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We investigate how volume flexibility, defined by a sourcing cost premium beyond a base capacity, at a local responsive supplier impacts the decision to reshore supply. The buyer also has access to a remote supplier that is cheaper with no restrictions to volume flexibility. We show that with unit lead time difference between both suppliers, the optimal dual sourcing policy is a modified dual base-stock policy with three base-stock levels. Fast orders follow a modified base-stock policy with two base-stock levels: the inventory position is raised to the higher base-stock level by using the base capacity; no overtime is used if this order increases the inventory position above the lower base-stock level. Else, the base capacity and overtime are used to raise the inventory position up to the low base-stock level. After ordering from the fast supplier, an order to the slow supplier is placed to raise the inventory position to a third base-stock level. Surprisingly, in contrast to single sourcing with limited volume flexibility, a more complex dual sourcing model results in a “simpler" policy that replaces demand in each period. The latter allows analytical insights into the sourcing split between the responsive and the remote supplier. Our analysis shows how increased volume flexibility at responsive suppliers promotes the decision to reshore operations and effectively serves as a (cost) benefit. It also shows how investing in base capacity or additional volume flexibility act as strategic substitutes.

“Crunch”— the cyclical labor practice used to ensure delivery of content for commercial release within a certain time frame—is an unregulated and unconscionable convention. While common in a variety of industries, it is particularly disruptive in, and the root cause for, many of the video game industry’s shortcomings. Crunch in the video game industry is most commonly comprised of excessive, and often lengthy, durations of mandatory unpaid-overtime hours and an unspoken stigma for any who condemn a studio’s policies on a rushed production. Video game crunch is a direct result of the limited labor protections currently afforded to individuals within the industry and the rapid expansion of video games as a form of mainstream entertainment globally. Thus far, only one other scholarly article addresses the labor concerns facing the video game industry, and that article has a very narrow focus on how a recent development in California’s approach for classifying an individuals’ employment status would affect the video game workforce’s ability to unionize in that state. Currently, there is no other academic literature specifically addressing crunch labor conditions, and my Article fills this substantial gap by providing readers with a much broader analysis of the issues. This Article provides a general background into the rise of the video game industry into a global phenomenon and a detailed understanding of what crunch entails to capture the significance of its consequences. It then provides an analysis of the relevant federal and state labor provisions for which any redress must be relied upon. As Texas is the second-largest hub for video game development in the United States and its industry reach is growing in response to the economic incentives provided by Governor Abbott, this Article takes a targeted approach for addressing the industry-wide problem. This Article advocates against the use of unionization as a means of redress for the industry’s workforce, arguing it would be largely ineffective given the current state of the industry. This Article alternatively advocates for Texas to pass the substantive provisions of a labor act developed in the Article in order to address the core issues behind crunch. Specifically, this Article argues that the Texas state legislature should be tasked with expanding upon the minimum labor protections already afforded to its citizens by the federal Fair Labor Standards Act by passing provisions that include the following: (I) limiting the amount of overtime that can be mandated from an individual, (2) introducing the applicability of overtime pay provisions beyond who is currently considered under the Fair Labor Standards Act, and (3) expanding anti-retaliation provisions beyond internal complaints from an individual. The State must make this legislative push. Without it there will be no sustainable path for unionization to become a viable option for approaching labor concerns in the industry’s future. The economic benefits provided to the State by the success of this industry and the Texas legislature’s worker-centric ideology warrant this moderate legislative intervention.

The legal identity of on-demand platform workers has become a central site of conflict between labor and industry. Amidst growing economic inequality, labor representatives and workers have demanded that platform workers be afforded employee benefits and protections, including minimum wage and overtime rights. Platform industrialists, meanwhile, have proffered a new regulatory category of worker—neither employee nor independent contractor—that limits the protections available to the workforce, legalizes unpredictable, digitally-personalized piece-pay, and constricts a worker’s right to negotiate different terms. To date, legal and socio-legal scholars have primarily analyzed this third category of worker, codified by Proposition 22 in the state of California, in race-neutral terms. In this Article, I make visible the racial politics of this tiered system of worker protection. Using historical, legal, and ethnographic methodologies, I argue that the wage system created by Prop 22 and the third category of worker has been both rationalized (by industry) and contested (by labor) through a recognition of systemic racial inequalities. Adopting the language of racial justice, platform employers justified the elimination of pay for all time spent laboring and other worker protections as a means of providing economic opportunities to struggling immigrants and racial minorities. Workers, however, argued that the corporate recognition of racial inequality strategically neutralized political support for employment protections, including the minimum wage, thereby remaking racialized economic hierarchies and undermining labor solidarity. Drawing on historical comparisons made by platform workers campaigning against Prop 22, Part I situate the third category of worker within a genealogy of industry-sponsored racial wage codes, proposals, and debates during the First and Second New Deals. In Part II, I argue that companies supporting Prop 22, like their early twentieth century counterparts, strategically used race as a resource to eliminate access to employment protections. Finally, in Part III, I analyze how platform workers who collectively fought the passage of Prop 22 rejected the rhetorical liberalism of their employers and examine their actions and visions for a path to racial and economic justice. Building on the workers’ analyses and actions, I argue that facially neutral employment and labor rights carve-outs for the gig workforce are made possible by and reproduce racial subjugation. As the platform companies attempt to spread their Prop 22 wage model in other locales, lawmakers and labor representatives shaping or re-defining minimum employment standards must consider the racialized consequences of this formative reality.

To what extent do US firms have an incentive to comply with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)? I examine this question through a simple comparison of the expected costs of noncompliance (in terms of legal sanctions) to the profits firms can earn through noncompliance. In the case of the FLSA minimum wage and overtime provisions, typical willful violators are required to pay back wages owed and in some cases additional penalties, if detected by the Department of Labor (DOL). Based on available data on the penalties levied, a typical firm would need to expect a chance of at least 78–88 percent that its violation would be detected in order to have an incentive to comply with the FLSA. In practice, the probability of detection many firms can expect to face is likely much lower than this. In the case of the NLRA, a firm that fires a worker illegally is required to reinstate the worker with back pay if the violation is detected. Based on empirical estimates of the effect of unionization on firm profits, a typical firm may have an incentive to fire a worker illegally for union activities if this illegal firing would reduce the likelihood of unionization at the firm by as little as 0.15–2 percent. These analyses illustrate that neither the FLSA nor the NLRA penalty and enforcement regimes create sufficient incentive to comply for many firms. In this context, the substantial evidence of minimum wage and overtime violations, and of illegal employer behavior toward unions, is not surprising.

A worker’s classification as either independent contractor or employee drives whether a worker is entitled to minimum wage, overtime, worker’s compensation, unemployment compensation, anti-discrimination protection, NLRA protections, and many other safety-net protections. During COVID-19, unemployment protections were extended to independent contractors, but this is not the norm and likely will not continue post-pandemic. Classifying certain workers, particularly those who work in the gig economy, is challenging, so states are looking for an answer – either through their own innovation or through that of other states. California’s answer was AB5. AB5’s goals were to correct misclassification issues for app-based drivers and other workers. A plethora of workers including court reporters, freelance writers and photographers, coaches, truckers, performing artists (mimes, magicians, comedians, etc.), and musicians rebuked AB5. AB5 is well known beyond California’s borders as it received, and continues to receive, nationwide attention because it reclassified app-based drivers (such as Uber, Lyft, DoorDash, etc.) as employees. This reclassification was ineffectual because Uber’s Prop 22 passed in November 2020 rendering app-based drivers exempt from California’s worker classification law. As Justice Brandeis said, one of the benefits of federalism is that states can act as “laboratories of democracy.” Experimental federalism can provide for collective learning across the states if they are all experimenting, but often states look to one another for innovative solutions so that they can free-ride instead of experiment. Some states that are looking for an improved worker classification law seek to learn from, and potentially free-ride on, California’s AB5 “experiment.” In considering whether to adopt AB5 or a similar statute, states should consider, at a minimum, three factors: relevancy of the law to their state, ease in obtaining information about the law, and the costs to adopt, implement, and enforce the law. This article assists policymakers and interest groups by providing a detailed look at the AB5 experiment including the impact of Uber’s Prop 22. This article applies the aforementioned three factors and determines that California’s law, while well-intentioned is likely not valuable for, or adoptable by, other states or the federal government partly because it contains 109 exemptions. Ultimately, this article concludes that to maximize the benefits of experimental federalism, a group of states, both homogenous and heterogenous to California, should experiment with more novel approaches to reach a more optimal solution to worker (mis)classification. Adopting California’s worker classification law will result in states following a sub-optimal law and delay states from reaching a better solution. Workers need protections, but California’s worker classification law does not sufficiently satisfy this need.

We calibrate to the Brazilian economy a model of means of payment choice, where households have different preferences over anonymity. Financial sector is monopolistically competitive and may break the link between borrowing and lending rates. A sufficiently attractive digital currency reduces holdings of both cash and bank deposits. Since cash use is costly, the digital currency may increase welfare. However, if banks are liquidity constrained, the digital currency may result in less loans and output, and then reduce welfare. The digital currency interest remuneration can be set and be adjusted overtime to optimally balance this trade-off.

If an employer can take away the right of “acting together” from its employees and force them to proceed only “individually” to enforce rights related to their wages and other terms and conditions of employment, the employer has interfered with or restrained the “collective power of individuals” that Alexis de Tocqueville observed in Democracy in America. The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932, the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 are all New Deal era statutes – all of which are still in force today – which provide for the right of employees to proceed collectively or in concert. These statutes were the culmination of decades of struggle in workplaces and communities, state and federal legislatures, and state and federal courtrooms. Each rests on detailed Congressional findings that individual employees do not “commonly” enjoy “actual liberty of contract” or “full freedom of association” and have an “inequality in bargaining power” vis a vis the employer, and that “collective” actions to resolve disputes over the terms and conditions of employment are in the interest of employees and the public. And while it is rarely noticed today, from 1923 to 1925, the Supreme Court issued three unanimous decisions on the unconstitutionality of “compulsory arbitration,” holding that compulsory arbitration implicates the due process and liberty of contract protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, except in temporary emergencies. See, e.g., Charles Wolff Packing Co. v. Court of Indus. Rel., 267 U.S. 552, 565-66 (1925). In Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, 138 S.Ct. 1612, 1624-25 (2018), a 5-4 majority opinion, written by the then-new Justice Neil Gorsuch, upheld compulsory arbitration agreements with “class action waivers” in three companion cases, even though the waivers clearly constituted unbargained-for restraints on the collective enforcement action provided in Section 16(b) of the Fair Labor Standards Act. All of the cases involved the right to receive overtime pay, which applies even when employees earn more than the minimum wage. In upholding the class/collective action waivers, the majority opinion in Epic displayed a near total ignorance of class and representative actions in “the old, nearly forgotten world before 1966," Elizabeth K. Spahn, “Resurrecting the Spurious Class,” 71 Geo. L.J. 119, 120 (1982). It also displayed a woeful ignorance of the history of the use of “liberty of contract” theories to block the enforcement of wage and hour standards, and Congress’ rejection of those theories in the legislative findings and declarations of policies of the New Deal legislation.

The conventional 40-hour workweek has been a fixture of the American workplace for almost a century. Standard working hours of nine-to-five, Monday-to-Friday, are customary even for workers exempted from overtime under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA). But the traditional 40-hour workweek is no longer a fit for the modern family or the modern worker. It is time for its demise. In the decades since passage of the FLSA, the influx of women in the workforce and the growth of exempt knowledge work have rendered the traditional 40-hour workweek both needlessly restrictive, in the case of work-life conflict, and effectively meaningless, in the case of the information age worker who labors 24/7. The recent revolution in remote work, precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic, auspiciously permits a new approach to working hours, especially for exempt, “remote-ready” workers—that is, white-collar workers engaged in cognitive labor, who have the proven capacity to work offsite. Where exempt, remote-ready workers are already widely expected to work outside of so-called office hours, they should not be beholden to keep regular office hours, too. We should release them from the false confines of nine-to-five, for more fluid integration of work and life. By amending the FLSA regulations to make scheduling freedom a condition of white-collar exemption, and restricting employers from setting hours of work for this cohort, we could productively disrupt the outdated workweek for all.

The stability of financial institutions in coordinating and navigating the affairs of a nation’s economy is considered as a bedrock of economic development for any nation. The need to create an efficient financial system anchored on financial stability and effectiveness has become more imperative overtime in order to ensure economic growth. There is also the imminent need for financial institutions (Traditional and non-traditional financial institutions) to acclimatize to the trends of financial digitalization across the globe. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the NDIC (Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation) are two financial bodies ladened with the responsibility of overseeing and managing the system of banking in Nigeria. This paper seeks to examine the roles of these two financial bodies in Nigeria in ensuring financial stability in the country’s economy.

Work hours and scheduling matter for the well-being of those employed throughout the state in Illinois, perhaps now more than ever. Before Chicago implemented the Fair Workweek ordinance (FWW) in July 2020, we issued a large-scale, geographically, and demographically representative survey of workers throughout Illinois, at the end of 2019, of over 3,000 employed. This survey provides a portrait of at least eight dimensions of work hours and schedules, their distribution by type of job and worker and across 23 different industries - those covered by Chicago’s ordinance and those uncovered. It tests empirically for their association with five indicators of workers’ well-being by focusing on: Wanting more hours (underemployment, hours inadequacy); Least to most hours worked (variability or instability); Irregular shift times; On-call work; Short advance notice of schedule; Schedules set by employer with little to no input from workers; Schedules changing after posting; and Overtime hours that are mandatory.

COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease and has been spread to most countries of the world with unprecedented transmission speed. Medical resources and treatments provided by the healthcare system are most critical to reduce the mortality rate of COVID-19 and to contain the spread of COVID-19 by isolating infectious individuals. We introduce a modified SEIR model with consideration of individuals’ access to limited medical resources to characterize the vital role of critical medical resources during the pandemic. We discuss how the three different hospital admission policies (hierarchy, mixed, and Fangcang sheltered healthcare system) affect the spread of the disease and the number of deaths and infections. We find that Fangcang shelter system results in the least number of infections, deaths as well as occupied beds among all three systems. In addition, when the hospital capacity is relatively high or transmission rate of the mildly infected patient is not ignorable, a mixed system can result in a lower number of infections and deaths but higher occupied beds than a hierarchy system because it prevents the disease transmission to a great extent. Public policies of social distancing play an important role in moderating the spreads overtime. We investigate the performance of the three healthcare systems under a static social distancing policy. We find that, under a static social distancing policy, a Fangcang shelter system results in the largest reduction in infections and deaths. Moreover, we conduct simulations on two types of dynamic lockdown policies and find that an effective dynamic lockdown policy should smooth the burden of a healthcare system and keeping minimum disruption of economic activities. That is, a lockdown that occurs either too early or two late could result in more deaths and infections.

This paper studies how former interest groups’ employees turned politicians (who we label as lobbyist legislators) influence the voting behavior of their colleague legislators. Using the alphabetic allocation of seats in the European Parliament and detailed individual resume information, we find that legislators connected to lobbyist legislators are 7% more likely to coincide in their ballot with that of the lobbyist legislator only when the subject of the vote is deemed of importance to the interest group’s economic activity. Lobbyist legislators are influencing their connections’ ballots by achieving a 44% reduction in voting abstention. Lobbyist legislators substantially increase the likelihood of their connections casting their same ballot during high-stakes votes, however legislators slowly learn from their connections’ leanings and preferences, and tend to deviate overtime. All the effects are similar in size to that of being connected to lead legislators responsible for calling the party’s position in each motion.

It is widely explored that problems in developing society related to think and act logically and reflectively in a social context positively correlates with the cognition skill. In most developing societies, people are busy with problems that they face daily (i.e. working overtime), limits their cognitive capacity to properly process a social stimulus, which mostly asked their thoughtful response. Thus, a better design in social stimulus to tackle problematic behaviour, such as littering, to name a few, becomes more prominent. During the last decade, nudge has been famous for its subtle approach for behaviour change – however, there is relatively little known of the method applied in the developing society. The current article reviews the nudge approach to change human behaviour from two perspectives: cognitive science and consumer psychology. The article concludes that intervention using the nudge approach could be beneficial for current problematic behaviour.

How do public sector workers balance pro-social motivations with private interests? In this study of police officers, an arrest often requires working overtime. We document two consequences to officer behavior. First, contrary to popular wisdom, officers reduce arrests near the end of their shift, and the quality of arrests increases. Second, officers further reduce late-shift arrests on days in which they “moonlight” after work. Using these results, we estimate a dynamic model that identifies officers’ implied tradeoff between private and pro-social motivations. Incentives created by overtime pay are insufficiently large to change police decision-making at the margin.

The paper presents an alternative incentive scheme to overcome some of the challenges posed by usual kind of pay-for-performance employee wage contracts offered by the firms.

Overtime, corporate social responsibility has morphed from being perceived as an irrelevant concept outside corporate governance, to being recognized as a core organizational objective. In the contemporary business world, managers employ the concept as a strategic tool for compliance with regulations and the maintenance of standards. The concept of corporate social responsibility is also liked to company reputation and has for a long time commanded consumer loyalty. However, there are still debates as to the place of corporate social responsibility and whether indeed it is a subset of corporate governance. In order to determine this, it is imperative to first get a more nuanced understanding of the concept. This paper attempts to unravel the ontology of corporate social responsibility in corporate governance by tracing its historical origins, its development and its role in corporate governance. This chapter also delves into the legal aspects of corporate social responsibility, its role and significance, emerging global trends and challenges to corporate social responsibility.

The conditions of Nigeria’s environmental landscape has degraded overtime due to waste pollution. With an estimated population of over two hundred million, the waste pollution level is one that is bound to be on a perpetual rise, most especially in urbanized areas of the country. Lagos state, with an estimated population of fourteen million , will be at the forefront of this problem due to its growing population which would consequently lead to more waste pollution within its environs. This paper suggests that sufficient knowledge of the impact of poor waste management on the health of individuals would lead to positive waste management behaviors.

Relaxation of restrictions is hitting the headlines after weeks into lockdown due to COVID-19 disease. Consistent decrease of the death rates is a condition on the relaxation that was mostly referred to in the mass media. Our analysis of top 10 most hit countries show clear difference in trend of total death curves. The different convergence in the curvature of death rates support different relaxation plans between countries, even neighbors on the continent. In this paper we propose a real data based approach to estimate the daily death toll and long-run dynamics of the epidemic evolution. The proposed approach captures the rate of change in both daily deaths and new cases overtime, and the model predictions are estimated recursively based on latest observed rates and total death. While the analysis does not aim to make medical or healthcare suggestions, based on real observed number of death and confirmed cases, the proposed approach and results provide a useful and transparent way to capture the trend of epidemic evolution which does not rely on insights and assumptions of specific strategies or allocation of public healthcare resources.

Competition Law has adopted an international/global dimension overtime. One of the first notable attempts to globalize competition law among nations was the 1980 UN Set of Multinational Agreed Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices. Although a promise this international instrument was not adopted by states due to varied reasons ranging from: political, social and economic differences among states. This paper critically analyzes the rules by offering its advantages and disadvantages and whilst doing so the paper argues that for there to be complete harmonization of competition law there is need to have binding rules as non - binding rules tend to make numerous states reluctant in ratifying and committing themselves to international treaties. Will international harmonization of competition law remain a global dream?

This paper studies the employment and income effects of a federal proposal in 2016 to expand overtime coverage to additionally cover salaried workers earning between $455 and $913 per week ($23,660 and $47,476 per annum). Although the policy was unexpectedly nullified a week before its proposed effective date, using detailed administrative payroll data covering one-sixth of the U.S. workforce, I find clear evidence that firms nevertheless responded to the policy by bunching workers' earnings at the new $913 exemption threshold. On average, the base salary of directly affected workers who remain employed increased by 1.4%. Meanwhile, for every hundred workers who would have gained coverage under the policy, 10 jobs were reclassified from salaried to hourly. Preliminary analysis also suggests that there may have been negative employment effects. Examining the distribution of these margins of adjustments, I find that the positive income effect accrued entirely to workers who were bunched at the $913 threshold but would otherwise have earned between $720 and $913 per week, whereas the reclassification and negative employment effects were spread across jobs paying within the entire range of newly covered base salaries.

We exploit a federal law that affords firms the ability to avoid paying overtime wages when an employee is classified as a manager and paid a salary above a pre-defined dollar threshold. We show that listings for salaried managerial positions exhibit an 89% increase around the regulatory threshold, including the listing of managerial positions such as "directors of first-impression", "lead reservationists", and "coffee cart managers". Overtime avoidance is more pronounced when firms have stronger bargaining power and employees have weaker rights. Moreover, it is more pronounced for firms with financial constraints, and when there are weaker labor outside options in the region. We find stronger results for occupations in industries that are penalized more often for overtime violations. Our results suggest broad usage of overtime avoidance using job titles across locations and over time, persisting through the present day.

The importance of services trade and “servicification” of economic activity has grown in countries overtime. However, regulatory and administrative barriers to the movement of service suppliers have meant that “Mode 4” accounted for only 2.1% of total services trade in 2005 and 2.9% in 2017. While trade costs for services have been computed in the literature, barriers specific to Mode 4 services trade have not yet been quantified. We contribute by constructing an index to quantify regulatory barriers to the movement of service suppliers, using qualitative information embedded in OECD data on services trade restrictions, and estimate its effects on the four “modes” of services supply. Results show that the Mode 4 restrictiveness index is negatively correlated with services imports in three of the four modes of services delivery that require proximity between buyers and sellers. These findings underline the need for countries to refrain from imposing prohibitive restrictions on service suppliers in the wake of Covid-19.

We examine the intraday returns and volatility in the US equity market amid the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Our empirical results suggest increase in volatility overtime with mostly negative returns and higher volatility in last trading session of the day. Our Univariate analysis reveal structural break(s) since the first trading halt in March 2020 and that failure to account for this may lead to biased and unstable conditional estimates. Allowing for time varying conditional variance and conditional correlation, our dynamic conditional correlation tests suggest that COVID-19 cases and deaths are jointly related to stock returns and realised volatility.

Work sharing policies seek to reduce the work schedule of individuals as a means to preserve their jobs. This paper assesses the impact of the short-lived Employment Protection Program (EPP), the Brazilian work sharing program that was active between 2015 and 2018, on employment. Using administrative data of the program, the results show that establishments that participate in the program present higher employment levels than non-participant establishments after the program. Furthermore, the effect of EPP on employment is not immediate and increases overtime.

We use representative payroll data from Great Britain to document novel facts about nominal wage adjustments, focusing on workers who stayed in the same firm and job from one year to the next. The richness of these data allows us to analyse basic pay and the other components of earnings, such as overtime and incentive pay, while accounting for hours worked. Weekly and hourly basic pay show signs of downward nominal rigidity, but non-basic pay components adjust more commonly. Unusually, these payroll-based data also report the wage rates of hourly-paid employees. A quarter of these workers typically see no change in their wage rates from one year to the next in the same job, and very few experience wage cuts. We exploit the employer-employee link in the data and find evidence of state-dependent pay setting, depending on the business cycle and whether firms are shrinking or expanding. Finally, we show that the basic and non-basic wages of new hires and existing employees are similarly flexible.

This paper discusses the short- and medium-term fiscal implications of government wage bill spending. Working with a sample of 137 advanced, emerging and low-income countries, we use a panel VAR approach to identify differences in the dynamic behavior of revenues, nonwage expenditures, and the overall fiscal balance in response to changes in the wage bill. We show that the interaction between wage bill changes and these three fiscal items is alike and varies overtime. Higher wage bill spending does not revert in the medium term, but the initial worsening of the fiscal balance associated with it, though it persists, eventually halves as revenues increase while non-wage spending remains broadly unchanged. We also show that countries differ in how these three fiscal variables behave following wage bill changes and seek to explain this variation by a set of country characteristics, including the level of development, access to natural resources and public indebtedness levels.

Overtime, as the earth evolved, technology advancement also continues to evolve in the aspects of human brain matter. People are now literate and becoming more innovative in transforming the old trends or systems with the use of complicated things that intermingle with the technological aspects into tools that give substantial benefits to society's use. XBRL is one of the most prominent technology in this 21st-century era. While XBRL has been widely used by countries around the world, however, the existence is still not viable. This thus contributes to research on the impact of XBRL in emerging countries. This study will also examine the challenges, effects and benefits of adopting or implementing XBRL. The research used secondary data; existing literature focusing on the context of emerging countries to analyze XBRL's impact. In addition, further understanding regarding XBRL also included to enhance the knowledge and awareness in regards of the technology. The study concludes that XBRL could benefit stakeholders across the supply chain, and there were several alternatives to address the challenges. While the effects, they mainly give the stakeholders positive impacts that co contribute to the benefits of using XBRL.

Bulgarian Abstract: В научното изследване се анализира институтът на извънредния труд в българското трудово право в контекста на новите обществени реалности и потребността от неговото актуализиране. На база на анализа се обосновават предложения за усъвършенстване на законодателството и приложимостта на извънредния труд в разширителен план. English Abstract: The research examines the institute of overtime in Bulgarian labor law in the context of the new social realities and the need to update it. On the basis of the analysis, proposals for improvement of the legislation and the broad applicability of overtime are substantiated.

Since the mid 1980’s, Sustainable Development as a term has been made prominent and played a central role in discussions about environmental policies, academic studies and governmental initiatives. Overtime, Sustainable development has been seen to be primarily centered on society and its ability to integrate environmental consideration in driving societal change. While the concept of sustainable development (SD) generally refers to achieving a balance among the environmental, economic, and social pillars of sustainability, the meaning and associated objectives of the social pillar remain vague. Indeed, it has been described as the most conceptually elusive pillar in SD discourse. This paper forms a part of efforts to define contextually the principles of social sustainability as seen in the Ghanaian construction industry. It assesses the knowledge level of design professionals (Architects) on the principles of social sustainability. This study was carried out using 85 practicing Architects from all over the country and attempts to identify the degree to which these professionals understand and can identify with the principles of Sustainability.

This note addresses three of the unintended consequences of the State of Illinois’s application of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) to Domestic Service for Individuals with Disabilities. These individuals often have major medical needs and Illinois’s application of the FLSA to health care services threatens the health and well-being of people with disabilities. This note will discuss how the implementation of new overtime rules based on the FLSA will (1) violate the Illinois Administrative Procedures Act; (2) violate Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act and the United States Supreme Court’s holding in Olmstead; and (3) will explore the ways other States have implemented the FLSA overtime requirements without putting their resident’s health at risk.

Reforms are always good for any economy as these are meant for but the end results depend on the implementation and execution. In case of India, reforms were carried out with right intentions to increase economic activities and clean-up and plug-in different structural imperfections which have crept in overtime and had been unattended for long. However it is well known fact that every change in structure requires some gestation time to adjust before things return to normalcy and Indian economy was not an exception to this. But the way just in few quarters, these structural changes have been introduced; it seems that the government was in haste. Also the way these changes were implemented it indicates that there was hardly any well planned execution strategy; a clear sign of gross mismanagement of economic affairs.

Human rights have been expressed as the inalienable rights of humans all over the world. By virtue of this, the protection and preservation of human rights is a duty that should be steadfastly performed by Countries all over the world. Nigeria is not left out in the performance of the duty to uphold the human rights of her citizens. In the discharge of her solemn duty to preserve the human rights of her citizens, Section 33 to Section 44 of the 1999 Constitution of The Federal Republic of Nigeria as amended, clearly provides for the protection of the human rights of Nigerian citizens. The continued existence of any society is hinged on the existence of laws to regulate human behavior. Again, in the realization of the indispensable nature of laws to societal growth, Nigeria has overtime, enacted laws to not only regulate human conduct but also to protect the lives and interests of citizens. Among the plethora of laws enacted in Nigeria include the various Anti-Grazing Laws of some states in Nigeria. In a nutshell, these anti-grazing laws seek to grind to a halt, the numerous violent clashes between cattle herdsmen and farmers in Nigeria. The goal of this paper is to analyze the implications of the different anti-grazing laws in Nigeria on the human rights of the citizens affected by these laws, regardless of whether they are herdsmen or farmers.

Firms sometimes have problems with their products or management systems: problems that can lead to catastrophic events. However, while workers in these firms are often aware of these problems, they sometimes fail to report them to their superiors. This paper examines workers’ incentives for concealing problems within an overlapping generations organization consisting of a subordinate and a manager. The results reveal that concealment exhibits strategic complementarity across different generations, which can lead to multiple equilibria. Further, imposing punishment and rewards on managers may paradoxically increase the motivation for concealment (JEL D23, D82, M51).

A stock market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks (shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses which may include securities listed on a public stock exchange as well as those traded privately. We have seen through the years that people have incurred high losses which have led to devastations of lives and hence a need for prediction system arises which can be trusted and consistent throughout the life cycle. Also predicting stock prices is an important task of financial time series forecasting, which is of primary interest to stock investors, stock traders and applied researchers. Precisely predicting stocks is essential for investors to gain enormous profits. However the volatility of the market makes this kind of prediction is highly difficult. We show that Data Mining and Machine Learning could be used to guide an investor’s decisions. The main aim is to build a model with the help of Data Mining techniques such as Knn which can be used for classification and regression combined with Machine Learning techniques like Genetic algorithm, SVR along with Sentiment Analysis based social media text, which forecast’s stock price for companies. The system if correctly implemented will help investors and new users to kick start the investment process and can provide undue benefits. The system can be enhanced by considering the input parameters and the data considered overtime.

We study the problem of advance scheduling of ward admission requests in a public hospital, which affects the usage of critical resources such as operating theaters and hospital beds. Given the stochastic arrivals of patients and their uncertain usage of resources, it is often infeasible for the planner to devise a risk-free schedule to meet these requests without violating resource capacity constraints and creating negative effects that include healthcare overtime, longer patient waiting times, and even bed shortages. The difficulty of quantifying these costs and the need to safeguard against their overutilization lead us to propose a resource satisficing framework that renders the violation of resource constraints less likely and also diminishes their impact whenever they occur. The risk of resource overutilization is captured by our resource satisficing index (RSI), which is inspired by Aumann and Serrano (2008) riskiness index and is calibrated to coincide with the expected utilization rate when the random resource usage corresponds to some referenced probability distribution commonly associated with the type of resource. RSI, unlike the expected utilization rate, is risk sensitive and could better mitigate the risks of overutilization. Our satisficing approach aims to balance out the overutilization risks by minimizing the largest RSIs among all resources and time periods, which, under our proposed partial adaptive scheduling policy, can be formulated and solved via a converging sequence of mixed-integer optimization problems. A computational study establishes that our approach reduces resource overutilization risks to a greater extent than does the benchmark method using the first fit (FF) heuristics.

Working from home (WfH) has become much more common since the early 2000s. We exploit the German Socio-Economic Panel between 1997 and 2014 to investigate how such a work arrangement affects labour market outcomes and life satisfaction. We find that childless employees work an extra hour per week of unpaid overtime and report higher satisfaction after taking up WfH. Among parents, WfH reduces the gender gap in working hours and monthly earnings, as contractual hours increase more among mothers. Hourly wages, however, increase with WfH take-up among fathers, but not among mothers unless they change employer. This points to poorer bargaining outcomes for women compared to men when staying with the same employer. Controlling for selection into paid employment due to changes in unobserved characteristics or preferences does not affect the magnitude of the effects.

Since independence of the Nigerian state in 1960, insecurity remains the greatest hindrance to sustainable development with varied issues of insecurity emanating from a wide range of sources overtime. While the state adopts different models to combat the security challenges generated, the deficits in the management of security sector governance becomes an issue of great concern and need to be factored as a critical component for maintaining and sustaining development and human security. This is against the backdrop that the law enforcement system in Nigeria is fraught with a lot of issues and challenges that negatively impact on development. This paper therefore reviewed the human security challenges facing the Nigerian state and critically examined the role that security sector governance plays in addressing those developmental challenges. The paper adopted a historical approach and qualitative descriptive method of research and also human security provisioning as theoretical framework for analysis. The paper concluded that a comprehensive reform of the of the security sector with a standard set for security governance remains critical to efforts aimed at addressing the developmental challenges of Nigeria.

Complex wage and hour litigation often involves an enormous amount of time records, payroll data, and other related information. Sorting and analyzing the mountain of data from numerous sources can be a colossal and convoluted task. To add to it, there may be gaps of missing employment information that requires some sort of extrapolation or scientifically-backed assumptions to be made in order to assess damages or liability. In this paper, we discuss general wage and hour data management issues, sampling and surveying, and the concept of statistical significance in employment and wage and hour litigation, as well as provide a case study as an example of the use of sampling and surveys in an overtime mis-classification case.

The quantification of how aspects of a job are valued by employees sheds light on the potential for labor market reform in Japan. Using a nationwide sample of 1,046 working-age adults, we conduct a choice experiment that examines individuals’ willingness to trade wages against job characteristics such as the extent of overtime, job security, the possibility of work transfer and relocation. Our results suggest that: i) workers have high WTP (willingness to pay) to avoid extreme overtime and work transfer, ii) women have higher WTP than men, and iii) higher WTP for women are driven in part by feelings of guilt.

Motivated by operational challenges facing adopters of new technologies in the healthcare sector, we study how to admit and schedule heterogeneous patients when capacity is scarce. We model schedule-dependent no-show behavior and overtime costs as two important features that can significantly affect operational performance. We start by formulating the problem as a nonlinear integer optimization problem. However, since the solution to this formulation lacks both tractability and interpretability, to be relevant to practice, we limit our study to simple and interpretable policies that can be implemented in practice. In particular, we propose a simple index-based rule and derive analytical performance guarantees for it, which reveal its strong performance compared to the optimal solution. Our analytical performance analysis also demonstrates the robustness of the proposed policy to potential misspecification of no-show probabilities which are hard to accurately estimate in practice. Importantly, we test the validating of our approach through partnership with the proton therapy center of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), which offers a new radiation technology for cancer patients. We calibrate our model using empirical data from our partner hospital, and conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the performance of our proposed policy under practical circumstances. Put together, these experiments show that our proposed policy, despite being a simple and interpretable index-based rule, is capable of improving performance by about 20\% at an organization such as MGH, and of delivering results that are not far from being optimal across a wide range of parameters that might vary between organizations. This suggests that the proposed policy can be viewed as an effective “one-fits-all” capacity allocation rule that can be used in a variety of environments in which operational challenges such as no-shows and overtime costs need to be navigated using simple and interpretable rules.

Appointment no-shows are common in outpatient clinics and increase clinic costs and patients’ dissatisfaction. We develop a framework to predict the no-show probabilities of a given set of patients, and to subsequently employ these predictions to find the optimal appointment schedule. Some existing work assumes that all patients have the same no-show probability (1-class approach); other work assumes that patients have either a low or a high no-show probability (2-class approach). In contrast, we utilize probabilistic classifiers to obtain the individual patients’ no-show probabilities (N-class approach). Our approach results in better-quality schedules, as measured by a weighted average of patient waiting time and provider overtime. We also find that a small increase in the prediction performance (measured by the Brier score) translates into a large decrease in the schedule cost. Our results are obtained through a large-scale computational study and validated on a real-world data set from an outpatient clinic.

The issue of human resource availability has always affected operations. This study then aims to assess the human resource availability situations, problems and preventive measures of the airline companies in Thailand. This research utilized a survey type of research using the mixed method involving 50 respondents of three airline companies. The data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation to test the hypothesis. It was found that most of the employees were the cabin crew and that most of them were willing to work overtime due to lack of employees. The most serious problem encountered was on the insufficient number who can speak other languages. There is no significant relationship between human resource availability and the problems encountered. Each airline company implemented preventive measures to solve problems. It is concluded that the human resource availability situation is still within the control of the company; however, training needs enhancement to include learning foreign languages.

The study investigated the dynamic relationship between oil prices and Real GDP growth in Nigeria over time by making use of time varying Bayesian VAR with Stochastic volatility. I distinguished between supply and demand shocks by means of a sign restriction. First, the study found that, the response of the Nigerian economy has been varying overtime. Also, GDP growth responds positively to both supply and demand shocks. However, the magnitude of the response to demand shock is larger compared to that of supply shocks. This suggests that overtime an increase in oil prices due to shocks in demand matter most for the Nigerian economy.

Training has evolved over time, as well as its concept, techniques and approaches, however, the most famous models have remained overtime. A sub-investment in training is occurring in companies. Generational change and new issues are gaining relevance, as well as digital skills and the inclusion of women, which foresees an uncertain future of organizations. This article, through a documentary research, analyzes the general issues of training, theoretical models and points out new tendencies.

Buried deep within the 2,232-page omnibus federal spending bill passed by Congress in March 2, was an obscure, half-page provision entitled the “Save America’s Pastime Act” (SAPA). The SAPA was inserted into the spending bill at the last minute at the behest of Major League Baseball (MLB), following several years—and several million dollars—worth of lobbying efforts. MLB pursued the legislation to insulate its minor-league pay practices from legal challenge after they had become the subject of a federal class-action lawsuit alleging that the league’s teams failed to pay minor-league players in accordance with the Fair Labor Standards Act’s (FLSA) minimum-wage and overtime provisions. The SAPA helps shield MLB from these claims by creating a new statutory exemption largely excluding most professional baseball players from the protections of the FLSA. This article provides the first substantive analysis of the SAPA. Specifically, it asserts that although initial assessments concluded that the provision would shield MLB from any future liability for its minor-league pay practices, a closer reading of the statute reveals that it contains several potential ambiguities that could arguably give rise to unanticipated liability for the league. Nevertheless, the article asserts that the SAPA significantly reduces the odds that MLB will be forced to substantially change its minor-league pay practices in the future. At the same time, the article also evaluates the broader implications of the SAPA for federal minimum-wage and maximum-hour law generally.

We identify the presence of shirking by Major League Baseball umpires during indefinite unpaid overtime, as defined by extra innings. In the presence of new information about expected game length, umpires exert biases in ball and strike calls consistent with opportunistically reducing the likelihood of working additional time. General implications with respect to the effectiveness of salaried workers during unpaid overtime hours are discussed.

This study examines the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship, innovation and sustained competitive advantage in the Nigeria manufacturing firms. Corporate entrepreneurship and innovation has been of interest to scholars and practitioners due to its beneficial effect on competitiveness. A survey research design was used. A simple and systematic sampling technique was used to determine the sample size. A total of 263 questionnaires were distributed to senior managers or CEO, and middle level staff at each manufacturing firm surveyed. Data from the study were collected analyzed using descriptive statistics, product moment correlation and regression analysis with statistical package for social science (SPSS V. 20). The results of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between corporate entrepreneurship, innovation and sustained competitive advantage in the Nigeria manufacturing firm. Thus, corporate entrepreneurship and innovation has significant impact on the sustainability of the Nigeria manufacturing firms. The F-value (159.417) indicates that the model is good and that corporate entrepreneurship and innovation is a good predictor of sustainable competitive advantage in the Nigeria manufacturing firm. The study shows that the resources needed by organizations to achieve sustainable competitive advantage are mainly those that are imperfectly imitable and organizational specific procedures (organizational exploitation) developed overtime. It is this uniqueness which is not tradable that gives a firm an edge. It is hereby recommended that manufacturing firm in Nigeria should adopt corporate entrepreneurship and innovation as a panacea for survival as this will help them surmount the challenge of obsolescence and achieve sustained competitive advantages.

This paper examines the US Department of Labor’s proposed regulation to extend overtime pay to employees with base salaries of $23,660 to $50,440. We find that the department provides no evidence that an “underpayment” or “overwork” problem exists in the United States. Nonetheless, we evaluate the stated policy objectives. The Department of Labor indicates that the proposed regulation will meet three policy objectives: spread employment, improve worker health and well-being, and increase wages for employees. We find problems in the theoretical mechanisms by which these policy objectives are to be met and conclude that those mechanisms are not supported by economic theory. Furthermore, in a review of the empirical literature, we find no empirical support for achieving any of the policy objectives. That is, there is neither theoretical nor empirical support that the proposed regulation will meet its stated objectives; in fact, evidence suggests that moonlighting may increase in response to regulations. Finally, we anticipate that the proposed regulation would have a structural impact on the economy because salaried jobs may turn into hourly wage jobs. We believe such a shift will have a negative impact on certain labor contracts that would be ill suited to hourly pay—specifically, technology start-up and telecommuting jobs. Given that the birth of start-ups is on a decline and the death of start-ups is at a peak, we believe it would be unwise to further hamper the technology start-up market by adopting the proposed regulation.

Despite concern that selective exposure to congenial sources drives partisans to disagree about even purely factual matters, existing empirical research finds little to mixed evidence that most Americans do seek out like-minded sources of information. In this paper, we suggest an alternative conceptualization of selective exposure; people choose when to pay attention to politics, instead of which ideological sources to follow, such that they avoid politics altogether in the times when they anticipate unpleasant information. We argue that presidential performance shapes such expectations, which would, in turn, create divergent overtime ebbs and flows in the levels of political engagement across partisan groups. Drawing on two multi-wave survey datasets, we find partisans display a lower level of political interest and media consumption during a politically disappointing period. Our findings suggest that that the stream of information that Democrats receive in the long run can be different from Republicans, even if partisans follow mostly central news sources.

This article discusses publication performance and patterns of Turkish economists by analyzing changes overtime and comparing results to economists’ performance in some emerging economies. The results indicate that (1) the publication performance of Turkish economists and economics departments has improved rapidly over the years but they are still performing below their potential; (2) there is a remarkable difference in research performance among the institutions, but competition has been increasing; (3) the majority of contributions to research output in Turkey are made by six leading universities, but competitive pressure is coming from other institutions; (4) the faculties of the six leading universities are highly motivated to publish in high-quality journals, while members of the other institutions are also increasingly eager to find themselves a place in these outlets; (5) more than one-third of the articles are published in 10 of the 350 Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) Economics Journals, but the concentration ratio is decreasing overtime; (6) publication performance and patterns of Turkish economists are similar to their counterparts in emerging economies, but in some aspects Turkish economists perform better.