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Study Design: Case-control whole-genome sequencing analysis of a highly select, young cohort with symptomatic lumbar disk herniation (LDH) compared with the standard variation in a large reference population.Objective: To assess genetic influences predisposing pediatric and young adult patients to symptomatic LDH.Summary Of Background Data: LDH has traditionally been attributed to natural weakening or mechanical insult, but recent literature supports a potential genetic influence.Methods: Young patients with symptomatic, clinically confirmed LDH who underwent surgical treatment were included. Patients were younger than the average age of presentation, limiting the influence of environmental risks. DNA collected from these patients was compared with a reference genome (1000 Genomes Project). A genome-wide association study using whole-genome sequencing was used to characterize genetic mutations potentially associated with LDH.Results: Among the 61 candidate genes flagged, 20 had missense mutations in 2 or more LDH cases. Missense mutations in collagen-encoding genes were observed in 12 of 15 patients (80%). A potential association with clinical presentation was indicated by odds ratios of key single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants in genes that encode collagen. Relative to the reference population, the LDH cohort demonstrated two statistically significant SNP variants in the gene encoding for aggrecan, a protein that facilitates load-bearing properties in the cartilaginous end plate. Aggrecan genes SNPs rs3817428 and rs11638262 were significantly associated with decreased odds of symptomatic LDH: odds ratio 0.05 (0.02-0.11) and 0.04 (0-0.26), respectively (P < 1 × 10 for both).Conclusion: These results suggest that collagen-encoding variants may be a genetic risk factor for LDH. They also shed new light on the role of variants that impact aggrecan, which sustains the cartilaginous end plate. Genetic predisposition to LDH may therefore be related to a multimodal combination of mutations that affect the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and the cartilaginous end plates.Level Of Evidence: 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) occurs as a constellation of neurologic signs and symptoms resulting from longitudinal traction on the spinal cord between fixed points. This condition involves a tug-of-war between ascent and inhibition of ascent of intrathecal nervous tissue within the vertebral canal during growth. Causes include thickened filum terminale, myelomeningocele, split cord malformation, and previous intradural surgery. Patients report low back, lower extremity, and perineal pain; lower extremity sensory and motor deficits; urinary and bowel incontinence; and sexual dysfunction. When not treated early or adequately, TCS can lead to neurologic devastation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of robotics in spine surgery. It discusses about the first robotic assisted system for spinal surgery, SpineAssist from Mazor Robotics Ltd., Casesarea, Israel that received Food and Drug Administration clearance in 2004 and presented an average error of less than 2mm in 98.3% of pedicle screws inserted. SpineAssist had a greater proportion of non-misplaced screws in comparison to freehand surgery.