wounds healing. A total of 46 patients were operated on for large extensive cysts of the jaws with filling of the postoperative bone defects with the biocomposite. Examinations carried out in 6-10 months have shown complete reparation of bone tissue in the postoperative cavities.

Analysis of mandibular roentgenograms of 286 patients with odontogenic osteomyelitis has lead the authors to a conclusion on the predominance of diffuse forms of the condition with marked sequestration in the 30's and 40's. Currently hyperplastic osteomyelitis occurs in 12% of cases.

The method suggested by the authors permits a reliable reproduction of mandibular osteomyelitis in white rats. The primary localization and pattern of the infectious process in this model well correspond to odontogenic osteomyelitis, this permitting a preclinical study of new drugs and physiotherapeutic methods intended for patients with odontogenic diseases.

The levels of lipid peroxidation products were measured in patients with various pyoinflammatory conditions of the maxillofacial area: abscess, phlegmons, chronic mandibular osteomyelitis). Blood plasma and red cell levels of lipoperoxides were found increased and alpha-tocopherol levels lowered in all the examinees.

X-ray image of changes in facial skull bones and temporomandibular articulation in 75 children and adolescents with a history of traumatic or inflammatory diseases or surgery for benign mandibular tumors in childhood is described. The deformation type did not present the specific features indicating the cause of the defect; its severity depended on the length of the defect existence and the depth of the injury to the mandibular growth area. Deformations of the lower third of the facial skull commonly develop soon after the underlying disease; changes in the upper segments of the skull develop later. If skin plasty was carried out simultaneously with tumor removal no facial skull deformations developed or these deformations were but negligible. The longer was the existence of the defect, the more coarse and vast were the changes in facial skull bones, that needed a combined surgical and orthodontic management.

Reparative osteogenesis of infected mandibular defects with these defects filled with mineral-free allobone, impregnated with a complex antiseptic solution, was studied in 36 rabbits by morphologic methods. Good results of such treatment permitted using this plastic material in 79 patients with cavitary odontogenic mandibular defects. 8-12 months after surgery osseous tissue structure at the site of defect did not differ from the adjacent tissue. Mineral-free bone tissue impregnated with complex antiseptic solution holds good promise in transplantation surgery.

A quantitative assessment of the influence of local and general factors on the development of pathologic processes in the periodontium is given for the first time. Factors characterized by the highest influence are distinguished. Mathematical analysis was based on information theory.