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Turkish Abstract: Bilgi cagini yasadigimiz 21. yuzyilda teknolojiye bagimli bir haldeyiz. Yasamin her alanini dijitallestiriyoruz. Bankaciliktan ticarete, habercilikten iletisime, is hayatindan sosyal hayata kadar her seyin onune “e” harfini koyar olduk. Teknolojinin yardimi ile yasamimiz ne kadar kolaylasiyor gibi gorunse de, madalyonun oteki yuzunde banka hesaplarimiza girilmesi, e-postlarimizin ele gecirilmesi, kisisel bilgilerimizin calinmasi gibi bilisim sucu olarak tabir ettigimiz istenmeyen ve bize zarar veren olaylara da maruz kalmaya basladik. Dijital dunya sinirlarimizi zorlarken sucu aydinlatabilecek bilgiyi de yine dijital ortamlardan elde etmek zorundayiz. Hal boyle olunca, dijital ortamlardan delil tespit etmek, kildan DNA tespit etmek gibi uzmanlik gerektiren bir konu oldu. Adli Bilisim (Computer / Cyber Forensic) olarak adlandirdigimiz bu uzmanlik alani artik Adli Bilimler catisi altinda ayri bir disiplin ve uzmanlik alani olarak kendini gostermeye baslamis durumda. Bu makalede adli bilisimin tum yonlerini teknik detaylara cok fazla girmeden, hukukcularin anlayacagi bir dil ile anlatmaya calisacagim. Ilk once dijital delil kavrami ve dijital delilin butunlugunu ve sagladigimiz veri ozet degeri kavramlarini anlattiktan sonra, adli bilisimin temel ilkelerine ve sureclerine detayli olarak deginecegim. English Abstract:: In the 21st century in which we live the information age, we are dependent on technology. We digitize all areas of life. We have put the letter "e" in front of everything from banking to business, from journalism to communication, from business life to social life. Although our life seems to be getting easier with the help of technology, on the other side of the coin, we have begun to be exposed to unwanted and damaging incidents such as entering our bank accounts, seizing our e-mails, theft of our personal information, which we call information crimes. While the digital world is pushing our boundaries, we have to obtain information that can illuminate the crime from digital media. As such, detecting evidence from digital media and detecting DNA from hair became a subject that requires expertise. This area of ​​expertise, which we call Computer / Cyber ​​Forensic, has now begun to manifest itself as a separate discipline and expertise under the roof of Forensic Sciences. In this article, I will try to explain all aspects of forensic informatics in a language that legal professionals can understand without going into technical details too much. After first explaining the concept of digital evidence and the integrity of digital evidence and the data digest value we provide, I will elaborate on the basic principles and processes of forensic computing.

Policy of Soviet authorities regarding women in Uzbekistan isanalysed in this article, and it has been given the analysis of the typical particularities of those policy and women's position in social life of Uzbekistan during this investigated period.

Considering the existing definitions of violence one can point out a lack of terminological unity, which is associated with a lack of objective criteria. As a basis author uses own definition of violence as actions with property without the consent of the owner. Such a definition has an unambiguously defined criterion - the presence or absence of the owner's consent to actions with the object. On the basis of this definition, examples of existing violence from the side of society towards its members are considered. These examples give an idea of what issues in social life are yet violent and how violence can be eliminated. Democracy, the main feature of which is the co-ownership of state property by citizens in equal shares, is considered as an institute that ensures overcoming violence in society. The necessary conditions for ensuring such co-ownership are given. As an example, a state structure is given that provides the necessary features of a democratic state, the main purpose of which is to protect citizens from any encroachment on their property, i.e. protection from violence.

Turkish Abstract: Gercek su ki: Turkiye henuz; guclu ve sasmaz bir adalet sistemini, bagimsiz ve tarafsiz bir yargiyi, duzenli ve ongorulebilir, sistematik ve bilimsel bir hukuk hizmetini yakalayabilmis, topraklarinda yasayan insanlara bunu saglayabilmis; modern, gelismis ve adil bir ceza adalet sistemine sahip olan bir ulke degil. Bunu soylemek, bu ulkenin vatandasi, tum yasamini ve gelecegini bu ulkede kurmus, cocuklarini bu ulkede yetistiren ve hem tum mesleki kariyerini hukuka adamis hem de gecimini hukuk mesleginden saglayan benim gibi bir kisi icin zor ve aci verici. Ama gercek bu ve bunu duzeltmek icin her seyden once gercekle yuzlesmek gerekli. Oysa hizli, esit ve nitelikli bir hukuk uygulamasi ve adaletin saglanmasi, devletin vatandaslarina sagladigi bir lutuf degil, sunmasi gereken bir "hizmet"tir. Devletin var olmasinin en temel nedenlerinden biri budur; zira bireyler farazi toplumsal sozlesme geregince, adaletin saglanmasi gorevini ve hakkini devlete devretmislerdir. Ekmegini tastan cikaran ancak ekmeginin yarisini kasla goz arasinda vergi adi altinda devlete veren vatandaslarin adalet talebi, en temel haktir; bu vergilerin verilmesinin bir nedeni de adaletli ve herkesin hukuk normlarina uygun davrandigi bir toplumsal yasamin saglanmasi, bunun icin de iyi bir adalet sisteminin kurulabilmesidir. Ancak yine uzulerek ifade etmeliyim ki bu talebi karsilayacak bir "arz" henuz bulunmamaktadir. "Turkiye'de adalet mumkun mu?" sorularina iliskin olumlu yanitlarin sayisi ve bu konudaki umitlerimiz, gun gectikce daha da azalmaktadir. Adalet sistemine ve yargiya olan guvenin azaldigi (hatta gunumuzde dibe vurdugu) bu gibi donemlerde hep ortaya cikan ve sorunlari kokunden cozecegi inanci empoze edilen yargi reformlarindan birinin daha kapimiza dayandigini gormekteyiz. Bu makalemde, toplumun ve toplumu olusturan biz bireylerin adalet talebini, bu reform "arzinin" karsilayip karsilamayacagini analiz etmeye calisacagim. Bu yargi reformu paketinin de digerleri gibi son derece iyi niyetlerle kaleme alindigindan, gercekten kanayan yaralara derman olmak amaciyla cikarilmaya calisildigindan en kucuk bir suphem dahi bulunmamakta. English Abstract: The truth is: Turkey yet; has been able to attain a strong and infallible justice system, an independent and impartial judiciary, an orderly and predictable, systematic and scientific legal service, and has been able to provide this to the people living in its territory; it is not a country with a modern, developed and fair criminal justice system. To say this is difficult and painful for a person like me, a citizen of this country, who has established his whole life and future in this country, raised his children in this country, and has devoted his entire professional career to law and earns his living from the legal profession. But this is the truth, and in order to correct it, it is necessary first of all to face the truth. However, a fast, equal and qualified law practice and the provision of justice is not a boon that the state provides to its citizens, but a "service" that it has to offer. This is one of the main reasons for the existence of the state; Because individuals have transferred their duty and right to the provision of justice to the state in accordance with the hypothetical social contract. The demand for justice is the most fundamental right of the citizens who take their bread out of the stone but give half of their bread to the state with the name of tax with a quick eye. One of the reasons for giving these taxes is to ensure a fair social life in which everyone acts in accordance with the legal norms, and for this, a good justice system can be established. However, I should regret to state that there is not yet a "supply" to meet this demand. "Is justice possible in Turkey?" The number of positive answers to the questions and our hopes on this issue are decreasing day by day. We see that one of the judicial reforms that have always emerged in such periods when trust in the justice system and the judiciary has decreased (even hit the bottom today) and imposed the belief that it will solve the problems radically is on our door. In this article, I will try to analyze whether this "demand" of reform will meet the demand for justice of the society and of us individuals who make up society. I have no doubts that this judicial reform package, like the others, was written with the utmost good intentions, and that it was tried to cure the bleeding wounds.

Turkish abstract: Sanayi devriminin gerceklestigi 19. yuzyildan gunumuze ekonomi, toplumsal yasamin temel dinamigini olusturmaktadir. Bu dinamik, 20. yuzyilda duzenlenen bircok hukuki duzenlemeyi etkilemis ve buna iliskin duzenlemeler yapilmistir. Zamanla ekonomik yapinin istikrarinin ve devaminin daha da onemli hale gelmesi sonucunda bu yapi temel hukuki duzenlemelerdeki ozel hukumlerle ve hatta ceza yasalarinda yer alan normlarla korunmaya baslanmistir. 6098 sayili Turk Borclar Kanunu (TBK), 6100 sayili Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu (HMK) ve 6102 sayili Turk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK) bunlardan en onemlileridir. Bu yasalar incelendiginde, esas itibariyle bilisim dunyasindaki gelismeleri icerdikleri gorulmektedir. Ayrica soz konusu yasalarin bilisim sektorunun gunluk ve ticari yasama yansimalarini iceren duzenlemelere sahip olduklari gorulmektedir. Ekonomik ve ticari iliskilerde siklikla gorulen elektronik imza kullanilmasi, internet uzerinden sirket genel kurul toplantisinin yapilmasi, elektronik posta ile gecerli tebligat yapilmasi ya da faks yoluyla sozlesme kurulmasi gibi bilisim caginin araclari bu genel kodlar ile hukuksal birer uygulama haline getirilmislerdir. Buradan hareketle calismada TBK, TTK ve HMK’da duzenleme konusu yapilan bilisim alanina iliskin yeniliklerin kotuye kullanilmasi suretiyle ayni zamanda suc olusturan eylemlere konu olmasi halinde bunlarin barindirdiklari riskleri ve bu eylemlerin ceza hukukuna yansimalarini, ceza hukuku acisindan ne gibi ihlallere yol acabileceklerini inceleme konusu yapilmaktadir. English abstract: Since the 19th century, when the industrial revolution took place, the economy constitutes the basic dynamics of social life. This dynamic has affected many legal arrangements in the 20th century and regulations have been made in this regard. As the stability and continuation of the economic structure became more important in time, this structure started to be protected with special provisions in basic legal regulations and even with norms in penal laws. The most important of these are the Turkish Code of Obligations (TBK) numbered 6098, the Code of Civil Procedure (HMK) numbered 6100 and the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) numbered 6102. When these laws are examined, it is seen that they mainly include the developments in the informatics world. In addition, it is seen that the said laws have regulations that include the reflections of the informatics sector on daily and commercial life. The tools of the information age, such as the use of electronic signatures, which are frequently seen in economic and commercial relations, holding company general assembly meetings on the internet, making valid notifications by e-mail or establishing contracts by fax, have been turned into legal applications with these general codes. In this study, the subject of the study is to examine the risks of these actions in the event that they are subject to criminal acts by the abuse of the innovations in the field of informatics regulated in the TBK, TCC and HMK, and the reflection of these actions on the criminal law and what kind of violations they may cause in terms of criminal law.

This paper examines the following three interlinked aspects of repetition. To start with, biologically speaking, human life is only possible through repetition. Second, human beings develop into human beings only through cultural learning. Human development through cultural learning takes place essentially in mimetic processes, for which repetitions are constitutive. Thirdly, ritual repetitions play an indispensable role in the production and transformation of communities and the creation of social life.

The COVID-19 crisis has had significant impacts on public health, on the lives of millions of people, and on economic development prospects at all levels, international, national, and local. All over the world, cities have been at the forefront of the crisis, as first responders to the needs of the population, as managers of the exceptional regulations needed to overcome the situation, and as promoters of the reopening and relaunching of economic and social life. The effects of the crisis will be felt for a long time, and this will require innovative responses that will see cities as protagonists. To initiate a reflection on these trends, an International Survey has been proposed, to discuss the short-term and medium-term impacts of COVID-19 (2-3 years) in large cities/metropolitan areas. The proponents of the Survey are: Francesco Bandarin, Former UNESCO ADG Culture; Enrico Ciciotti, Former Dean, Faculty of Economics, Catholic University of Piacenza; Marco Cremaschi, Centre d’etudes europeennes et de politique comparee, Sciences Po, Paris; Paolo Perulli, University of Eastern Piedmont. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei has offered valuable staff support, including Diana Shendrikova and Giovanna Madera.

Social norms are regarded one of the constraints in the exchange process in the economy. The present article discusses the role of social norms in economic development, basically the economy of India and Assam. Considering the two models of social norms discussed by Vijay Jagannathan and Barbara Harriss, it has been argued that there are some differences in the economy of India and Assam regarding the role of social norms. It is difficult to violate social norms of a particular society for the purpose of economic development, because these have historical and cultural values attached with the social life of the people of the respective society. The social norms that have been adversely affecting on economic development need to be polished such a way that balance can be attained between social norms and economic development.

Tik-Tok is a famous entertainment and art creation app that is used all around the World, which enables everyone to make short video clip ranging from 30 sec to 1-minute and which is published and shared with family, friends and public. This app is downloaded about 1.5 billion times with 800 million users all around the world, Tik-Tok users from China, India, USA, Russia, and Turkey are at the top. This paper explores the usage of Tik-Tok under the pandemic COVID-19 and how does it impact on Personal, Academic and Social life of youngsters and teenagers in Turkey. We collected primary data by using questionnaires from four big provinces; Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Antalya (mainly top tourist provinces), 500 samples were collected by using convenience sampling method, and data is analyzed by Multiple ANOVA, three times simple regression was used to explore the impact of Tik-Tok on Personal, Academic and Social life separately, furthermore correlation test was also applied to show strength among variables. Results indicate statistical significance (p

Cooperation means working together. The principle of cooperation is as old as human society. It is truly the basis of domestic and social life. Co-operative effort is ultimately the group instinct in man, which enables him to live together and help each other in times of stress and strain. Co-operative is always the child of necessity. This paper discusses the principles and progress of cooperatives in India. It also analyses the growth of cooperatives in Dakshina Kannada (DK) district. The analysis, based on organisations’ perspective, shows clearly the absence of a well-defined policy on employee training. Such an absence is responsible for the poor status of training in the co-operative system. Most of the beneficiaries are not getting benefits of Yashaswini scheme, because of some rigidity in this scheme. Yet, there is no other peoples’ organisation so potentially powerful and promising to build proactive leadership through democratic process as co-operative movement. Cooperatives alone can reach last person in society. In this regard, the paper makes some strategic suggestions to strengthen cooperatives in India in general and DK district in particular.

Coronavirus has cause a lot of things in our life. From health, economy, social life, etc. This experience has thought us to get used to technology and be creative about it. From everyday face-to-face activities into virtual activities. From organize music festival into virtual concert. One of the example effect of Coronavirus is how music industry handle this pandemic.

In Inequality: An Entangled Political Economy Perspective, Mikayla Novak takes the analysis of inequality in a new direction by exploring the tension between fact and value that pervades most analyses of inequality. Novak offers new insights into the entangled character of political economic systems. It is customary to treat those systems as operating independently of one another, but Novak recognizes that this customary treatment leads thought astray. Inequality is a fact of social life, and a useful one at that, though Novak also recognizes the problematic qualities that can stem from inequality, while also recognizing that some of those qualities are intensified and not softened by political action. The overall thrust of Novak’s Inequality is to generate a deeper understanding of how it is that many of the traditional concerns about inequality are more effectively treated by an expansion of economic liberty than by a continued injection of political domination into society.

Psychological studies show the effect of mortality salience (MS) on attitudes and behavioral patterns in different spheres of social life, particularly, in intergroup relationships. This study examines the influence of MS on attitudes toward national outgroups. In line with terror management theory (TMT), previous studies indicate a contradictory impact of death-related thoughts. Reminders of death enhance unfavorable attitudes toward all national outgroups, however, MS reinforces the negative attitudes only toward unfriendly countries or toward those perceived as threatening. To shed light on the influence of MS, we conducted two experimental studies that were differentiated by MS manipulation and the specifics of the outgroups. In Study 1 we actualized the reminders of death through military news, whereas in Study 2 by the presentation of terrorism news (close and distant). In Study 1 (N = 180) we analyzed the impact of MS on attitudes toward Ukraine, Belarus, and Estonia. The results showed that MS mostly reinforced the unfavorable attitudes toward ‘unfriendly’ and ‘neutral’ countries. Study 2 (N = 242) focused on MS and attitudes toward Ukraine, Belarus, the USA, and China. The results indicated that MS enhanced negative attitudes toward Ukraine as an ‘unfriendly’ country. However, the close or distant terrorism-related content did not illustrate the specific influence on attitudes toward national outgroups

In the social life, human activity may be performed by one person, but in some other people can contribute to the same activity. If this human activity is characterized by committing an act provided by the Criminal Law, and other persons are contributing to this deed, we are in the presence of participation to the commission of an offense under Criminal Law. In other words, we have a plurality of people who commit a crime stipulated by the criminal law. So who directly commits the deed directly is the author and the others are participants. In order to be in the presence of a criminal participation, it is not enough that other people participate, but the participants need to be animated by a common will, together with the author, to commit the crime provided by the Criminal Law. Another condition is that the crime provided by the Criminal Law has been committed by a larger number of persons than necessary, according to the nature of the act otherwise we will have either a plurality constituted either by natural plurality. The Romanian Criminal Law incriminates this form of plurality of offenders (also called occasional) in Title II, Chapter 6, entitled “The Author and the Participants.” KEYWORDS: accomplice, author, co-author, criminal participation, instigator

The intersection of materiality and institutions represents a profoundly underexamined facet of social life.

The goal of research is to create or modify knowledge. But whose knowledge? It isn’t productive to do research and then keep the outcomes to yourself; part of the aim is to make others aware of what you have found. The purpose of research can be viewed as being intended to have impact, that is, to change the minds of others. Successful research influences people to behave differently and undertake new activities. Do not be daunted by the task of “writing up”. Work on the text as your PhD takes shape, remember that all writers need editing, and help yourself by using these basic tips to make life easier. Read what great writers say about how to write before you start, and take their advice to heart. There is no dark art to clear, concise work; it is mostly a result of editing, and editing again. Thesis must demonstrate logical, structured, and defensible reasoning based on credible and verifiable evidence presented in such a way that it makes an original contribution to knowledge, as judged by experts in the field. The dissertation or project should demonstrate knowledge of the relevant literature; show that the student has executed a substantial piece of advanced individual work and should bring together the independent work with the knowledge gained in the literature and theory. Where creative work is involved this should be informed by and be related to the theoretical aspect of the work. Recognize your own motivation for carrying out research Identify your belief system that underpins your view of knowledge. Appreciate the broad nature of the research process within a research community.

Russian Abstract: Сложившаяся демографическая ситуация в формировании трудовых ресурсов в России, а также повышение на законодательном уровне пенсионного возраста побуждают рассмотреть особенности использования кадрового потенциала с учетом возрастных особенностей населения и выявить рациональные пути обеспечения занятости специалистов в общественном производстве. Современные издания по социологии, экономике активно обсуждают проблемы повышения пенсионного возраста и привлечения пожилых людей к участию в общественной жизни не только в крупных мегаполисах, но и в отдаленных периферийных регионах страны. В настоящей статье рассматриваются вопросы коммуникативной компетенции путем социологического опроса двух групп пожилых людей и анализа полученных результатов: работающих и неработающих пенсионеров с выявлением значимости жизненных ценностей, смысложизненных ориентаций и компонентов коммуникативной компетенции. Рассмотрение социологических страт: «работающие» и «неработающие» пожилые люди ориентирует социологическую работу на разработку программ по двум направлениям. English Abstract: Current demographic composition of labor resources in Russia, as well as increase of retirement age, legislatively set by government, encourage investigation of staff potential usage in regard of population age characteristics and identification of rational ways of employment for specialists in social production. Contemporary scientific editions devoted to sociology and economy are discussing actively problems of retirement age increasing and ways of involvement of elderly people into social life not only in metropolises, but also, in peripheral parts of the country. In the article, analysis of results of sociological survey, devoted to communicative skills of elderly, is made. Survey of “working and “non-working” retirees, concerned their live values, life guidance and communicative skill components. Taking into consideration two social groups, “working” and “non-working” old people, aims sociological elaborations on both directions.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is starting to pervade the economic and social life rendering strategic interactions with artificial agents more and more common. At the same time, experimental economic research has increasingly employed computer players to advance our understanding of strategic interaction in general. What can this strand of research teach us about an AI-shaped future? I review 90 experimental studies using computer players. I find that, in a nutshell, humans act more selfishly and more rational in the presence of computer players, and they are often able to exploit these players. Still, many open questions prevail.

This is a review of John Gardner’s From Personal Life to Private Law. The book raises a host of interesting issues, but this review concentrates on Gardner’s discussion of ‘strictly’ and ‘loosely’ relational duties. The main claims of this review are that Gardner overestimates the number of strictly relational duties that arise in private life, and that private law does not, in general, serve to promote or protect the special relationships which underlie strictly relational duties. In this sense private law largely treats us as if we were strangers to each other.

Russian Abstract: В статье проанализирована особенная роль сказочного феномена «куколка» в организации психологического бытия и социального пребывания личности. English Abstract: The article analyzes the special role of the fairy-tale phenomenon of dolly in the organization of the psychological and social life of the person staying.

Bulgarian Abstract: Резюме: Образованието е основно конституционно право и значимо обществено благо, затова борбата срещу дискриминацията в тази област на социалния живот е предмет на антидискриминационното законодателство. В доклада се изследва защитата от дискриминация при упражняване правото на висше образование, като една от степените на образование. Правните аспекти на защитата от дискриминация в сферата на висшите училища са разгледани както по отношение на обучаващите се (студенти/докторанти), така и по отношение на преподавателите. Ключови думи: висше образование; висши училища; защита от дискриминация. English Abstract: The education is a basic constitutional right and a significant social good and because of this the protection against discrimination in this area of the social life is object of the anti-discrimination legislation. The report examines the protection against discrimination in practicing the right of higher education as one of the degrees of education. The author examines the legal aspects of the protection against discrimination in the sphere of the higher schools considering the students and PhD students as well as considering the lecturers.

Cooperation and conflict are basic to human social life. From early infancy, humans seem to recognize cooperation and to prefer cooperative individuals. They also seem to recognize conflict, expecting larger individuals or those with more allies to prevail. The present paper asks how infants feel about others who either win or lose (by yielding) in a conflict. We present a total of nine experiments. In four of the experiments, infants ages 10 to 16 months watched vignettes showing two puppets in a conflict. Infants preferred (reached for) the puppet that yielded to another puppet, rather than the puppet who was yielded to. Five more experiments ruled out alternative explanations for the main findings, including that the infants preferred the yielding puppet because it helped the other puppet achieve its goal. These results are striking in light of earlier findings showing that only five months later, at age 21 months, children emphatically prefer the winner (non-yielding puppet) in such conflicts. These results suggest that humans go through a dramatic developmental shift during the second year of life in the way they evaluate individuals based on the outcomes of conflict.

Hungarian Abstract: Napjaink egyik legmeghatarozobb megatrendje ketsegkivul a digitalizacio, melyre a globalizacio kovetkező lepcsőjekent tekinthetunk. Ennek eredmenyekepp uj uzleti modellek es technologiak alakitjak markansan a gazdasag es tarsadalmi let minden aspektusat, digitalis eszkozok es megoldasok jelennek meg az elet olyan teruletein is, melyeknel ez korabban nem volt jellemző. Erdemes azt is figyelembe venni, hogy a halozatosodasi folyamatok eredmenyekepp az ipar-kormanyzat-akademiai szfera szereplői kozott folyamatosan rendkivul sűrű es komplex kapcsolatrendszerek alakulnak ki. A felsőoktatasi intezmenyek bar evszazadok ota kulcsszerepet toltenek be a tudas megteremtese es disszeminacioja kapcsan, felmerul a kerdes, hogy hogyan lesznek kepesek a felsőoktatasi intezmenyek versenykepesek maradni a digitalis korban, mely a korabbinal joval magasabb valtozekonysaggal jellemezhető tarsadalmi es gazdasagi kornyezetet teremt minden iparag szamara? Illetve kerdes az is, hogy hogyan valtozik majd a szerepuk egy regio versenykepessegenek javitasaban? A tanulmany celja a digitalizacio, a felsőoktatas jovője es a regionalis versenykepesseg kapcsolatanak rendszerezese. English Abstract: Today, one of the most important megatrends of today is digitization, which we can see as the next step in globalization. As a result, new business models and technologies make every aspect of the economy and social life distinctly, digital tools and solutions appear in areas of life that have not previously been characterized. It is also worth noting that, as a result of the networking processes, there are always extremely complex and complex relationships between the industry-government-academy sphere. Higher education institutions have been playing a key role in the creation and dissemination of knowledge for centuries, and the question arises of how will institutions of higher education be able to remain competitive in the digital age, which creates a social and economic environment for all industries that is much more variable than before? Or is it a question of how their role will change in improving the competitiveness of a region? The aim of the study is to organize the relationship between digitization, future of higher education and regional competitiveness.

Russian Abstract: После Второй мировой войны реально существующие условия для полной занятости дают возможность почти всем странам сосредоточить свои усилия на вопросах эффективности труда, поведения участников в трудовом процессе, их отношения к труду. После 70-х годов во всем мире проводятся существенные изменения в экономической и социальной жизни, которые дают отражение и на «отношении к труду» и трудовые отношения в смысле определения этого понятия. Углубляющиеся несоответствия между спросом и предложением рабочей силы выставляют на передний план понятие рынка труда, в котором основной упор ставится на отношение между работодателями и работниками. Появляются основные признаки так названной «теневой экономики» и «теневого рынка труда». Количественные и качественные расхождения приводят к необходимости мер, с одной стороны, по снижению предложения рабочей силы и, с другой стороны, по стимулированию спроса на рабочую силу. Важными проблемами в этот период является маргинализация определенных групп населения и растущая инфляция. Для стран Европейского союза, США и Японии время после 1980-х годов характеризуется известными достижениями в обеспечении экономического роста, что дало возможность соответственному росту занятости, хотя и более низкими темпами. Структурные изменения в экономике имеют такой характер, что использование старых методов регулирования занятости и безработицы являются уже недостаточными. English Abstract: After the Second World War, the real conditions for full employment enable almost all countries to concentrate their efforts on issues of labor efficiency, participants' behavior in the labor process, their attitude towards work. After the 1970's, significant changes in the economic and social life were carried out around the world, which reflected both the "attitude to work" and the labor relations in the sense of defining this concept. Deepening discrepancies between the supply and demand of the labor force put forward the concept of the labor market, in which the emphasis is placed on the relationship between employers and employees. The main signs of the so-called "shadow economy" and "shadow labor market" appear. Quantitative and qualitative discrepancies lead to the need for measures, on the one hand, to reduce the supply of labor and, on the other hand, to stimulate demand for labor. Important problems in this period are the marginalization of certain population groups and growing inflation. For the countries of the European Union, the United States and Japan, the period after the 1980s is characterized by well-known achievements in economic growth, which has made it possible for the corresponding growth in employment, albeit at a lower rate. Structural changes in the economy are of such a nature that the use of old methods of regulating employment and unemployment is already inadequate.

The law is a difficult social phenomenon determining the social life and even the international interaction of subjects. There is no uniform direction of its functioning, but it is possible to determine various parallel aspects that describe legal development. National tendencies of legal regulation predetermine the whole functioning of a legal system, which is a broad concept including not only positive regulation. This paper analyses the following tendencies: • expansion of legal regulation; • forms of legal regulation; • institutionalization; • execution of legal requirements; • technical progress.

Russian Abstract: Преувеличение роли политического ислама и чрезмерная озабоченность политическим исламом, который по сути является ограниченным, в традиционном постсоветском контексте является не чем иным, как чрезмерным упрощением, если не ошибочным восприятием причин возникновения и роста религиозного радикализма и политического насилия в Центральной Азии. Более того, одержимость вопросами безопасности и тревожными сценариями с очевидным акцентом на радикальном политическом исламе может послужить оправданием секьюритизации религиозного пробуждения, диверсификации социальной жизни и применения репрессивных практик в постсоветских условиях. В широком смысле ошибочно характеризировать исламское возрождение в Центральной Азии как носящее имманентно радикальный характер и создающее политически влиятельный миф о постсоветской мусульманской радикализации в Центральной Азии English Abstract: An overstatement of, and preoccupation with, the role of an inherently marginal political Islam in a post- Soviet context is an oversimplification, if not a misperception, of the reasons for the emergence and rise of religious radicalism and political violence in Central Asia. Moreover, security-obsessed and alarmist scenarios, with an apparent emphasis on the threats of radical political Islam, may serve to legitimize the securitization of religious awakening, the diversification of social life, and the adoption of repressive policies in post-Soviet realities. By and large, the Islamic revival in Central Asia seems to have been misleadingly framed as inherently radical. Radical political Islam is marginal and geographically limited in the region.

The Roman law of delicts consisted of a set of reprehensible behaviors (e.g., theft, injury, wrongful loss) that were originally punished at civil law with a fine, compensation for the loss and damages, or both. Later, as social life developed, the praetor granted actions and ordered redress for some situations not covered by civil law (e.g., fraud, duress, robbery). These private wrongs were classified as praetorian delicts. Penalties for both civil and praetorian delicts might have corresponded to the value of the damaged or stolen thing, a multiple of a given value, or a fixed amount of money.

The philosophical aim of the Anatomy of Systemic Financial Risk project is to develop a principled non-consequentialist approach to the ethics of risk imposition for financial technologies. This foundational paper develops a novel philosophical account of trust that can serve as a basis for the assessment of trust in non-standard cases, including non-human agents and novel technologies. Our account is functionalist: we argue that a particular form of trust—Communicated Interpersonal Trust—is paradigmatic and lay out how trust as a social practice in this form helps to satisfy fundamental practical, deliberative and relational needs in mutually reinforcing ways. We then argue that derivative (non-paradigmatic) forms of trust connect to the paradigm by generating a positive dynamic between trustor and trustee that is geared towards the realisation of these functions. We call this trust’s proleptic potential. Our functionalist approach does not only provide important insights into the practice of trust and its place in the broader web of social life, but also illuminates existing philosophical debates on border-line cases. Finally, it opens up the conceptual space for the evaluation of trust in agents and objects that do not satisfy the conditions present in paradigmatic interpersonal cases, e.g. AI agents, algorithms, and, more generally, new technologies

This paper concurs in the debate about search design and the antitrust action that the European Commission is bringing against Google in Europe. Faced with the radical changes that the internet has brought to markets and social life, antitrust principles and paradigm of analysis are still be applied as if we were dealing in a world of brick-and-mortar assets. We provide arguments to support a different view, proposing a consistent framework of analysis that considers all the relevant dimensions of Google’s search strategies and their evaluation in light of current European policies on market regulation, particularly antitrust.

This article is devoted to the principles of the fair state where the people who made bigger contribution into the social life have also bigger voting power. The article offers a vision on practical implementation of such system in modern Russia.

Russian Abstract: Главная идея книги состоит в том, чтобы показать, что феномен этноцентризма не исчерпал своих возможностей и продолжает оставаться важной частью социальной жизни. Одной из наиболее важных сторон, способствующих сохранению этноцентризма сегодня является историческое сознание молодежи, которое определяет особенности передачи исторического опыта и его этнонациональное значение от поколения к поколению. Этноцентризм является важным компонентом исторического мировоззрения и исторического сознания. В этой связи, необходимо говорить о позитивных и негативных, конструктивных и деструктивных сторонах влияния этноцентризма на историческое сознание и его специфические проявления в социальных и культурных контекстах. В данном исследовании социально-философские выводы основываются на сравнительном анализе наиболее значимых исследований исторического сознания молодежи, а также контент-анализе учебников истории и учебных программ США, Великобритании, Германии, России и Казахстана. English Abstract: The main idea of the book is to show that the phenomenon of ethnocentrism hasn’t exhausted itself in the modern world, but also continues to be an important part of social life. One of the most significant sides of saving ethnocentrism and ethnic measurement of social life is the historical consciousness of the youth, which determines the transmission efficiency of the historical experience and its ethnonational measurement from generation to generation.Ethnocentrism is an integral component of the view on history, the historical consciousness. In this regard, it is necessary to talk about the positive and negative, constructive and destructive sides of the impact of ethnocentrism on the historical consciousness, its specific manifestations in various social and cultural contexts. In this context the sociophilosophical conclusion is justified by the comparative analysis of all major foreign and domestic researches of the historical consciousness of young people, as well as textbooks and teaching materials in the U.S., UK, Germany, Russia and Kazakhstan.

Bulgarian Abstract: В условиях создания информационного общества зарождаются новые теоретические подходы, формируется новая модель активных, динамично развивающихся социальных программ, обладающих потенциалом для активного самосовершенствования и адаптации к динамично изменяющимся условиям социальной жизни. Наряду с этим, в новых условиях растет реальная потребность ориентации на социальные программы для разрешения проблем интеллектуального образовательного развития, причем характеристики здоровья и физического развития не теряют свою социальную значимость. Сегодня здоровье населения - это реальный показатель благосостояния страны, отражение качества жизни и уровня развития человеческих ресурсов. Состояние здоровья непосредственно связано с доходом на душу населения и развитием системы здравоохранения. English Abstract: In the conditions of creating the information society, new theoretical approaches are emerging, a new model of active, dynamically developing social programs is emerging that have the potential for active self-improvement and adaptation to the dynamically changing conditions of social life. Along with this, under the new conditions, there is a growing need to focus on social programs to solve problems of intellectual educational development, and the characteristics of health and physical development do not lose their social significance. Today, the health of the population is a real indicator of the country's well-being, a reflection of the quality of life and the level of development of human resources. The state of health is directly related to per capita income and the development of the health care system.

The Spanish version of this paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2610879This article has the main intention to present some comments concerning the new changes in the Argentinean Civil Code, which is going to be in activity this year (2015), in terms of promoting citizenship and engagement of youngsters to the world of job opportunities, effective participation in the task force market and increasing responsibility concerned to humans, specially in relation with a conscious attitude directed to the exercise of social life in terms of rights and obligations, in both perspectives, national and international, mainly in the countries joined in the MERCOSUR.

In this paper, I make the case for the prohibition of the advertisements that are established to negatively influence social life or culture (due to the promotion of stereotypes, violence, dangerousness, etc.). I claim that if any product is bad for social life or culture, it cannot be legal in the name of the liberty of choice. However, I also call for scientific proofs that establish the causal links between bad advertisements and worsened social life or culture.The main claim of my paper is that the advertisements that deteriorate social life or culture should be legally prohibited. We will not de-legalize women’s common, sexualized images in advertisements, as this belongs to the moral sphere, yet we may, and we should, legally prohibit the advertisements that promote alcoholic consumption, dangerous driving, girls’ and boys’ wrong social representation, the promotion of prejudices about women, etc. It is evident in my opinion that such advertisements are unconstitutional, and are thus illegal.

Russian Abstract: Процесс гуманизации и гуманитаризации образования и воспитания – это взаимообусловливающие явления, которые ставят наиболее актуальные вопросы профессиональной подготовки и переподготовки молодого специалиста. Специфика современной социальной жизни формирует потребность в подготовке специалистов широких возможностей, которые способны включаться в сопредельные сферы деятельности.English Abstract: Process of a humanization and humanitarization of education and education are a mutually causing phenomena which raise the most topical issues of vocational training and retraining of the young specialist. Specifics of modern social life form need for training of specialists of ample opportunities which are capable to join in adjacent fields of activity.

German Abstract Wie die sich uber 12 Jahre erstreckende ethnographische Berliner Ritual- und Gestenstudie gezeigt hat, spielen Rituale und Gesten in den vier wichtigsten Sozialisationsfeldern Familie, Schule, Peerkultur und Medien eine zentrale Rolle. Sie schaffen Gefuhle der Zugehorigkeit und erzeugen Gemeinschaft; sie gestalten soziale Ubergange und vermitteln praktisches Wissen. Ihr performativer mit ihrer Inszenierung und Auffuhrung verbundener Charakter verstarkt ihre soziale Wirkung. In mimetischen, d. h. in Prozessen kreativer Nachahmung wird praktisches korperbasiertes rituelles Wissen erworben. Dieses ermoglicht es den Menschen, in Institutionen angemessen zu handeln. English Abstract As demonstrated by a twelve-year study in Berlin, rituals and gestures play a central role in the four most crucial spheres of socialization: the family, school, peer culture, and the media. Rituals and gestures create a feeling of belonging and community, they facilitate social transitions and convey practical knowledge. Their performative character reinforces their social effectiveness.

The proliferation of digital technologies and augmented social relations offer great potential for the vocation of sociology. Although the greatest interest in the digital turn has centered on sources of data, digitality also provides many excellent methodological benefits as well as new and evolving subjects of analysis. This paper seeks to make the case for a more digitally-attuned sociology, and to forge a path in that direction. To accomplish this task, I begin with a brief history of digital sociology — in the U.S. and beyond — as well as a survey of other, related approaches that have gained greater traction in the field. Next, I examine the state of social life in the digitally networked era and make the case for sociology’s need to update its epistemological orientation to put an end to fetishisms of technology and the "real world." Finally, I outline an agenda for the future of digital sociology along with some suggestions for how it might be accomplished.

Russian Abstract: Эпистемологическое разнообразие определяется рядом обстоятельств, среди которых, на наш взгляд, необходимо выделить, во-первых, противоречивость и многомерность социального бытия — «его взлеты и откаты, стремительный бег и вдруг душные времена» *, — которые опосредуют трансфигурации когнитивных акцентов, допущение «вариативности познавательных форм» и ценности вненаучного знания 2, отыскание нетривиальных генераций социально-онтологических смыслов; во-вторых, известную ситуацию прошлого, при которой «произошел разрыв между гуманитарным и «сциентистским» мышлением — рассечение «духовности» и «научности»» 3 — и которая дополняется особенностями современного состояния социального знания, когда онтологические вызовы в его адрес в связи с изменениями в жизни общества, одновременно, и детерминировали, и активизировали предметное и методологическое самоопределение познавательного процесса.English Abstract: Epistemological variety is determined by several factors, among which, in your opinion, it is necessary to allocate, first, contradictory and multi-dimensionality of social life - "his ups and kickbacks, swift running and suddenly sweltering days" * - that mediate transfiguration cognitive emphasis, assumed "the variability of the cognitive forms of "non-scientific knowledge and values ​​of 2, finding nontrivial generations socio-ontological sense; Second, the well-known situation of the past in which "there was a gap between humanitarian and" scientistic "mentality - a dissection of" spirituality "and" scientific" "third which is complemented by the features of the current state of social knowledge where the ontological challenges against him in connection with the changes in the society, at the same time and deterministic, and intensified substantive and methodological self-learning process.

Russian Abstract: Особенности методологии крестьяноведения применительно к анализу эволюции аграрных отношений в нашей стране в 60-е–90-е гг. прошлого столетия лучше всего рассмотреть именно на примере проблематики ЛПХ советских/российских тружеников села, поскольку это та сфера повседневной жизни, в которой крестьянственность как базовая ментальная характеристика огромного количества соотечественников продолжала и продолжает сохраняться наилучшим образом. И особенности эти, как это неоднократно мною подчеркивалось в публикациях прошлых лет, весьма существенно отличают данный теоретический подход к исследованию проблем общественного бытия от обеих вариаций на тему прогресса – советского научного коммунизма и западного антикоммунизма, рыночного прогрессизма.English Abstract: Features of peasant studies methodology in application to the analysis of the evolution of agrarian relations in our country in the 60s-90s of the past century, it is best to consider the example of smallholders perspective of Soviet/Russian rural workers, as this is an area of everyday life in which peasantry as the basic mental characteristics of a huge number of compatriots continued and continues to be maintained well. And these features, as I have repeatedly emphasized in the publications of previous years, differs the theoretical approach to the study of the problems of social life of both variations on the theme of progress greatly - scientific Soviet communism and Western anti-communism, market progressivism both.

The English version of this paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2609493Spanish Abstract: Este articulo tiene por finalidad presentar comentarios sobre las nuevas disposiciones realizadas en el nuevo Codigo Civil Argentino, que entrara en vigor este ano, (2015), considerando el tema de la emancipacion civil, sus nuevas tendencias y encaminamientos, en el sentido de promover la ciudadania y la insercion del menor adulto al mundo del trabajo, su participacion efectiva en el mercado de servicios y el incremento de la responsabilidad inherente al ser humano, especialmente en relacion a la actitud consciente para el ejercicio de la vida social en lo que se refiere a derechos y deberes, tanto en la perspectiva nacional como internacional, principalmente en los paises del Mercosur.English Abstract: This article has the main intention to present some comments concerning the new changes in the Argentinean Civil Code, which is going to be in activity this year (2015), in terms of promoting citizenship and engagement of youngsters to the world of job opportunities, effective participation in the task force market and increasing responsibility concerned to humans, specially in relation with a conscious attitude directed to the exercise of social life in terms of rights and obligations, in both perspectives, national and international, mainly in the countries joined in the MERCOSUR.

French Abstract: Les interactions sociales sont pourvues d'une confiance reciproque. Aussi implicite soit-elle, cette confiance guide les actions en vue de garantir un bon fonctionnement de la vie en societe. Elle dote les comportements de previsibilite, instaure l'idee d'une normalite dans les rapports sociaux, et developpe la croyance que les apparences sont conformes a la realite. L'idee d'une « confiance legitime » se retrouve de maniere diffuse en droit. Son recours appuie l’octroi d'effets juridiques aux hypotheses d'apparences d'un droit, d'un pouvoir ou encore d'un engagement au sein des rapports prives. Ce texte etudie la place et la portee d'un principe de « confiance legitime » en droit des obligations, pour s'interroger, a terme, sur la pertinence de sa formulation en droit civil quebecois. Son affirmation comme telle risque d'ebranler la coherence du droit des obligations, jusqu'ici echafaudee sur la liberte individuelle. D'un point de vue traditionnel, une theorie de la confiance legitime apparait suspecte, informe, et onereuse. Elle ne pout s'imposer au sein de la theorie generale dominante, mais s'affirme comme contre-theorie.English Abstract: Social interactions unfold against a backdrop of mutual reliance. Though it may be wholly implicit, this reliance guides our actions and helps ensure the smooth operation of social life. It makes our interactions foreseeable, provides a baseline of expectation in social relations, and builds confidence that appearances reflect reality. In law, the idea of “legitimate reliance” is ubiquitous. When it operates, it gives legal effect to situations of apparent rights, apparent powers, or voluntary undertakings in private law interactions. This text studies the role and the scope of legitimate reliance in the law of obligations, in order to determine whether there is room for such a principle within Quebec civil law. If expanded into a general principle of Quebec civil law, legitimate reliance would undermine the apparent coherence of the law of obligations, which has until now been built on a foundation of individual freedom. From a traditional point of view, such a principle appears at once suspect, shapeless, and burdensome. It seems unlikely to establish itself as part of a general theory of obligations, faced with such resistance. Nonetheless, it can stands as a rich and fruitful counter-theory.

Russian Abstract: Предмет/тема. Технологии прозрачности и подотчетности в последние два десятилетия проникли во все сферы социальной жизни и финансовые практики. Управленческие системы, характеризующиеся прозрачностью и подотчетностью, рассматриваются как бесспорно эффективные образцы для подражания и дальнейшего совершенствования. Тем не менее, рост прозрачности ведет и к определенным дисфункциям, которые в отечественной научной литературе обсуждаются крайне редко и бессистемно. Необходимость соблюдения баланса достоинств и дисфункций, характерных для механизмов прозрачности, при создании и оценке эффективности социально-экономических систем определяет тему данной работы.Цели/задачи: Работа посвящена анализу содержания концептов прозрачности и подотчетности в различных социально-экономических дискурсах, а также критическому анализу практик прозрачности и подотчетности в организациях и на рынках.Методология. Основным методом исследования в работе является критический дискурс-анализ. В разделе работы, посвященном анализу терминологии, использованы методы лингвистического анализа.Результаты: В работе обсуждаются понятия прозрачности, счетности, подотчетности по отношению к социально-экономическим практикам, в том числе, к управлению экономическими единицами. Показано, каким образом прозрачность проявляется в дискурсах власти, управления финансами, организации контроля в социально-экономических системах: посредством квантификации, объективизации, стандартизации, процедур контроля и аудита. Систематизированы основные достоинства и дисфункции механизмов прозрачности в обществе. Выводы/значимость. В работе систематизированы подходы к определению концептов прозрачности и подотчетности в разных социально-экономических дискурсах, сгруппированы их достоинства и недостатки. В качестве наиболее серьезных дисфункций механизмов прозрачности обсуждаются подмена реальности «картинкой», оценка акторов по этой «картинке» вместо их реальной результативности, нивелирование профессиональных и этических ценностей, потеря контроля за ситуацией в ситуациях нестабильности. Отмечается важность оценки этих дисфункций и их последствий при дизайне социально-экономических систем.English Abstract: Importance Transparency and accountability got into all spheres of social life and financial practices in the past two decades. Social systems which are characterized as transparent and the accountable are considered as undoubtedly effective models and further improvement. Nevertheless, the progress of transparency conducts some dysfunctions which also require discussion. Objectives The purpose of the article is to analyze transparency and accountability concepts in various discourses and to interpret these terms in Russian. The critical analysis of transparency and accountability practices is submitted. Methods The Critical Discourse-Analysis is used as the main method of research. The methods of linguistic analysis are applied too when Russian and English concepts’ correspondence is discussed.Results Russian terms for transparency, accountability and calculability are introduced to research practice. The paper defines the concepts of transparency, accountability and calculability in social practices, mainly referring to economic units. It is shown how transparency appears in the discourses of power, financial management and organizational control in social and economic systems: through quantification, an objectification, standardization, control and audit procedures. The main advantages of transparency are marked; they are the reduction of uncertainty in society and markets, risk of financial losses, corruption, pollution, etc., the ability to control at the distance, the objectivity of decision-making criteria. At the same time, some dysfunctions are revealed: transparency can lead to substitution of reality by the "picture" and an assessment of actors according to this "picture" instead of their real performance, to leveling of professional and ethical values, to loss a control in situations of instability.Conclusions and Relevance It is concluded that the transparency induces some dysfunctions in the socio-economic systems, not only advantages. Excessive transparency frequently causes incorrect assessments of the situation and actors. To estimate the meaning and consequences of the modern revolution of transparency will be possible only eventually.

Turkish Abstract: Sosyal bir varlik olan insanin basindan gecen olaylar sonucu edindigi tecrubeler, beseri hayattaki orgutlenme gerekcelerini degistirebilmekte veya cesitlendirebilmektedir. Yasanan bu surec devam ettigi muddetce ulusal veya uluslararasi orgutlenmelerin de hizla artacagi asikârdir. Zira toplumlari olusturan fertlerin karsilikli etkilesimiyle bu surece dahil olan farkli kesimlerin cikarlari ve kimlikleri birlesince daha genis alanlari kapsama ve kolektiflesme egilimi gorulmektedir. Bu durum, bir orgutun bunyesinde barindirdigi ulkelerin cikarlarini ve kimliklerini digerleriyle yakinlastirma egilimi icerisine girerek, bu sureci yapici manada ilerletmekte ve ortak cikar ile ortak kimlik olgusunun kapsadigi alanin da genislemesini saglamaktadir. Dolayisiyla uluslararasi bir orgut, zamanla kendi uyelerinden ozerklik kazanip, uluslararasi sistemde kendi basina siyasi bir aktor olabilme yoluna girebilme gucune ulasabilmektedir. Bu yonuyle konstruktivizm kurami, uluslararasi dengeler acisindan temel birimlerin yalnizca devletler olmadigini; devletlerin cikar ve kimliklerinin belirli bir tarihi surecle sekillenmesi yaninda Afrika Birligi’nin de yapisi geregi bu sistemin bir unsuru oldugunun altini cizmektedir.English Abstract: The experiences, which people as social beings accumulate, diversify and transform their aims of organization in social life. As this process prolongs, the number of national and international organizations shall increase rapidly. The interactions of individuals who make up societies combine with the identities and interests of different segments of people and produce a process of collectivization. This situation results in countries in an organization draw their identities and interests closer with others and enlarges the common space of identity and interest. Therefore, an international organization gains autonomy from its own members and transforms into a political actor on its own in international system. The constructivist theory underlines that states are not the only primary units in international arena, that the identity and interests of states shape through historical process and that African Union is a part of this system.

As the use of electronic medium like emails, social networking sites and other discussion groups is increasing day by day to convey our thoughts and information in our daily life; peoples are sharing their views and thoughts via them. Politicians are using them as a way to increase their popularity and propagating their parities as well as these sites is becoming a platform of online defamation. As it is always said that there are two faces of a coin so we can use social media in creating a change in our social life also it can be used as platform to destroy the reputation of anyone. The sting operations and posting the cartoon images of someone can be taken as an example of it. In this project I have tried to cover the online defamation, how they take place and what are its legal consequences in India.

Portuguese Abstract: Este artigo discute a tensao entre a Lei da Usura e o poder regulamentar do Conselho Monetario Nacional e do Banco Central do Brasil. Sua perspectiva teorica e a abordagem weberiana do processo de burocratizacao da vida social aplicada ao tema da delegacao de poderes para orgaos nao-majoritarios. A analise de um caso paradigmatico do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) e realizada para se especular sobre o papel do direito na modernizacao do capitalismo brasileiro – especialmente quanto ao tema da delegacao legislativa. A conclusao e de que o STF ainda nao conseguiu desenvolver um controle democratico dos incriveis poderes normativos indispensaveis a regulacao financeira. English Abstract: This article examines the tension between Brazilian anti-usury law and the rule-making (quase-legislative) powers of the National Monetary Council and of the Central Bank. Its theoretical background is the Weberian Sociology of Law, in particular its approach to the bureaucratization of social life. The analysis of a paradigmatic ruling of the Brazilian Supreme Court is used to provide some insights into the role of law in the modernization of Brazilian capitalism – especially, the practice of delegation to non-majoritarian institutions. The conclusion is that the Court has not yet developed a comprehensive doctrine of judicial review of the incredible powers of financial regulators.

Prohibition has been incorporated in the Constitution of India among the Directive Principles of State Policy. But, the liquor manufacturers in India are able to glorify alcohol consumption by promoting drinking in congenial social settings and through glamour and celebrity status. This study surveyed articles on alcohol consumption to note down its impact on various fronts of social life. It was found that the tendency to consume alcohol had percolated down to the youth of India. The media played a leading role in encouraging alcohol use among the youth. In Kerala, the age of alcohol consumption was 19 in 1986, by 1990 it dropped to 17, and by 1994 the age came down to 14. The positive finding was that 60 per cent effect of prohibition could be achieved only by increasing the legal age of drinking from 18 years to 21 years. This paper aims to study the negative implications of alcohol use from different angles so that policy makers would probably take a stand on prohibition. The paper also aims to dissuade individuals to use alcohol. It (the paper) calls upon the supporters of alcohol use to reduce their vigor of persuasion. The study tries to identify the research gaps so that the cost and impact of alcohol on national economies could be studied comprehensively in future.

Although it cannot be said to have been free from ideological conflict, the American experiment with democracy has indeed been a limited one. A major premise of 'The Limits of Liberalism' is that the American democratic experience has proceeded from a consensus of liberal values that excludes conflict over fundamental socioeconomic issues (p. 5). However, the study concludes that despite the best efforts of some twentieth-century public figures to eradicate it, recent experience demonstrates that contemporary American social life is beset by manifestly unequal distribution of power and wealth,a maldistribution that is stinging evidence of the failure of social egalitarians to foster by their efforts any real alteration of social and economic stratification.

French Abstract Dans cet article, je soutiendrai que dans notre monde globalise, il y a toujours plus de zones de contact ou les individus rencontrent des origines culturelles diverses et variees. Il sera interessant d'exploiter ces zones de contact dans la perspective du dialogue interculturel et de l'agir ensemble. Une ecole est un exemple d'une telle zone de contact, ou les enfants apprennent dans differents milieux culturels. Dans ces zones, nous verrons que les «moments d'emerveillement» jouent souvent un role tres important. Ma deuxieme these concerne l’importance extraordinaire des rituels dans l’apprentissage interculturel. Leur caractere performatif, leur mise en scene corporelle et leur representation constituent une condition necessaire au vivre ensemble interculturel. English Abstract In this article I shall argue that in our globalized world there are more and more areas of contact where individuals encounter diverse and varied cultural backgrounds. It will be interesting to exploit these areas of contact from the perspective of intercultural dialogue and of joint action. A school is an example of such a contact zone, where the children learn among different cultural backgrounds. In these areas, we will see that "moments of wonder" frequently play an important role. My second argument concerns the extraordinary importance of rituals in intercultural learning. Their performative character, their bodily staging and their representation constitute a necessary condition for intercultural social life.

Criminology’s Forgotten Genesis? Crime is a phenomenon of organized social life, and is the open rebellion of an individual against his social environment. Naturally then, if men are suddenly transported from one environment to another, the result is lack of harmony with the new conditions; lack of harmony with the new physical surroundings leading to disease and death or modification of physique; lack of harmony with social surroundings leading to crime. (DuBois, p. 235)

Online social networks (OSN) are major platforms of ICT-enabled communication, supporting place-independent social life; however, recent findings suggest that geographical location of users strongly affect network topography. Therefore, OSNs may be simultaneously related to locations and also unlocked from offline geographies. Our paper addresses this dual-faced phenomenon analysing location-specific impact on the spread of online communities and the average involvement in them. Findings on iWiW, a leading OSN in Hungary with more than 4 million users, suggest that user rate (proxy for spread) is positively associated with geographical proximity of Budapest, the single urban centre in the country. On the other hand, the average number of connections (proxy for involvement) is independent from geographical proximity of the capital and it is even higher in peripheral regions when controlling for other offline factors. We find that proximity favours offline spread of OSNs while involvement in these platforms is independent from distance.