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The gaps in the implementation of the R&R plan and subsequent enactment have a different socio-economic impact on the people required to be displaced more than once to advance development in Odisha. The effects of displacement, which spills over to generations, need to be addressed to rejuvenate the socio-economic-cultural life of the affected people. The paper aims to find an answer to the question related to different dimensions of impact on affected families and the possible legal provisions that can be created to address these issues. For this purpose, an interactive study has been made in two different villages covering thirty-six families who were earlier displaced and are currently facing double displacement for other development projects. It is found that when the rights over the allotted land were not formalized, they were deprived of their land rights, making them vulnerable, and lives are again pushed to uncertainties. The study entices justification for the provision of special Land Right and R&R benefits for the double displaced families. The issue of socio-economic empowerment needs to be dealt with compassionate provisions of law.

The social, political and economic consequences of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 have been widely studied, but there has been comparatively less focus on the judicial burden imposed by this legislation. The wide interpretation of ‘public purpose’ and inadequate compensation flooded courts across India with litigation under this legislation. Apart from delaying the process of land acquisition, such litigation also added to the burden of the already burgeoning caseload of Indian courts. This paper examines the nature of land acquisition litigation in the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and the time taken to dispose such cases. The paper analyses whether the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Act, 2013 has tackled the root causes for such litigation.

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals adopted in 2015 by the UN General Assembly emphasize a holistic approach to achieving sustainable development for all. The provision of good-quality housing with piped water and modern sanitation at affordable cost is an important first step in resolving issues of pollution and ensuring good public health, and is a strong move towards sustainable development. This chapter examines Singapore’s excellent public housing system, built by the Housing and Development Board (HDB), which houses 82 per cent of its nationals in high-rise apartments subsidised by the state, catering to low as well as middle-income families. These may be purchased on 99 year leases or rented on short term leases, for low income families. The HDB has won many international awards for its success. This chapter examines the challenges that were faced and overcome, and the policies and strategies to ensure a sustainable future.

Given the changes made to the agricultural lending system since the 1980s farm crisis, we investigate the current effects of credit availability on land values. Using data from Federal Reserve Agricultural Credit Surveys, we measure credit availability and perform county-level panel fixed effects estimations controlling for land value determinants, credit availability factors, and county and macroeconomic factors. We build an indicator of increased credit availability and find that estimating farmland values with different factors of credit availability separately could mask combined effects. When conditions for credit availability increase or remain unchanged from the previous year, land values may increase by up to 25 percent. While higher credit availability may facilitate land acquisition, it can also put upward pressure on land values.

The land is one of the most coveted assets in India, which also makes it the most disputed. And fragmented laws and lack of awareness of existing regulations do not help in any way. In the context of land law, the states have their own unique set of laws pertaining to the acquisition, possession, and sale of land. The land has an interesting history in India. Beginning with purely commercial interests, India’s land laws have evolved over time, albeit slowly, to include the interests of individual owners. But we still have a ways to go. It was in 1894, that the first Land Acquisition Act enacted by the British Government of India, which forms the basis for all land laws today came into being. It applied to all states in India except for Mysore, Hyderabad, and Travancore, the princely states that had the right to exercise their own land laws. In 1947, India adopted the Land Acquisition Act and enforced it across “all the provinces of India” without exception. After languishing in the Parliament for many years, passing through multiple referrals and calls for amendments, the Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, (LARR) 2011 was introduced again by the UPA government. In 2013, it was passed and became effective from 2014. The bill focused on bringing in more transparency by underlining the rights of the people who stood to lose land during the process of acquisition.

Land acquisition for infratructure projects that require large amount of funding can be financed by an equity-like financing protocol. The auction protocol does not require a knowledge of the reservation value of the land acquired nor does it require a determination of post-development value of the land developed in the surrounding area of the project. Competition among private players transfers the value of pecuniary externalities, manifested in land price appreciation, to the government which it can use to partially finance the project that may also have non-pecuniary positive externalities valued by society.

A Political Economy Analysis of Land Acquisition and Food Security in Chhattisgarh, India, through the Lens of the Public Distribution System

India's growth after 1991 reform is remarkable. The productivity has improved but it is still very low when globally compared. Productivity at each level has it’s own set of bottlenecks. Challenges remain, of course, associated with land acquisition, GST, or skills. But two related issues often miss attention: resource efficiency and innovation. If you start a business, you will go through a series of processes before you commence the production. Your productivity will be affected by participants of environment like government departments, regulatory agencies, suppliers, financial institutes, pollution control board and taxation authorities. There are two entities who can remove bottlenecks to improve productivity, the government and the entrepreneurs. This paper highlights the factors that are critical and suggests ways and means to overcome.

This paper dwell on the acquisition and ownership of Land in Cameroon. It reveals the various ways through which land can be acquired in Cameroon. In Cameroon like elsewhere in Africa, land ownership is a very critical aspect of the society. Therefore, the means to acquire land becomes a question everyone is looking for answer. Hence, this paper examines the various ways land can be acquired within the Cameroonian context. In doing so, we employed the doctrinal method of data collection which is analyzed by use of the thematic content approach. The ensuing results reveals that there are several methods of land acquisition in Cameroon which has evolved over time from pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial era.

Funder: Economic and Social Research Council; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000269, Funder: Newnham College, University of Cambridge; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000663, We analyse land transaction and residential development data from Beijing, China and identify that developers��� evaluation of land transaction exhibits reference dependence and loss aversion. Developers with prior land transaction losses set higher house prices than those without prior losses. This effect is strongest at the beginning and towards the end of the property sales period. It is moderated by developers��� ownership structure and listing status. Privately-owned firms experience stronger effects than their state-owned counterparts, whereas unlisted firms are more strongly affected than their listed counterparts. Results have implications on the relationship between the land and the housing markets in China. In a booming land market where land acquisition entails a high price, developers will transfer excess land price to house prices, thereby increasing the latter. The land market plays an integral role in managing housing prices in China.

The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR) has remained one of the largest bottlenecks for the Indian state’s developmental agenda. Different sides of the development story have argued for or against the provisions of LARR, based on competing values. However, only few studies have attempted analyzing the state’s innovations in land-management that surpass the provisions of LARR. We give an overview of one such innovation by Karnataka government, which eased the land “acquisition” process remarkably, and attempt to analyse the causes of its success.

There is a growing debate about land acquisition for infrastructure and industries in many densely populated countries. In this context, the present paper assesses the impact of the historical land ceiling legislations, largely implemented during 1960-85 to promote distributional equity, on corporate investment in India. We argue that the implementation of the land ceiling legislations had increased the transaction costs of buying land and also the price premium firms pay when acquiring land, thus inducing firms to invest less in land and capital. The detrimental ceiling effect is more pronounced when the ceiling size is more restrictive as for the most fertile land. Arguing that the variation in land ceiling size across the Indian states over time was largely dependent on choice of crops or soil fertility and as such could be treated as independent of the state authorities, our results support the conjecture that more restrictive land ceiling size has led to lower investment in both fixed and total capital output ratios at the state-level (1960-85). Further analysis of firm-level (1996-2012) data confirms that the ceiling effect persists in the long run, thus identifying an unintended consequence of land ceilings for investment and economic growth in the Indian states.

The relative stability of land acquisition enjoyed by purveyors of natural gas in Pennsylvania may soon be compelled to find alternative siting options in light of growing opposition. It is widely settled that the business of transporting and selling natural gas in domestic or foreign markets for ultimate distribution to the public is in the public’s interest and therefore confers the right of eminent domain. With fourteen projects currently pending before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”), located to some extent in the Commonwealth, the right to exercise the power of eminent domain for the siting necessities of natural gas pipelines is basic to the success of a project.

The paper discusses how political regimes evolve property regimes with special reference to Kerala, India. Kerala has given predominance to land reforms due to substantial grassroots politics. The main argument of the paper is that redistributive political regimes favour land reforms as an agenda while needs of private capital reverses it towards land acquisition.

This working paper seeks to contribute to our knowledge on regulation and governance of commercial pressures on land by focusing on the role of local-level governments in rural areas in Africa. Recent processes of decentralization in many African countries suggest that – at least in theory – it is at this level where a growing capacity and interest to address commercial pressures on land might be found. Nonetheless, knowledge is lacking on the roles and responsibilities of local government actors. While formal capacities have been devolved to the local level through the decentralization of land governance in a range of countries, it remains unclear which capacities are these exactly. And how do these work out in practice? This paper explores the possibilities and limitations that local level government officials face in their attempts to direct or condition processes of land acquisition.

Despite the ill-informed ideological contention by left-wing Indians that Modi has enriched the rich and immiserized the poor, evidence shows that Indian poverty has declined significantly as growth accelerated after the 1991 reforms and the same is promised by the accentuation of these reforms since Modi took power. NDA Govt. in the last one year of their governance has focused on three issues, “Make in India”, “Jan Dhan Yojana” and “Swachha Bharat”. In social sector along with Swachha Bharat the other item which is threshed upon is jan dhan Jojana. On legislative front, focus was on amendment to Land Acquisition Act, changed to MMDR Act, Insurance Bill and Black Money Bill. Somehow opposition could accommodate all activities except changes to Land Acquisition Act. Hence Government has approached the President for third ordinance to continue enforcing the changes to the Land Acquisition Act 2013. There is a debated in Parliament, also debated outside Parliament. Lok Sabha has passed the Bill but Rajya Sabha is adamant not to through this Bill which pushed the Government to agree to constitute a joint Review Committee of Parliament members in spite of calling a joint session of Parliament. Make in India is directly proportional to changes in Land Acquisition Act. In this article, I have tried to explain how Make in India is directly proportional to changes to Land Acquisition Act. The provisions in the ordinance and its impact and how the changes are going to help Make in India a more successful slogan.

The aim of this article is to present public international law debates concerning forced land acquisition in developing countries.

Varma suggests a new land acquisition act which is pro farmer, pro industry and pro development, and which leads to faster economic growth. This article contains suggestions for new land acquisition act consisting of 6 segments:1. Land acquisition2. Categorisation of Land allotment3. Time table for completion of projects4. Compensation5. Rehabilitation 6. Land management

At the last Phase of UPA-II the country witnessed pushing of few people centric bills in Parliament, one of which is Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation & Resettlement Bill 2011. This Bill was intended to replace a hundred years old “Land Acquisition Act 1894; as amended in 1984” with new institutional Mechanism. This has a far reaching impact on the future business of India. This article is intended to give an insight to the provisions of the Bill and Act that is going to impact the business by way of cost escalation and time over run as soon as the country take up the Land Acquisition process in the new Land Acquisition Act known as “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013”. THE RIGHT TO FAIR COMPENSATION AND TRANSPARENCY IN LAND ACQUISITION, REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT (AMENDMENT) ORDINANCE, 2014, No. 9 OF 2014 has taken few provisions out to make the process of Land Acquisition in less time has the strength of support of law in constitution only through law of eminent domain.

Vedanta Resources is a global diversified metals and minerals company founded by Anil Agarwal in 1976. Vedanta Aluminium Limited (VAL) is a subsidiary of Vedanta Resources Pvt. Ltd. VAL established a 1 MTPA Aluminium project at Lanjigarh targeting Niyamgiri bauxite mine as committed by Odisha Government. Since the mines project location is in scheduled area, PESA Act is applicable and consent of Gram Sabha was taken while making land acquisition/Forest Diversion etc. in all the project sites. There was resentment by the local Dangaria Kandha on the ground of damage to the ecology of the area including threat to the existence of the deity Niyam Raja who to their belief abode Niyamagiri. Supreme Court intervene for further Gram Sabha to take the consent of the people for the mining of the area before environment clearance.Gram Sabha failed. The reason behind failure and the consequence of the failure is well analyzed in the article. The provisions of the PESA Act and the implementation of Gram Sabha have been narrated keeping an eye to the socio economic factors and Industrial pace of the state.

Landowners have visions of drill pads all over the place with half a dozen or so wells on each pad and dollars pouring into bank accounts. But it “ain’t necessarily so.” Few people outside the industry grasp the enormity of the reserves to be found in the Appalachian area. The land area to be exploited for hydrocarbons is huge. This is multiplied by the various layers of strata of the earth that promise rewards from drilling. And, although drilling has been fairly vigorous in the Northeast and Southwest corners of Pennsylvania, the attraction of oil and wet gas has drawn the bulk of producers’ land acquisition and drilling budgets to the west where the product is currently more lucrative.. All this leaves lessor-landowners, particularly in dry gas areas, without anticipated streams of royalty from production – perhaps for 30, 40 or even 100 years. A meaningful “advance minimum royalty,” as briefly outlined below, could provide the landowner with some income while drilling is held in abeyance as reserves for future development. And note that if production moves forward, no advance minimum royalty will be paid under the outlined proposal.

In the presence of uncertainty in interpretation of law in force relating to making a reference to the Court by the Collector under the L.A Act as discussed above, it would be appropriate and timely, to modify the law, making the District Court as such, as the Court for making a reference under the L.A. Act by means of an amendment, more, so, in the following manner:1. Clause (d) of Section 3 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, shall be modified as in the following form: "(d) the expression 'Court' means a "District Court", unless the appropriate Government has appointed a Special Judicial Officer specifying local limits to perform the functions of the Court under this Act".2. Pertinent Sections of the A.P. Civil Courts Act, 1972 shall be modified to give effect to the modification suggested supra. POSSESSION OF ACQUIRED LAND

This paper presents an investigation into strategies employed by the privately-owned companies to gain access to land for resource extraction in the state of Jharkhand where much of the land being put under the shovel is inalienable adivasi or tribal land and deedless commons. It concludes that although policy reforms are welcome, cosmetic changes in mineral governance laws is inadequate to protect the interests of the poor. The paper suggests an alternative vision, a complete overhaul of mineral ownership to allow the poor to share the revenue benefits. Once some co-management principles are introduced, the poor can fully participate in and benefit from mineral extraction rather than remaining mere spectators or becoming victims of mining projects.

This paper argues that the new definition in the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 2007 is harmful to the land owners and the same is against public interest, efficiency and to the fundamental right to life and livelihood.

Following the 2008 world food crisis, many international investors have engaged in a race for land acquisition and food production. This new form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is increasingly criticised in the public sphere, which commonly refers to it as a ‘land grab’. In the absence of consequent primary sources relating to the subject matter, however, this working document provides an overview of what the authors describe as an ‘agri-FDI’ trend, based on the cross analysis of secondary sources. It first draws a geographical map of the trend as a means to emphasise who invests and where. Second, it considers the origins of the trend are, including the 2008 food crises and the impact of increased demand for biofuel. This document, overall, constitutes the basis of a forthcoming paper which, in turn, will formulate hypotheses and questions as to whether agriculture-oriented investments differ from traditional FDI.

In this work, the author is attempting to give a descriptive account of (legal) history of land acquisition for companies in India.

The shale gas industry in India is poised for rapid development after the Oil and Natural Gas Company (ONGC) found an ‘unlimited reserve’ of shale gas at Sarpi spread over an area of 1250-1300 sq km. The Sarpi deposit is Asia’s first shale gas pool and the only tapped shale gas reserve outside the commercial developments in the US and Canada. This has pushed India to identify areas for commercial exploration and exploitation and formulate a policy to attract investors and regulate the industry. However development of such resources could face several roadblocks, if a potential investor chooses project financing as the mechanism to develop the fields. The objective of this paper is to ascertain the barriers to project financing shale gas development and how those barriers could be trounced. To achieve this objective the paper will provide an overview of the fledgling shale gas industry in India and the problems in financing in light of the political, financial and market trends. Five primary barriers have been identified: the regulatory and legal risks, environmental risks, market risk, land acquisition risk and capital availability risk due to the recent global credit crisis. To mitigate these affects, this paper recommends certain strategies for overcoming these barriers.

This paper focuses on the regulatory frameworks that determine the conditions of access for foreign investors and the degree of control that national authorities can (or can no longer) maintain over land in sub-Saharan Africa.

Land in India is problematic largely because of archaic and perverse provisions in the practice and the law. The new Land Acquisition Amendment Bill does go some way to correct the anti-democratic and imperial provisions of the old 1894 Act. Other regulatory restraints stand in the way of fair compensation to sellers whether the deal is a sale or an acquisition using eminent domain. Urban planning being based on the "Ricardian Model" and on top of asymmetrically applied regulatory constraints further depresses the benefit to land owners. As a result very little land is obtainable without dispute and high risk for infrastructure development. In this paper we provide an analytical critique of the law and restrictions as also of the framework of urban planning and provide a justification for why major change is required in the approach to land markets, land acquisition and urban planning. We also provide the key elements of a reformed approach that can create a win-win framework for development. We also present our suggestions on how the proposed Amendment to the Land Acquisition Act can be changed to make the Act functional and remove the residual perversities therein.

The development of toll road infrastructure in Indonesia is very decelerate where from 1500 km that was planned in 2006, but the realization is only 749,12 km operation in 2010, meanwhile the land that will be acquisited in Trans Java toll road is 6,272.84 Ha, but only 1,400 Ha have been acquisited. From the facts above that land acquisition is very significant point in toll road development. There are many efforts how to mitigate these risks such as land capping revolving fund, but this effort still meeting constraints. At this paper, we try to examine how the impact of land acquisition delay in toll road infrastructure development in Indonesia with system dynamic method, so we can see what their impact to toll road development.

Mangalore is one of the important coast and strategically important city of India. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited wants to set up a petrochemical special economic zone in this area. This papers tries to examine various land acquisition issues faced by the Mangalore SEZ limited, it’s projected impacts on Society, Economy and Environment and it also tries to find out its significance to Mangalore.

Land acquisition, either for state sponsored development or for private business projects, have faced opposition in the past and this is a continuing phenomenon even now. However, what had changed over the years are the reasons for opposition that have become far more broad-based now. Our analysis of the land acquisition attempts in the last four decades (1970 onwards) identified three major reasons for opposition to land acquisitions viz. (1) Environmental concerns constituted major aspect of project risk in the 1970s; (2) Social concerns and associated conflicts emerged as prominent aspect of business risk in the 1990s; (3) Demand for more equitable benefit sharing between the project proponents and local communities emerged as the third project risk category in the new millennium. This paper argues that the three pillars of Sustainable Development viz. environmental concerns, social concerns and equitable distribution of benefits, each one of them individually or in combinations, have the potential to unite communities to oppose land-acquisitions. It further identifies the opposition to land acquisitions and projects as an expression of desire on part of the local population to have some measure of control over their own future, and to participate in the development process from the earliest stages. The paper recommends that to successfully access land and other natural resources, companies have to internalize the sustainable development paradigm, in its broadest sense, into their operations, land acquisitions and business proposals. The paper goes onto suggest an integrative framework that internalizes environmental, social and equitable benefit sharing concerns into land acquisition proposals.

The paper explores the controversy that has surrounded the West Bengal Government’s land acquisition programme in Singur and situates it within the overall context of economic growth and transformation. It argues one of the most adversely affected groups as a result of the acquisition is relatively large farmers for whom agriculture is a source of profit and accumulation and not livelihood and subsistence. This might explain in part why the resistance has been so strong. The legality of the demands made has also been examined in light of the verdicts given by the appellate courts. The paper argues that equitable and sustained growth is possible only by reducing the share of agriculture in the labour force and that the current strategy of the West Bengal Government may not be sufficient to guarantee a significant decline in that share. Any equitable growth strategy has to therefore focus on maximising the generation of non-farm rural employment.

We bring out the fundamental and more important problems with the current framework of land acquisition in India, regulations on land and the functioning of land markets. We argue that reform is overdue and the current framework would be unsustainable in a democracy that is India. Current land prices are highly distorted owing largely to regulatory constraints and the process of takings. Land acquisition more than any other factor is the most important constraint on development and especially in infrastructure development. We bring out the core elements of the reform – the need to define “public purpose” ex-ante for compulsory acquisition of land, the measures that would allow the market price of land to play its correct role, and the approach to valuation. We also argue for an independent valuer when compulsory taking is involved and methods of valuation to ensure that the land owner including the farmer gets the correct value for this land in both compulsory acquisition and in voluntary sale. We also argue the need for a parallel non-compulsory framework for acquisition and develop the key elements of the same. We also bring out alternatives to physical acquisition of land especially in the context of infrastructure development in central places.