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On April 18, 2019, the Indian Central Board of Direct Taxes released a public consultation document on amending India’s rules for profit attribution to permanent establishments. This remarkable document is the first time a national government has proposed what in essence amounts to an abandonment of the arm’s length standard (ALS), the governing standard in transfer pricing for over 80 years, in favor of a formulary system. Given that the OECD has also raised the option of using formulas to allocate profits to market jurisdictions, India’s unilateral move may signal the proverbial break in the ALS dam, with the potential of leading to an abandonment of the ALS in favor of a unitary tax system.

The purpose of the article is to study in detail the idea behind the International Trade Organization, and to see why the Havana Charter never actually took off. The author has tried to address the following issues in the article: 1) Whether the basic principles of the Charter are really sound and wise? 2) Are these principles fundamentally ill-suited to the conditions and problems of the modern world? 3) Are the short-run escape clauses of the Charter its biggest problem? 4) Whether the cooperation required between ITO and IMF justified in the Charter? 5) Does the Charter have any positives?

The purpose of this paper is to study the existing democratic system of forming the government in India, and to analyze the legal and ethical justifications for the system. For this, I went through some relevant important events of Indian politics.Among the Legal Justifications, the first issue covered is Role of the President. I have analyzed what the Law says, and what actually happens. The second issue covered is Coalition Politics. I have tried to study the viability of coalition governments in the current unstable political scenario.Among the Ethical Justifications, the first issue covered is Criminalization. I have studied the effectiveness of certain relevant provisions of the Representation of Peoples Act. The second issue covered is Communal Politics. I have tried to analyze how parties use this as an effective weapon of winning seats in elections. The third issue covered is Defection and Horse Trading. I have analyzed that how parties go to the extent of buying and selling of legislators, and the laws present to check this.Finally, I concluded with suggesting a few changes in the existing legal and political system to check the practices that are unjustified both legally and ethically, but nevertheless they exist.

The purpose of this paper is to study in detail the copyright issues relating to customized software, and to analyze the different laws relating to this area. The various copyright laws allover the world provide that the copyright in a work is initially owned by the author of the work. This is a simple enough statement of law, but it frequently presents significant problems when individuals and companies assume that they understand who the 'author' is and under what circumstances commissioning a work results in copyright ownership vesting in someone other than the author. This problem particularly manifests itself in the world of customized software creations. This essay tries to find answers to some very pertinent questions in this area. Firstly, it analyzes the viability of excluding customized software from the ‘work for hire’ doctrine. The software industry is unique, and deserves unique treatment under the doctrine. Computer software differs notably from other copyrightable subject matter. Much of the value of software comes from its utilitarian rather than its aesthetic aspects. Secondly, it inquires into the practicability of the commissioning parties being recognized as ‘joint authors.’ Joint authorship should not be predicated on the contribution of an 'abstract' idea acted upon by another. Conversely, an idea that has been developed in sufficient detail in effect dictates the ultimate expression, making the idea giver the sole author. Between these two rare extremes, the significance of the commissioner’s contribution of ideas depends on the quantity and quality of those ideas as embodied in his instructions to the contractor. Thirdly, it studies whether the source code should be mandatorily provided to the customer under the End User License Agreement. As per the current practice, usually, the software developers, as part of the End User License Agreement, provide only the object code to the customer, and not the source code. Source code control is especially important for customized software programs. Analyzing all these issues in great detail, the author comes to the conclusion that the copyright laws relating to customized software are heavily loaded in favour of the software developer, and need significant changes.

The aim of the paper is to study the relationship between law and social change, as a determinant of social transformation. In the process, the author has analyzed the views of various jurists in this regard, from different schools. The author has also devoted one full chapter to the scenario in India, and in that, he has gone through the effects of the British rule in India. He has also analyzed the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution, and also the landmark judicial decisions in this regard. He has tried to examine that whether law necessarily leads, or it follows social change. He has also tried to examine that whether stability is one of the basic requirements of law.

The article studies the concept of ‘Underwriting’ in the Indian Capital market. Starting with the meaning of ‘underwriting,’ it briefly refers to their working in US and UK. The history of underwriting, that dates back to the seventeenth century, has also been referred to. Then an elaborate study of various provisions of SEBI (Underwriters) Regulations, 1993 has been done. Subsequently, some important issues relating to the working of underwriters in India have been discussed, and changes in the law have been suggested.