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Study Design: Retrospective cohort.Objective: We evaluate the correlation of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System for physical function (PROMIS-PF) with legacy patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in patients undergoing minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF) up to 2 years postoperatively.Summary Of Background Data: PROMIS-PF has not been validated past 6 months following MIS TLIF.Methods: A surgical registry was retrospectively reviewed for eligible MIS TLIFs between May 2015 and September 2017. Inclusion criteria were primary, one- or two-level MIS TLIFs for degenerative spinal pathology. Patients without preoperative or 2-year follow up PROMIS-PF surveys were excluded. Demographic, perioperative, and PROMs including Visual Analog Scale (VAS) back, VAS leg, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), 12-Item Short Form (SF-12) physical component summary (PCS) scores, and PROMIS-PF at preoperative and postoperative timepoint (e.g., 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years). A paired t test evaluated PROM improvement from baseline. The relationship of PROMIS-PF with VAS back, VAS leg, SF-12 PCS, and ODI was evaluated with a Pearson correlation coefficient.Results: The 68-subject cohort was 41.2% female, with an average age of 52.9 years; 44.1% were obese, and the majority underwent one-level fusions (95.6%). Pain (VAS back, VAS leg) and disability metrics (ODI) demonstrated significant improvement at all timepoints following MIS TLIF when compared to baseline (all P < 0.001). Physical function (SF-12 PCS, PROMIS-PF) demonstrated significant postoperative improvement at 12 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years (all P < 0.001). All evaluated timepoints, with the exception of preoperative VAS back scores, revealed strong PROMIS-PF correlations with VAS back, VAS leg, ODI, and SF-12 PCS.Conclusion: PROMIS-PF demonstrated a strong correlation with pain (VAS back, VAS leg), disability (ODI) and physical function (SF-12) at all postoperative follow-ups through 2 years. Our study provides longitudinal evidence for utilizing PROMIS-PF as a valid physical function measure among patients undergoing MIS TLIF.Level Of Evidence: 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: Literature review.Objective: To discern which social media outlets contribute most to spine surgery literature dissemination and to investigate how popular articles compare to articles with most citations.Summary Of Background Data: Scientific literature is increasingly disseminated through social media. The Altmetric Attention Score (AAS) is defined as an automated, weighted score calculation from counts of all online attention received by various research outputs. Increasing AAS values indicate more online attention. For example, the overall top 100 Altmetric spine surgery peer-reviewed articles since 2010 had an AAS range from 78 to 1537. Among all spine surgery literature reviewed since 2010, the mean AAS was 5.3 with a median of 1.0.Methods: We performed an Altmetric database search of nine spine surgery journals from January 2010 to October 2019. Mean AAS was summarized alongside metrics including citation count and impact factor. We assessed correlations between AAS and online sources, readers, and citations. Journals were grouped by impact factor, and analysis-of-variance compared mean AAS. The 100 highest AAS articles were compared to the most cited.Results: 13,601 articles were included. The mean AAS was 5.3, with Twitter contributing the most. The three highest associations were news (P < 0.001), Twitter (P < 0.001), and Facebook (P < 0.001). There was no significant association between impact factor and AAS. Compared with the most cited articles, the top 100 AAS articles had significantly more article types, more prospective studies, fewer retrospective studies, fewer reviews, and fewer systematic reviews (P < 0.001 for all). Spine contributed the most articles in both top 100 sets.Conclusion: Our evaluation revealed Twitter, newsfeeds, and Facebook were the most significant social media outlets. Compared to articles with the most citations, the most popular articles are prospective and encompass broader study designs. Social media plays an integral role in dissemination, both within spine literature and the public sphere.Level Of Evidence: 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: Retrospective.Objective: To determine the association between preoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF) scores with postoperative pain, narcotics use, and patient-reported outcomes (PRO) following a single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) procedure.Summary Of Background Data: There is a scarcity of prior literature on the ability of baseline PROMIS scores to predict clinical outcomes for patients undergoing ACDF procedures.Methods: Patients who underwent a primary ACDF were retrospectively reviewed and stratified into low and high disability cohorts. Preoperative PROMIS PF cohorts were tested for association with demographic and perioperative characteristics using chi-square analysis and one-way analysis of variance. Cohorts were tested for association with inpatient pain scores and narcotics consumption, as well as postoperative improvements in PROMIS PF, neck disability index (NDI), and visual analog scale (VAS) neck and arm pain using linear regression.Results: Ninety one patients were included: 39 low disability and 52 high disability. Inpatient postoperative VAS pain scores and narcotic consumption are also compared between cohorts. Patients with greater disability reported higher VAS pain scores (P = 0.003). However, patients in both cohorts consumed comparable amounts of narcotics (P = 0.926). Patients with greater preoperative disability demonstrated lower PROMIS PF scores, greater NDI scores, and greater VAS Neck scores at the preoperative baseline. However, patients demonstrated similar improvement of VAS neck and arm pain, as well as NDI at all postoperative timepoints. Patients with low disability reported worsened physical function at the 6 weeks timepoint.Conclusion: Patients with worse preoperative disability as measured by PROMIS PF reported increased pain but comparable narcotics consumption in the immediate postoperative period following a single-level ACDF procedure. Furthermore, patients experienced similar long-term postoperative improvement of PROs regardless of preoperative physical function. PROMIS PF can efficiently quantify physical function before and after the ACDF procedure as self-evaluated by patients.Level Of Evidence: 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: Retrospective.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among patients undergoing minimally invasive (MIS) lumbar interbody fusion.Summary Of Background Data: Few studies have evaluated the utility and concurrent validity of the PHQ-9 survey in patients undergoing spinal procedures.Methods: Patients undergoing a one- or two-level MIS lumbar interbody fusion were retrospectively reviewed. Patient-reported outcome surveys were completed preoperatively and at 6-week, 12-week, 6-month, and 1-year timepoints. Postoperative survey scores were compared to preoperative values using paired t tests. PHQ-9 scores were compared with the Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores of the Short Form-12 (SF-12) and the Veterans RAND-12 (VR-12) surveys at each timepoint using the Pearson correlation coefficient.Results: A total of 215 patients were included in the analysis. The mean preoperative scores for the PHQ-9, SF-12 MCS, and VR-12 MCS were 6.78, 49.55, and 50.39, respectively. Significant improvements in each survey outcome measure were observed at all postoperative timepoints. Strong correlations with PHQ-9 scores were identified for SF-12 MCS scores and VR-12 MCS scores at preoperative and postoperative timepoints (|r| ≥ 0.5 and P < 0.05 for each).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that mental health, as measured by the PHQ-9, SF-12 MCS, and VR-12 MCS surveys, improves significantly after MIS lumbar fusion. In addition, PHQ-9 scores were strongly correlated with SF-12 and VR-12 scores. These results suggest that PHQ-9 can be a valid assessment of baseline mental health and postoperative improvement after MIS lumbar fusion. Concordant results among PHQ-9, SF-12 MCS, and VR-12 indicate that the simultaneous utilization of multiple survey instruments may not be necessary. Limiting the number of questionnaires that are administered in the evaluation of mental health could also help reduce survey burden placed on patients.Level Of Evidence: 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: Retrospective cohort.Objective: To investigate and establish minimum clinically important differences (MCID) for Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among patients undergoing minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF).Summary Of Background: Spine surgery is linked to postoperative improvements in anxiety, depression, and mental health. These improvements have been documented using patient-reported outcome measures such as PHQ-9. Few studies evaluated the clinical significance of PHQ-9 for lumbar spine surgery.Methods: Patients who underwent single-level, primary MIS TLIF from 2015 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed in a prospective database. Patients with incomplete preoperative and 2-year postoperative PHQ-9 surveys were excluded. Demographic and perioperative characteristics were recorded. PHQ-9, 12-Item Short Form (SF-12), and Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) Mental Component Summary (MCS) were collected at preoperative, 6-week, 12-week, 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year intervals. MCID was calculated using anchor and distribution-based methods. SF-12 served as an anchor. MCID was assessed using mean change methodology, four receiver operating characteristic curve assessments, and standard error measurement. Cutoff values were selected from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. MCID achievement rates for all patient-reported outcome measures were calculated.Results: A total of 139 patients met inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 55 years and 39% females. The most common spinal pathology was radiculopathy (92%). MCID analysis revealed the following ranges of values: 2.0 to 4.8 (PHQ-9), 6.7 to 12.1 (SF-12 MCS), and 7.5 to 15.9 (VR-12 MCS). Final MCID thresholds were 3.0 (PHQ-9), 9.1 (SF-12 MCS), and 8.1 (VR-12 MCS). MCID achievement at 2-years for PHQ-9, SF-12 MCS, and VR-12 MCS was 89.2%, 85.6%, and 84.9% respectively.Conclusion: Our 2-year postoperative MCID analysis is the first mental health calculation from an MIS TLIF cohort. We report a 2-year MCID value for PHQ-9 of 3.0 (2.0-4.8). MCID values for mental health instruments are important for determining overall success of lumbar spine surgery.Level of Evidence: 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]