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All forty-four states with corporate income taxes must consider how to respond to changes that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act made to the federal corporate tax treatment of multinational corporations. In particular, the states must consider how to respond to two new anti-base erosion provisions at the federal level: GILTI and the BEAT. Here are a few of the options: 1) The states can choose not to conform to these provisions. 2) The states can choose to piggy-back on these provisions with little change. 3) The states can choose to piggy-back on these provisions, but do so strategically. That is, a state could choose to institute superior versions of these taxes. There is a lot of room for improvement. 4) The states can also choose to go back to the future and require mandatory worldwide combined reporting. This White Paper presents several reasons for why now is the time to consider mandatory worldwide combination and proposes specific helpful reforms.

The tension between the protection of Traditional Knowledge and IP frameworks is being exacerbated by digital technologies that have made the creation, dissemination, appropriation and remixing of knowledge and cultural artifacts easier than ever before. Indigenous communities’ preservation efforts and control over traditional knowledge sometimes also seem to conflict with the ‘open’ ecosystem, which consists of organizations, communities, and individuals supporting open and free culture, open licensing and access to knowledge. This is because traditional knowledge is often perceived as being part of the public domain by default, when it is not. In particular, the sharing of cultural works related to indigenous communities through open licenses needs to be better understood. Traditional knowledge does not always fit into open licensing structures. It also seems to conflict with the ‘open’ ecosystem. This potential conflict raises questions about the best ways to share and disseminate Traditional Knowledge using open licenses. This paper focuses on the divide between Creative Commons policies and tools and traditional knowledge to which copyright may be applicable. Part I will provide an overview of the contestations between traditional knowledge and conventional IP systems. Part II will explore the tensions between openness and traditional knowledge. It will attempt to reconcile the two by highlighting examples where various strategies were applied to assuage the concerns of Indigenous communities and where open licenses might find a place.

This White Paper identifies shortcomings in the current federal child welfare financing system, and recommends changes for improvement. It calls for a funding system that allows effective implementation of child welfare laws by government at the state and federal levels. It also recommends required longitudinal independent studies of each major program receiving federal funds and a specified appropriation for that purpose. Such empirical testing would include sunset dates terminating each program where data fails to warrant continuation. Such sunset proceedings are commonly used in evaluating regulatory agencies in many states. Based on the studies they compel, programs that do not perform will be discontinued and those that do may be continued, expanded and replicated in analogous settings. The understandable reticence to expend monies on social welfare among many in Congress should be assuaged by that assured accountability. Nelson Mandela was famously quoted as observing, “There can be no keener revelation of a society’s soul than the way in which it treats its children.” But federal child welfare spending is a step above such general humanitarian sentiments. This is not funding for children in general. Rather, it is funding to protect and promote the well-being of those who are more than our children in a metaphorical sense. These children have been removed from their homes and their parents and are in state custody. We delegate their care to our publicly appointed and paid judges who serve as their legal parents. And their seizure by the state and their subsequent fate is largely determined by laws enacted by our elected officials and funded by us through mandatory taxation. For those who politically cite “family values” as a basic moral tenet, the status that these children hold as a direct legal part of our “family” makes their treatment a basic test of the bona fides of that stated value.

Working papers or preprints have become an important part in the scientific landscape. Such papers present research before (potentially) being published in refereed journals. But is every working paper finally published in a journal? We answer this question for four major working paper series in economics. Based on linked data in RePEc and a random sample we provide an estimate of 66.5% of more than 28,000 investigated working papers that are published in a journal. About 8% are released as a book chapter. For the remaining 25.5% we find no evidence for what happened to the article.

The purpose of this paper is to outline what we believe to be promising a strategy for developing a scalable behavioral intervention to encourage teachers to adopt teaching practices that support a growth-mindset classroom culture. We first briefly review the most widely-implemented current policies and programs aimed at influencing teachers' instructional practices and consider, based on the available research, how effective those approaches are likely to be for encouraging growth mindset-supportive teaching practices. We then lay out what we believe to be the most important psychological forces currently at play, either facilitating or hindering teachers’ adoption of such practices. On the basis of this analysis of existing psychological forces, and drawing ideas from the research literature in four complementary disciplines, we propose an “intervention toolkit”—candidate intervention ideas that we suggest should be considered for inclusion as components of a larger intervention. Throughout, we identify additional issues for consideration in designing the intervention and important questions for future research.

The next step in promoting growth mindsets in youth is to develop supporting classroom cultures in which students both experience a high-quality student intervention and have teachers who received a growth mindset training program. Developing high-quality measures is an important step in the development and testing process of such an intervention and realizing the full promise of growth mindset research. High-quality measures provide insight into questions such as, for whom an intervention is effective and why it is effective, providing important lessons that can be used to better help teachers create a growth mindset classroom culture more reliably and across contexts. This paper introduces a framework and research agenda for developing valid, scalable measures of growth-mindset culture, and describes the challenges researchers need to overcome to create this set of high-quality measures.

In terms of their economies of scale in metropolitan areas, technologies with resource recovery alternatives are suggested. Amongst anaerobic digester (AD) becomes the chief. Lots of quantitative examination studies are done on its application, economic contribution, and methane production potential. During the process, microcrystalline cellulose and various supermarket products are utilized as a feed for the control. Such rises the cost of BMP analysis and restricts its replication, especially in developing nations. Therefore, this study examines the use of milled paper as a control feed during the BMP analysis of sludge from sewer and exchange stations.

Hyperlinks are a powerful tool for journalists and their readers. Diving deep into the context of an article is just a click away. But hyperlinks are a double-edged sword; for all of the internet’s boundlessness, what’s found on the web can also be modified, moved, or entirely disappeared. This often-irreversible decay of web content is commonly known as linkrot. It comes with a similar problem of content drift, or the often-unannounced changes––retractions, additions, replacement––to the content at a particular URL. Our team of researchers at Harvard Law School has undertaken a project to gain insight into the extent and characteristics of journalistic linkrot and content drift. We examined hyperlinks in New York Times articles starting with the launch of the Times website in 1996 up through mid-2019, developed on the basis of a dataset provided to us by the Times. We focus on the Times not because it is an influential publication whose archives are often used to help form a historical record. Rather, the substantial linkrot and content drift we find here across the New York Times corpus accurately reflects the inherent difficulties of long-term linking to pieces of a volatile web. Results show a near linear increase of linkrot over time, with interesting patterns emerging within certain sections of the paper or across top level domains. Over half of articles containing at least one URL also contained a dead link. Additionally, of the ostensibly “healthy” links existing in articles, a hand review revealed additional erosion to citations via content drift.

Investment in capital, new technology, and agricultural techniques has not been considered an endeavor worthwhile in a medieval economy because of a lack of strong property rights and no incentive on the part of lords and barons to lend money to or grant rights to peasant farmers. Therefore, the medieval economy and standards of living at that time often have been characterized as non-dynamic and static due to insufficient investment in innovative techniques and technology. Paul Baran’s concept of the economic surplus is applied to investment patterns during the late medieval, mercantile, and early capitalist stages of economic growth in England and the UK. This paper uses Zhun Xu’s Baran Ratio concept to try to develop general trends to demonstrate and to reinforce other historical accounts of these times that a productive and sufficient level of public and private investment out of accumulated capital income, taxation, and rents does not have a real impact on economic per capita growth until around the 1600s in Britain. This would also be about the time of capitalism’s ascent as the dominant economic system in England. Even then, dramatic increases in investment and economic growth do not appear until the late 18th Century when investment more consistently becomes more than one hundred percent of the level of economic surplus and takes in government spending. The types of investment, threshold amounts of investment out of profits and rents along with government spending seem to matter when it comes to a growth path raising GDP per capita and national income per capita to higher levels. Although much of this knowledge perhaps is embodied in current historical accounts, the Baran Ratio nicely summarizes and illustrates the importance of levels of investment to economic growth.

In Canada, diverse people face violence and abuse at alarming rates as a result of their gender, perceived gender, or gender expression. This phenomenon is referred to as gender-based violence (GBV). Gender-based violence has many manifestations, including sexual assault, femicide, and intimate partner violence (IPV), as well as dowry-related violence, early or forced marriage and pregnancy, female genital mutilation, elder abuse, human trafficking, sexual harassment, cyber abuse, and many other forms, both visible and invisible. Crucially, GBV does not simply occur in the context of inter-personal relationships or as the result of perpetration by ‘bad men’; rather, GBV is a systemic issue that seizes upon and operates through longstanding pathologies and power dynamics—patriarchy, racism, colonialism, and transphobia to name few—rendering diverse people more vulnerable to victimization on the basis of their identity. Strategies, policies, and programs focused on ensuring victims and survivors can achieve economic security will form a vital component of any serious plan to address GBV. On this point there is notable consensus. Less agreement exists, however, when debate begins on the question of which strategies, policies, and programs ought to be implemented. In this discussion paper, we weigh in on this debate through an evaluation of an economic security tool over which there has been much fanfare in recent years: the basic income model. Two questions guide our analysis: (1) to what extent could a basic income disrupt the material conditions and forms of oppression which drive GBV, and thus reduce both risk and prevalence? and (2) to what extent would basic income be an effective support for those encountering/recovering from various forms of GBV? Our analysis is driven by two definitional assumptions about economic security and basic income. That is, we consider economic security to be a state in which criteria for financial security, stability, and continuity are fulfilled, and conceive of basic income as a class of policies that share principles of simplicity, respect, economic security, and social inclusion.

As part of its corporate financing strategy, a company may raise capital through debt securities and these could be by mortgage of real property or chattels, debenture, bond, promissory notes, and bill of exchange made or accepted on behalf of the company by an authorized person etc. For purposes of this Paper Series IV(B), emphasis is placed on Company’s Debt Securities, particularly on debentures, debenture trust deed and realization of security.

This paper describes the role that data portability and interoperability measures can play in promoting competition both within and among digital platforms. In particular, these measures can address consumer lock-in, promote unbundling, and enable multi-homing. However, they will not be effective in every market, and in some cases may unintentionally hamper competition. The implementation of portability and interoperability measures with regards to digital platforms is still limited in some cases, and at its early stages in others. However, these limited experiences point to some lessons learned. In particular, the objective of portability and interoperability measures matters. When implemented with objectives other than competition (such as data protection), these measures may not have procompetitive impacts unless designed with market dynamics in mind. Further, these measures may have unintended consequences if they create new entry barriers or entrench incumbent technologies. In addition, implementation mechanisms will be determinative of the effectiveness of these measures; for example, competition authority or independent third party oversight may be needed to set interoperability standards and adjudicate disputes. Looking forward, the competition concerns motivating data portability and interoperability may be observed in a growing array of sectors, ranging from automobiles to finance. Promoting competition in the design of these measures, or proposing their implementation in order to encourage competition, may therefore be of increasing importance for the competition policy community.

Some brand-new and innovative provisions in the Companies and Allied Matters Act, 2020 (‘the Act’) with enormous implications for a company's corporate financing strategy are those on the substantial property or asset transactions involving directors, controlling members etc. The Act also provides the procedure for major asset transactions; and situations where the protection of the interest of minority members affected by such transactions will become paramount. Paper Series V examines the provisions of the Act on major property transactions by directors and controlling members. Further, it discusses the procedure for major asset transactions and the protection of the interest of minority affected by these transactions or the way the affairs of the company is managed.

This study was entitled Catalyst and Transparency; An analysis of the Campus Paper Function as a Watchdog. The study reveals that the publication is inconsistently complying with all standards of journalism because of some major problems like the fear of being personal attacks, lack of funds, and beginner in the field of campus journalism. However, this reveals the improvement of the publication in excelling from the various competitions and also in the releases. Campus publication is realized as citizens’ journalism outside, this plays a vital role in shaping the discipline and awareness need of the students. Ethics and standards of journalism should be part of the training and learning of every students’ journalist. This research study was conducted to analyze the efficiency of the CLSU Collegian in terms of practicing the standards of journalism. This also reviewed the status of the publication in the present situation and the continuation of listing the important accounts of the publication from the year 2011-2015. It also examines the engagement of the staffers of the CLSU Collegian in the elements of journalism, knows the workings of the press. The problems they encountered and solutions they made in practicing the elements of journalism. Key informant interview, focus group discussion, archival research, and library research are the major methods that the researcher do, to validate the data that are being collected the study adapted the triangulation process.

To determine “what works, for whom, and under what conditions,” interventions need to be studied in diverse and heterogeneous samples. At an international scope, this degree of heterogeneity is unlikely in a single study and instead requires conducting multiple studies of the same intervention across the globe. In this paper, we provide an overview of the infrastructure required to coordinate such a series of studies, including the methodological and measurement developments that would be needed. We also discuss implications of this shared focus for the design of individual studies and the analyses of outcomes across studies. Throughout, we situate these needs in the context of developing a teacher mindset intervention that is intended to be implemented broadly in classrooms around the world.

Development outcomes in the digital era are closely tied to the ability of countries to harness the data value chain and ensure fair and just digital economies. However, as things stand, the digital economy is anything but equitable. IT for Change’s two-year regional project, Unskewing the Data Value Chain: A Policy Research Project for Equitable Platform Economies aims to assess current policy gaps and explore new policy directions on data value chains that can promote equitable and inclusive economic development. As part of the call for researchers to build the project's global research network, IT for Change published a background paper that lays the ground for researchers to investigate policy frameworks and evolve scholarly reflections on future directions for the governance of data value chains.

The New Zealand Law Commission is reviewing Class Actions and Litigation Funding in New Zealand from 2020 - 2022. The NZLC produced Issues Paper 45 for consultation with stakeholders.

On November 5, 2020, the Office of Federal Contract Compliance in the Department of Labor issued new rules codifying the procedures it will use to resolve equal employment issues. First, this paper summarizes the new rules focusing on how the agency will use and evaluate statistical evidence in its monitoring of government contractors’ compliance with equal employment laws. After noting the diminished role of statistical evidence in the new rules, the likely effect of them on the use of statistical data and analyses in equal employment proceedings are explored. The logical and statistical reasoning underlying several aspects of the new rules are also questioned. Because the new rules refer to a report of the Chamber of Commerce that, in part, criticized the agency from bringing a case against a firm, data from the case are re-analyzed. The statistical analysis provides support for the position of OFCCP

Sustainability has immensely become a widespread buzzword with a contested meaning in the last century. Different scholars have portrayed the concept from different backgrounds and magnitudes. This paper aims to discuss various standpoints of the concept of sustainability. The notion has been defined as the procedures of maintaining a suitable environment for the growing consciousness, for instance, environmental dilapidation, resource diminution, and socioeconomic discrimination. The concept of sustainability has its root in the ‘Brundtland Report’, which has been encircling social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Thus, sustainability is the ability of prevailing or co-existing of human beings and the biosphere uninterruptedly. In 1978, Thomas Malthus discussed his theory of growing starvation for the barren land to feed a high population. Moreover, sustainability is the concept of economics where the scarcity of resources is the primary concern. In 1987, the Brundtland commission introduced the concept of sustainable development for ensuring improved life within this scarce resource.

New France, like most European colonies in the New World, suffered from a persistent shortage of metal coins. As Quebec could only legally import from France, their standards of living were constrained by their ability to export a few primary products (mostly fur, cod, timber and wheat). Mercantilist restrictions and underdeveloped financial markets limited the ability to use the capital account to import coins and tightened the balance of payments constraint. The introduction of playing card money in New France in 1685, the first use of paper money in the West, provided a means of relaxing this constraint. It produced a substitute domestic money which allowed scarce metal coins to be used to purchase imports. The balance-of-payments constrained growth models that grew out of Thirlwall’s Law is applied to this experience, with discussions of the export constraints of Quebec’s reliance on a few primary exports (with furs being the most dominant one) with inelastic demand and facing the vagaries of changing tastes in Europe.

This paper conceptualizes that a human mind consists of three components: (1) rational self (2) emotions (3) an automatic system that memorizes habits. Based on anthologists’ research, I posit that rational self is used only in the occasions that the return of using it is high, which serves human genes’ purposes of saving vital energy of physical strength for production and fighting against ferocious animals in ancient times. In other occasions, rational self is in a dormant mode, with habits determining human behaviors. The switch from dormant to active state of rational self is through the spur of emotions. For example, in ancient times, when an individual’s peers obtain something valuable, it is usually a good opportunity for him to try to obtain it as well. Therefore, human genes create the emotion of jealousy, which yields psychological pain to spur the rational self to find the best way to get it as well through learning from his peers. When an individual makes a serious mistake, human genes create the emotion of regret, which generates psychological pain to spur the rational self to learn the lesson. When humans feel contended and their energies are under-used, human genes create the emotion of greed and boredom, which yields psychological pain to spur them to act… In contemporary times, however, these emotions may often only yield tremendous human suffering while bringing no benefits to the survival of the gene. To mitigate pains or to utilize the pleasure mechanism that human genes create, rational self may choose illusions, sexual promiscuity, taking drugs, addiction to video games, or even suicide, all of which can be conceptualized as a “principal-agent problem” between human genes and rational self. Moreover, religions may be a way to reduce human suffering. The goal of rational self is to maximize the individual’s lifetime happiness by trying to be fully aware of all of the desires and emotions that human gene creates and imposed on the individual and striking an optimal balance among them. This goal can be interpreted as the “meaning of life”, which often amounts to the satisfactions of biological needs and/or the continuous pursuit of the sense of “winning” in some aspects of life.

With the increasing sophistication of the global financial markets, comes the need for domestic financial markets to develop their architecture and infrastructures to support requisite advancement as well as align with international standards, thus the enactment of new companies’ legislation and other financial legislation that will position Nigeria and its capital markets at par with its international counterparts. This paper examines the provisions of the Act on Netting and the enforceability of netting agreements and other qualified financial contracts.

That AI will have a major impact on society is no longer in question. Current debate turns instead on how far this impact will be positive or negative, for whom, in which ways, in which places, and on what timescale. In order to frame these questions in a more substantive way, in this prolegomena we introduce what we consider the four core opportunities for society offered by the use of AI, four associated risks which could emerge from its overuse or misuse, and the opportunity costs associated with its under use. We then offer a high-level view of the emerging advantages for organisations of taking an ethical approach to developing and deploying AI. Finally, we introduce a set of five principles which should guide the development and deployment of AI technologies. The development of laws, policies and best practices for seizing the opportunities and minimizing the risks posed by AI technologies would benefit from building on ethical frameworks such as the one offered here.

This White Paper summarises currently available empirical data about attitudes and opinions of citizens and state actors regarding cybersecurity. The data emerges from reports of EU projects, Eurobarometer surveys, policy documents of state actors and additional scientific papers. It describes what these stakeholders generally think, what they feel, and what they do about cyber threats and security (counter)measures. For citizens’ perspectives, three social spheres of particular interest are examined: 1) health, 2) business, 3) police and national security.

This White Paper summarizes the current state of discussion regarding the main technological challenges in cybersecurity and impact of those, including ways and approaches to addressing them, on key fundamental values. It provides an overview on current cybersecurity threads and countermeasures and focuses on ethical dilemmas that emerge when counteracting those threads. It also points to the fact that the cybersecurity community relies much more on interpersonal relations when sharing intelligence and data than in explicit national or supranational regulations. Furthermore, the White Paper presents advanced cryptographic techniques and data anonymization techniques that may help to solve or minimize some of the ethical dilemmas.

In August 2017, the Supreme Court of India’s landmark judgment in Puttaswamy v. Union of India affirmed that the right to privacy is a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution. In Puttaswamy v. Union of India, the various opinions have observed that informational privacy is an important aspect of such privacy in this day and age. As arguments were made in this case, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY), Government of India also set up a Committee of Experts to identify key data protection issues in India and recommend methods of addressing them. MEITY and the Committee of Experts have now issued a white paper which recognises the need for comprehensive data protection regulations that incorporate established data protection principles. Public comments and consultations have been called for on the basis of this paper, as we gear up to build on the fundamental right to privacy and put in place strong data protection laws to protect personal data. In this paper we analyse the only existing ‘comprehensive’ data protection rules in India, i.e. the Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011 (“Rules”), issued under the Information Technology Act, 2000 (“IT Act”). The paper examines the provisions of the IT Act and the Rules that provide for the protection of personal data, the kind of personal data that they apply to, as well as some of the criticisms of these provisions and their enforcement.

This White Paper outlines how the ethical discourse on cybersecurity has developed in the scientific literature, which ethical issues gained interest, which value conflicts are discussed, and where the “blind spots” in the current ethical discourse on cybersecurity are located. The White Paper is based on an extensive literature with a focus on three reference domains with unique types of value conflicts: health, business/finance and national security. For each domain, a systematic literature search has been performed and the identified papers have been analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods. An important observation is that the ethics of cybersecurity not an established subject. In all domains, cybersecurity is recognized as being an instrumental value, not an end in itself, which opens up the possibility of trade-offs with different values in different spheres. The most prominent common theme is the existence of trade-offs and even conflicts between reasonable goals, for example between usability and security, accessibility and security, privacy and convenience. Other prominent common themes are the importance of cybersecurity to sustain trust (in institutions), and the harmful effect of any loss of control over data.

Background: The capital of Croatia was hit by several earthquakes during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, simultaneously introducing two sources of stressors to the same cohort. This study aimed to determine the individual and joint effects on children’s mental health. Methods: The study comprised a web-based survey for parents (N = 22,202), deployed in February 2021. Exposure to COVID-19 and earthquake related stressors were assessed using scales constructed for this study and symptoms of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) and anxiety/depression were assessed using the CATS-C and RCADS-25-P. Demographic data were used to assess the effects of gender and age. Regression analyses were conducted to identify and evaluate predictors of PTS and anxiety/depression and test for possible interactions between pandemic-related and earthquake-related factors. Findings: Results indicate that impaired mental health is more likely among girls, children who were affected by earthquake and suffered more home damage, and those who are at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19 or have a family member at risk. Further, anxiety/depression symptoms were higher among children whose family member was self-isolated and whose homes were more damaged. Interpretation: Our findings link earthquake exposure and pandemic related stressors to symptoms of PTS, anxiety, and depression. It demonstrated limited interactions of both stressors on children’s mental health. The risk was higher for girls and no age differences were found. Future studies should expand the aspects of both resilience and risk factors, allowing for development of effective intervention strategies. Funding: The study was self-funded by the authors. Declaration of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Ethical Approval: The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Zagreb Child and Youth Protection Centre, Ministry of Education and Croatian Education and Teacher Training Agency

Valuation risk of a security—uncertainty about its fair value—is a subject of considerable concern in the mutual fund industry. If funds report different values for identical securities, investors cannot easily compare performance. Yet it is not unusual to see identical illiquid stocks, small-cap stocks, stocks with high analyst dispersion, stocks with less analyst coverage, and newly listed stocks valued differently across mutual funds. An equity fund that has positive price dispersion in its portfolio holdings, that performs poorly, that belongs to a fund family with an inclination for aggressive reporting, that holds more stocks subject to stale prices, that holds more pre-IPO firms, or that experiences net outflows will tend to show positive price dispersion again in the next quarter. This behavior is significant in a volatile market. Aggressive reporting helps funds gain in the mutual fund tournament.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, some goods suddenly became scarce due to panic purchases and stockpiling. The decision to hoard is influenced by higher-order beliefs. If an agent believes that other agents think that a good will become scarce, she concludes that these other agents will hoard, and thus tries to preempt them by hoarding herself. To capture such behaviour, we construct a model with a global game. Agents receive noisy information about some variable that influences supply or demand. They then form higher-order beliefs, and possibly panic and hoard the product. We analyze determinants of such panics. Endogenizing prices and quantities, we show that producers with market power set prices strategically to induce panics and thus boost demand. Absent market power, strong competition leads to low prices and thus little overproduction, also causing panics. We also consider firms who need the scarce good as an intermediate product in their production chain, and show that a regulator would require such firms to stockpile the product, thus increasing resilience.

This study was inspired by the literature of the hypothesis of the curse of natural resources, but particularly in authors such as Castelo-Branco (2010), Tiess (2011), Sigam and Garcia (2012), Obiri (2014), Halland et al. (2015) and Addison and Roe (2018).These authors deal with the issue of natural resources from the perspective of the extractive industry. So, the objective of this study was to estimate the impact of the extractive industry of natural resources on the economic growth of Mozambique in the context of the SADC countries. To carry out the study, an econometric model of economic growth based on panel data was estimated, more specifically the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) using data from 11 SADC countries between 1980 and 2017. The main results of the study indicate that, taking into account all 11 SADC countries, in the long-run the extractive industry rents have a negative and statistically significant impact on economic growth. In the short-run the extractive industry has no impact on the economic growth of the SADC countries. In the context of Mozambique, the results show that, in the short-run extractive industry rents has a negative but statistically insignificant effect, i.e. have no impact on Mozambique's economic growth. These results suggest that extractive industry rents in Mozambique and in SADC, in general, are not used as a factor of production applied in other sectors to directly raise the national product. It’s leased for the remuneration of production factor and/or for consumption. Thus, for the short run the study recommends policies for allocating the rents of extractive industries in productive and economically efficient investments in the detriment of political efficiency and the creation of sovereign wealth funds. For such policies to have results, in the short run, Mozambique must improve the quality of the institutions which at long run will be the antibiotics against the voracious and rentist effects of local elites and bureaucrats

Although there are many theories and discussion of leadership, the essential of having a new leadership paradigm was emphasized. Of the leadership paradigms, servant leadership was introduced recently and is in line with the environmental changes of the organization. The aim of this review is to understanding the relationship between servant leadership and firms’ performance, its antecedents, its concepts (definitions), how contexts of servant leadership was empirically investigated and strain to determine the relationship between servant leadership and firm’s performance, and find out moderators, and mediators. The author reviewed studies published between 2004 and 2018/19, out of which 27 published articles were drawn from 23 peer-reviewed journals. It is argued that there was no study which tries to examine the direct relationship between servant leadership and firms’ performance. A large number of studies use mediators and some few used moderators to contend with the relationship. Finally, conclusion has been done by presenting a solid research framework for future research to bring the field forward encompassing both theoretical and empirical advancement.

This document sets out guidance on the re-design of courses from face-to-face teaching to online asynchronous and synchronous1 learning in response to circumstances of COVID-19. We created these guidelines to help us in our thinking before we began to re-develop the courses we lead. In our case, these courses were hosted on the Moodle VLE. We had to keep our redesign do-able. We knew it would involve significant amounts of work, but by focusing effort on the points below prior to undertaking the redesign, we were able to redevelop existing courses effectively, putting students and their learning at the heart of the process. We read, talked to those with expertise in online learning, reflected on our own understandings of effective online learning and the nature of what it was we wanted our students to learn. From this, we created a set of guiding principles (Section 1) and some associated practical considerations (Section 2). We then deepened this by identifying some key messages from published evidence about online learning which we summarised in a table (Section 3). In redesigning our courses, the summary points in the table have been central.

תקציר בעברית: המאמר עוסק בספרו החדש של בועז סנג'רו, "ביקורת דיני העונשין הישראליים" (2020). לאחר תיאור חשיבותו של הספר ותרומתו, המאמר מתמקד בעקרון החוקיות, אחד העקרונות המפורסמים ביותר בדיני העונשין. סנג'רו מתייחס לדרישותיו השונות של העיקרון: הדרישה שאיסורים יהיו רק בחוק או מכוחו, הדרישה לפומביות החוק, הדרישה שהחוק הפלילי יחול מכאן ואילך, הדרישה להגדרה ברורה ומפורטת של האיסור, והדרישה לפרשנות מצמצמת. המאמר דן בכל אחת מהדרישות באופן מפורט וביקורתי, תוך הרחבה על שתי הדרישות האחרונות, שלעתים קרובות אינן מתקיימות במשפט הישראלי. המאמר יסקור איסורים מרכזיים שרחוקים מלהיות בהירים, ופסיקה עליונה בולטת שרחוקה מפרשנות מצמצמת. המאמר מציע שהמשפט הפלילי הישראלי נאמן לעקרון החוקיות כמעט רק במקרים שבהם נאמנות כזו אינה כרוכה בפגיעה באינטרס הציבורי, וקורא לרפורמה מקפת בחלק הספציפי של חוק העונשין. English Abstract: This article revolves around Boaz Sangero's latest book, "Critique of the Israeli Criminal Law" (2020). After describing the book's importance and contribution, this article focuses on the famous principle of legality in the substantive criminal law. Sangero addresses the various requirements of the principle: the requirement that prohibitions will be set only by the legislator, the requirement that all laws are made public, the requirement that new laws apply prospectively, the requirement that prohibitions are elaborate and clear, and the requirement for narrow interpretation of criminal prohibitions. This article discusses each requirement critically, elaborating on the last two, which are often denied by the criminal law in Israel. It illustrates diverse central prohibitions, which are far from clear, alongside famous verdicts by the Israeli Supreme Court, which are far from narrow interpretation. This article suggests that the Israeli criminal law is faithful to the principle of legality only in cases in which such faithfulness does not come at the expense of the public interest in conviction.

The following essay responds to a draft article that criticises the theory of libertarian restitution in Escape from Leviathan (EFL). The article was freely available to internet search engines. Hence, it seems fair and useful to reply to these very welcome objective criticisms. It is not intellectually relevant that its author might subsequently and subjectively have thought better of them, possibly as a result of the earlier version of this reply. Generally, the article misconstrues the position on retribution in EFL. Eventually, it makes apparent qualifications to its own position such that there does not seem to be any clear theoretical difference between the two on the central disputed issue. EFL’s position is to explain and defend only the non-normative theory of libertarian restitution: full restoration or compensation to the damaged (proactively imposed on) party. But it is argued that this can include a retributive aspect if that is what the victim prefers. Moreover, such restitution will tend to act as a deterrent that maximises both overall interpersonal liberty (theorised as no proactive impositions) and human welfare (theorised as preference satisfaction).

[eIn this article prepared by Kobchikova E.V. and Makarov T.G., the connection between private law with educational relations is considered; it is stated that educational relations are characterized by the presence of public and private components in them. The work gives a detailed description to civil relations in the sphere of education, explores the concept of educational service, and considers the place of an agreement for rendering paid educational services among other service agreements. The authors of the article note that this agreement, just like the majority of civil law contracts, is a bilaterally binding one, i.e., both parties (educational institution and student) are bound with mutual obligations. In accordance with the principles of private law regulations, educational relations are regulated by the parties to the agreement for rendering fee-based educational services, based on the legal equality of the partiesnter Abstract Body]

An anti-phenolphthalein monoclonal antibody (mAb) was prepared based on the N' N-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) method through phenolphthalein conjugated with proteins. Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay (ICA) methods were used to determine phenolphthalein in slimming products. A standard curve was established, and the IC50 and limit of detection of ic-ELISA were 0.95 and 0.10 ng/mL with a linear detection range of 0.27-3.37 ng/mL. The developed ICA was used to detect phenolphthalein in tablets, capsules, and slimming tea samples with visual limit of detection values of 10 ng/mL, and cut-off values of 200 ng/mL. The results indicated that these two methods could be used to quickly detect phenolphthalein in slimming products.

Page 1 of Ramsey’s 1922 very brief note(see also Mellor’s republication in the Brit. J. Phil. Sci. 40 (1989), 219-222) attempted to review Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability in the January 1922 issue of Cambridge Magazine on pp.3-5, contains a silly, stupid, and foolish example of what Ramsey claims is an application that follows from Keynes’s logical theory of probability as contained in the A Treatise on Probability. In fact, Ramsey’s example has absolutely nothing to do with anything written by Keynes on probability or in the A Treatise on Probability in his lifetime. The Ramsey example consists of two propositions. My carpet is blue and Napoleon was a great general. Neither proposition contains any relevant evidence,h, that could be used to support a conclusion,a, with regard to the other. Ramsey presents an analysis that “…, for example between 'My carpet is blue' and 'Napoleon was a great general'…”(Ramsey,1922,p.3;1989, pp. 219-220) makes no sense and is certainly not brilliant. Keynes’s theoretical exposition of propositions for use in his logical theory of probability, as detailed on pages 4, 11,40,119, and in axiom (i) on page 135 of the A Treatise on Probability, is that there exists a logical relation, P, between propositions h, which contain the relevant evidence that serves as the premises of our(Keynes’s italics,p.4) argument, and proposition a, which is the conclusion of the argument based on the h propositions that can be written as P(a/h)=α, where α is between 0 and 1,0≤α≤1. Keynes also uses the notation (a/h)=α, suppressing P which stands for probability relation. See his discussion on p.119. We will show that Ramsey’s discussion of this example will establish that he probably read-only paragraph two on page 11 of the A Treatise on Probability.

[enter This study aims to explore the challenges facing the perception of women entrepreneurs in Bule Hora town administration. Related to the challenges facing in the perception, attitude, and belief of women entrepreneur in-action and the potential women are segregated. The researchers used a qualitative research design related to the interpretative approach was developed. The researchers used eight interviewees who were involved in the study. The purposive sampling techniques were used to get data from the sample respondent, an interview was used. The qualitative data analysis method thematic data analysis is used. The major finding of the study shows that challenges facing the perception of women entrepreneurs in the study area are a lack of finance, working place, and training, social-cultural factors. The implication of the study will help the government to revise his policy to give a solution personal and organizational –related, legal/administration, economic, social/cultural and other factors that affect the perception of women entrepreneurs in entrepreneurial activity

This article forwards a vision for enhancing equity and educational outcomes by creating growth mindset cultures in schools and classrooms. In growth mindset classroom cultures, teachers provide a coherent meaning system for students’ mindsets, goals, beliefs, and behaviors. By normalizing and infusing growth mindset beliefs and behaviors into routine practices and interactions, these classroom cultures give students (and teachers) a shared and productive way to understand challenges, setbacks, and learning inside and outside the classroom, ultimately benefiting their longer-term academic trajectories. In describing the possibility and promise of growth mindset cultures, we focus on the role of teachers and their instructional practices in creating these cultures. We provide a framework for integrating evidence-based instructional practices and growth mindset research. Finally, we chart an ambitious research agenda describing questions the field must answer if we are to create effective growth mindset cultures that spur students’ motivation and learning in school.

Thirteen various observations on the thinking of Bruno Latour, from We Have Never Been Modern through Reassembling the Social and up to modes. Excursions into Stanley Fish, Paul Feyerabend, and Claude Levi-Strauss. Topics: religion, history, social organization, culture, mind, language, truth and felicity. Thread running throughout: Latour’s “flat ontology”, in which everything has agency, has fruitful, perhaps even substantial and revelatory, implications.

Spanish Abstract: El sindrome de burnout o de desgaste profesional es el resultado de la exposicion a un estres prolongado. Este sindrome ha sido ampliamente estudiado en profesionales de la salud, aunque puede afectar a trabajadores de diferentes sectores. Este es un estudio sobre la aplicabilidad, en el mundo y en Colombia, de los instrumentos para medir el sindrome de burnout a partir de nueve criterios: caracteristicas, validez, confiabilidad, profesiones, costo, idiomas, duracion, ventajas y desventajas. Para tal fin, se realizo una busqueda en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science de articulos que evaluaran la confiabilidad y validez de los instrumentos mas utilizados. Este documento esta dirigido para todo aquel que quiere evaluar el sindrome de burnout, ya que se dan pautas de los instrumentos mas usados de tal forma que pueda identificar cual podria aplicar en su organizacion o investigacion segun su necesidad, ya que tienen un validez y confiabilidad similar. Palabras clave: Burnout, confiabilidad, instrumentos English Abstract: Burnout syndrome is the result of exposure to prolonged stress. This syndrome has been widely studied in health professionals, although it can affect workers in different sectors. This is a study on the applicability, in the world and in Colombia, of instruments to measure burnout syndrome based on nine criteria: characteristics, validity, reliability, professions, cost, languages, duration, advantages, and disadvantages. To this end, a search was made in the Scopus and Web of Science databases for articles that evaluated the reliability and validity of the most used instruments. This document is intended for anyone who wants to evaluate burnout syndrome since it provides guidelines of the most commonly used instruments so that you can identify which instrument could be applied in your organization or research according to your needs since they have similar validity and reliability

At the first unit of ZNPP, an emergency hydrogen removal system (EHRS) of passive autocatalytic recombiners (PAR) was supplied and installed by Westinghouse Electric Germany GmbH of the NIS PAR type to improve the safety of the power unit. After the installation of this system, it became necessary to clarify the main parameters of the unit under the SA conditions, taking into account the operation of PAR, since the SMAG [‎1‎] emergency scenarios were calculated using recombinators of another type and configuration. Within the framework of this work, a simulation model of hydrogen recombiners for the MELCOR 1.8.5 code was developed and validated. The calculation was carried out for various scenarios: complete blackout of the power unit (SBO), different cases of LOCA along with SBO (SBO - LOCA, and complete loss of main feed water of the secondary circuit ATWS (LOFW-ATWS). In this article, the last scenario is considered. Calculations show that the considered NIS PAR system coped with the task of keeping the hydrogen concentration outside the detonation zone; the concentrations of the gas-mixture components can enter the border of the deflagration zone for a limit time duration.

The research aims to address two questions that tighten the development nexus between SME development and Global Value Chain (GVC). Does GVC participation enable SMEs to attain benefits that would otherwise be out of their reach? What characteristics of firms that are likely to determine SME participation in GVC? The analysis examines the impacts of GVC participation on SME performance by five researchers in four countries namely Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia and Thailand. The impact of GVC on SME had been examined based on human capital, Trade, firms innovation in their respective countries and particularly to the coffee farmers in Indonesia. Researchers have found statistically significant on their parameters. In addition, the empirical results show that firm size, training of employees, and direct exports of SMEs play a vital role in determining the likelihood of their participation in GVC