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Direct Imaging with DLP® Photoheads is becoming an established technology in productivity systems for PCB Lithography and similar applications. Scrolling technology is used to expose large areas and is enabling highest levels of productivity and efficiency, while maintaining full flexibility of direct imaging concepts. Specific features such as SPX (subpixelation) and PPC (pixel power control) technologies have further enhanced resolution of printed structures, as well as precision and uniformity of the exposure across the entire field. 3D print systems with photosensitive resins can conceptually be seen as an extension of 2D Direct Imaging systems into the third dimension. The scrolling technique then allows to enlarge the build area by freely multiplying the photohead’s static build area with native pixel pitch in both, x and y dimensions. In addition, SPX technology in 3D print systems would enable 2 different advanced options. Either it offers improved (reduced) edge roughness of structures, by fine pitching the native pixel pitch. Or a larger native pixel pitch can be chosen, still providing the same fine pitched edge roughness and surface finish as a native system with proportionally smaller build area.

Visualizing data on tablets is challenging due to the relatively small screen size and limited user interaction capabilities. Standard data visualization apps provide support for pinch-and-zoom and scrolling operations, but do not provide context for data that is off-screen. When exploring data on tablets, the user must be able to focus on a region of interest and quickly find interesting patterns in the data. We present visualization techniques that facilitate seamless interaction with the region of interest on a tablet using context-providing bar graphs and scatter plots. Through aggregation, fisheye-style, and overview+detail representations, we provide context to the users as they explore a region of interest. We evaluated the efficacy of our techniques with the standard, interactive bar graph and scatter plot applications on a tablet, and found that one of our bargraph visualizations - Fisheye-style Focus+Context visualization (BG2) resulted in the fewest errors, least frustration and took the least amount of time. Similarly, one of our scatter plot visualizations - User Driven Overview+Detail (SP3) - resulted in the fewest errors, least frustration and took the least amount of time. Overall, users preferred the context-providing techniques over traditional bar graphs and scatter plots, that include pinch-and-zoom and fling-based scrolling capabilities.

Immersive stereoscopic imaging requires sharp wide field images, special software, and high resolution displays. Examples of some successful image capture, splicing, viewing, hosting, and posting techniques used in digital stereoscopic panoramic photography are given. Image capture uses camera movements that approximate natural eye positions reasonably well by using manual or motorized gimbal mounted systems designed for the purpose. Processing requires seamlessly stitching dozens or hundreds of images into left and right panoramas. Creating stereoscopic images over 50 mega pixels benefits from programmable motorized camera mounts. The 2 gig limit of TIFFs is often exceeded and requires the use of GigaPan.org hosting technologies. Gigapixel stereoscopic images are viewed as a single whole while many small files are quickly uploaded to improve the sharpness of the areas viewed and may be seen at 3d-360.com. Immersive stereo contents, active scrolling and deep zoom capabilities take stereoscopic photography from snapshots into the realm of immersive virtual presence when combined with modern web and display technologies. Scientific, artistic, and commercial applications can make effective use of existing stereoscopic displays systems by using these extended capabilities.

A prototype of on-line system developed by ourselves was used to non-destructively inspect orange quality. This system includes three main parts: machine vision part for fruit external quality detection, visible and near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy part for fruit internal quality detection, and weighing part for fruit weight detection. Fruit scrolled on the roller in the machine vision part, while stopped scrolling before entering the Vis-NIR spectroscopy part. Therefore, fruit positions and directions were inconsistent for spectra acquisition. This paper was aimed to study the influence of fruit detection orientation on spectra variation and model estimation performance using the on-line system. The system was configured to operate at typical grader speeds (0.27m/s or approximately three fruit per second) and detect the light transmitted through oranges. Stepwise multi linear regression models were developed for fruit with consistent directions and inconsistent directions in the wavelength range of 600-950 nm, and gave reasonable calibration correlations R2=0.89-0.92 and low cross validation errors (RMSECV=0.44-0.56%). The calibration model with spherical samples only turned out the best prediction results, which has lowest RMSEP of 0.56%-0.63% for different fruit orientations. It can be seen from the study that fruit shape would influence the fruit orientation for spectra aqcuiring of spherical samples after scrolling, and would further influence the modeling resutls. It is better to acquire spectra and establish models for sampels with different shapes separately and then applying them based on shape detection resutls to improve the soluble solid content (SSC) prediction accuracy.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Gaze tracking is a common method to assess perceptual processes when reading medical images. However, little attention has yet been paid to multi-slice images. The present study examines the gaze data of four experienced radiologists reading 15 cranial Computer Tomography scans (CCT), five of which contain lesions. The participants navigated freely through the slices, while their eye position was tracked. Participants' visual search performance was examined in terms of: time per case, scrolling pattern including the number of runs through each case and number of oscillations within each case, fixation duration, time to first fixate a lesion and the initial dwell time on a lesion. The results of the study indicate that performance and reading strategy differ between radiologists. The greatest behavioral differences occurred between the two readers, who performed best. One of them, participant 4, showed extremely short periods of inspection, few oscillations between the slices, short initial dwells on lesions and short time to first fixation, whereas participant 2 performed equally as well, but took longer to read individual cases, went through the slices with many more oscillations, showed longer time to first fixation and initial dwell times on lesions. The behavior displayed by participant 4 is consistent with expert behavior reading 2-dimensional images. In contrast, participant 2's behavior resembles that of a novice, namely because of the systematic search pattern employed. The results hint that expertise may be characterized by various and diverse strategies.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that damages axonal pathways through inflammation and demyelination. In order to address the need for a centralized application to manage and study MS patients, the MS e-Folder - a web-based, disease-specific electronic medical record system - was developed. The e-Folder has a PHP and MySQL based graphical user interface (GUI) that can serve as both a tool for clinician decision support and a data mining tool for researchers. This web-based GUI gives the e-Folder a user friendly interface that can be securely accessed through the internet and requires minimal software installation on the client side. The e-Folder GUI displays and queries patient medical records--including demographic data, social history, past medical history, and past MS history. In addition, DICOM format imaging data, and computer aided detection (CAD) results from a lesion load algorithm are also displayed. The GUI interface is dynamic and allows manipulation of the DICOM images, such as zoom, pan, and scrolling, and the ability to rotate 3D images. Given the complexity of clinical management and the need to bolster research in MS, the MS e-Folder system will improve patient care and provide MS researchers with a function-rich patient data hub.

Limited display area creates unique challenges for information presentation and user exploration of data on mobile devices. Traditional scrolling, panning and zooming interfaces pose significant cognitive burdens on the user to assimilate the new context after each interaction. To overcome these limitations, we examine the uses of "focus + context" techniques, specifically for performing visual analytic tasks with geospatial data on mobile devices. In particular, we adapted the translucency-based "focus + context" technique called "blending lens" to mobile devices. The adaptation enhances the lens functionalities with dynamically changing features based on users' navigation intentions, for mobile interaction. We extend the concept of "spatial context" of this method to include relevant semantic content to aid spatial navigation and analytical tasks such as finding related data. With these adaptations, the lens can be used to view spatially clustered results of a search query, related data based on various proximity functions (such as distance, category and time) and other correlative information for immediate in-field analysis, all without losing the current geospatial context.

In recent years, the amount of streaming video has grown rapidly on the Web. Often, retrieving these streaming videos offers the challenge of indexing and analyzing the media in real time because the streams must be treated as effectively infinite in length, thus precluding offline processing. Generally speaking, captions are important semantic clues for video indexing and retrieval. However, existing caption detection methods often have difficulties to make real-time detection for streaming video, and few of them concern on the differentiation of captions from scene texts and scrolling texts. In general, these texts have different roles in streaming video retrieval. To overcome these difficulties, this paper proposes a novel approach which explores the inter-frame correlation analysis and wavelet-domain modeling for real-time caption detection in streaming video. In our approach, the inter-frame correlation information is used to distinguish caption texts from scene texts and scrolling texts. Moreover, wavelet-domain Generalized Gaussian Models (GGMs) are utilized to automatically remove non-text regions from each frame and only keep caption regions for further processing. Experiment results show that our approach is able to offer real-time caption detection with high recall and low false alarm rate, and also can effectively discern caption texts from the other texts even in low resolutions.

In the wake of an increasing number of terrorist attacks, counter-terrorism measures are now a main focus of many research programmes. An important issue for the police is the ability to track individuals and groups reliably through underground stations, and in the case of post-event analysis, to be able to ascertain whether specific individuals have been at the station previously. While there exist many motion detection and tracking algorithms, the reliable deployment of them in a large network is still ongoing research. Specifically, to track individuals through multiple views, on multiple levels and between levels, consistent detection and labelling of individuals is crucial. In view of these issues, we have developed a change detection algorithm to work reliably in the presence of periodic movements, e.g. escalators and scrolling advertisements, as well as a content-based retrieval technique for identification. The change detection technique automatically extracts periodically varying elements in the scene using Fourier analysis, and constructs a Markov model for the process. Training is performed online, and no manual intervention is required, making this system suitable for deployment in large networks. Experiments on real data shows significant improvement over existing techniques. The content-based retrieval technique uses MPEG-7 descriptors to identify individuals. Given the environment under which the system operates, i.e. at relatively low resolution, this approach is suitable for short timescales. For longer timescales, other forms of identification such as gait, or if the resolution allows, face recognition, will be required.

In this paper the etendue efficient illuminator having retro-reflecting aperture with a slit is proposed. Such an illuminator allows to increase light efficiency of the projection system which has an etendue much smaller than the arc lamp used typically as the light source. In modeling and analysis results, it is evaluated that retro-reflecting aperture with a slit make it possible to increase light efficiency of single panel color scrolling projection system by about 15%.

An efficient optical architecture for implementing a time delay optical neural network utilizing acoustooptic devices, scrolling CCD detector arrays, and photorefractive weight storage is presented.

While client/server document imaging systems have matured considerably, fully satisfactory mechanisms for distributing and providing interactive access to document images over the World-Wide Web have not yet emerged. The interface functionality of most scanned document viewers and browsers is primitive compared to what is available for revisable-form electronic documents. Common image viewers provide only scrolling within a page, change of magnification and jumping to the next/previous page. By contrast, electronic document browsers often provide content-based operations such as string search with highlighting of search hits, up-down-next-previous navigation through logical structure trees, and hypertext links from indexes and tables of contents to body text. Recently, there have been a number of efforts aimed at enlivening imaged documents by providing more content-based interfaces. Examples include Adobe Capture, Dienst, Xerox's DocuWeb, and the UC Berkeley multivalent document browser. This paper reviews some of the methods currently used for transmitting and browsing page images of documents on the Internet and presents a design for adding some desirable features to future document image browsers.

We present the DEVise (data exploration via visualization environment) toolkit designed for visual exploration of stream data. Data of this type are collected continuously from sources such as remote sensors, program traces, and the stock market. A typical application involves looking for correlations, which may not be precisely defined, by experimenting with graphical representations. This includes selectively comparing data from multiple sources, selective viewing by zooming and scrolling at various resolutions, and querying the underlying data from the graphics. DEVise is designed to provide greater support than packages such as AVS or Khoros for this type of application. First, by abandoning the network flow model of AVS and Khoros in favor of a database query model, we are able to incorporate many performance improvements for visualizing large amounts of data. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to eliminate data size limitations in a visualization package. Second, by structuring the stand-alone graphics module of most existing tools into user accessible components, users can quickly create, destroy, or interconnect the components to generate new visualizations. This flexibility greatly increases the ease with which users can browse their data. Finally, through limited programming, users can query the underlying data through the graphical representation for more information about the records used to generate the graphical representation.

A `pushbroom' sensor is an airborne imaging system which takes a series of one dimensional samples orthogonal to the aircraft line of flight with the second dimension constructed by the forward motion of the platform. With the advent of these highly sophisticated pushbroom reconnaissance sensors, system testing organizations are required to perform a detailed assessment of sensor performance. While in the past, systems have traditionally been tested using static or scrolling stimulation, such techniques have proven to yield only limited data. The Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Patuxent River, Maryland has developed a ground test capability which supplies highly diverse and repeatable data and which provides a solid statistical base for the determination of system resolution. Working closely with the 3246 TW/DOR, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, the exploitable nature of these data has been verified. This paper presents the data as actually taken from ground tests of a pushbroom sensor performed at Eglin Air Force Base and illustrates the methods and techniques employed to analyze and evaluate the resulting imagery.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The adoption of document image processing is resulting in the CRT replacing paper as the primary medium for written information in the office environment. The anticipated rapid adoption of this technology will mean that more workers will be using CRTs for larger portions of the workday. The U.S. Department of Commerce estimates that the percentage of workers using CRTs will increase from 15% in 1989 to 50% in 1997. Increased CRT usage has brought with it the problem of increased eyestrain resulting in sub-optimal productivity and worker discomfort. It is well documented, but not widely known, that reading from commonly used 60 Hz 24-line CRTs is 30% slower and is the cause of increased eye fatigue when compared to reading from hard-copy paper. The culprit is poor CRT image quality; and it dramatically affects users who spend three or more hours a day using CRT screens. In order for document image processing to be accepted by users, computer displays must be much closer to the display quality of paper, which commonly used displays on PCs today do not approach. The minimum requirements for displays used for document image processing are the ability to display an entire 81/2 X 11 page and have the information on the page be easily readable without manipulation of the image by zooming or scrolling. In other words, the image must be as easy to read as paper. Displays that meet these criteria are called 'paper-like displays.'

Functional Requirements for C3I Large Screen DisplaysPaul T. Breen, Jr.Applied Technology Department, The MITRE CorporationMail Stop E073, Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730AbstractRepresentative functional requirements for large screen displays (LSDs) in C3I applica-tions are developed including requirements for the C3I facility as well as for the LSDequipment. Performance metrics are defined for LSD and commentary provided on the utilityof these metrics and contemporary technical specifications for available LSD products.IntroductionLarge Screen Displays (LSDs) have been part of typical C3I command and control facilitiesfor many years. In its simplest form, plexiglass plotting boards are employed to presentgraphical and tabular information related to the intended mission to the audience within thefacility. More recent implementations involve the use of LSDs driven by computers and /orvideo sources. The particular approach used regarding format differs from center to centerwith available space being a dominant factor in defining exact approach. That is to say, insome centers a scrolling approach is employed while in others, a billboard technique is used.With the increased desire to have separate groups within the same or separate centerssharing common data, the need for group viewing displays appears to be further solidified.In this paper, the concerns of the C3I community regarding LSDs will be addressed; thecharacteristics of representative C3I facilities within both fixed and mobile facilitiesdescribed; the expectations of LSD performance for C3I applications will be discussed;observations on the critical metrics for C31 LSD presented; and, conclusions drawn as to thefuture of C3I LSDs. The author will not address the rhetorical question, "Is there utilityin C3I large screen displays "? This is a loaded question full of emotional context.

Real-time viewing of high resolution infrared line scan reconnaissance imagery is greatly facilitated using Honeywell's Real Time Display in conjunction with a D-500 Infrared Reconnaissance System. The Real-Time Display (RTD) provides the capability of on-board review of high resolution infrared imagery using the wide infrared dynamic range of the D-500 infrared receiver to maximum advantage. The scan converter accepts, processes, and displays imagery from four channels of the IR Receiver after formatting by a multiplexer. The scan converter interfaces with a standard RS-170 video monitor. Detailed review and on-board analysis of infrared reconnaissance imagery stored on a videotape is easily accomplished using the many user-friendly features of the RTD. Using a convenient joystick controller, on-screen mode menus, and a moveable cursor, the operator can examine scenes of interest at four different display magnifications using a four step bidirectional zoom. Imagery areas of interest are first noted using the scrolling wide field display mode at 8x reduced display resolution. On noting an area of interest, the imagery can be marked on the tape record for future recovery and a freeze frame mode can be initiated. The operator can then move the cursor to the area of interest and zoom to higher display magnification for 4x, 2x, and lx display resolutions so that the full 4096 x 4096 pixel infrared frame can be matched to the 512 x 512 pixel display frame. At 8x wide field display magnification the full line scanner field of view is displayed at 8x reduced resolution. There are two selectable modes of obtaining this reduced resolution. The operator can use the default method, which averages the signal from an 8 x 8 pixel group, or it is also possible to select the peak signal of the 8 x 8 pixel block to represent the entire block on the display. In this alternate peak-signal display the wide field can be effectively scanned for hot objects which are more likely to be candidate targets. The intermediate 4x and 2x zoom steps are very useful in maintaining operator orientation in examining target clusters and industrial complexes. The four operating modes of the RTD are described and their use to the operator on a typical mission is outlined. Some installation details are given. The RTD as part of a complete D-500 Infrared Linescan Reconnaissance System is now being installed on a Beech 1900 Environmental Control Aircraft to monitor pollution in very sensitive and commercially important marine ecologies. Its application on military reconnaissance missions will allow the normal review of recorded videotape imagery at a ground station immediately after return of the aircraft to base. The areas of highest interest will have been previously marked during the airborne real-time review by the operator. The RTD packages into only two Line Replaceable Units (LRUs), a Scan Converter, and a Control Unit which includes a joystick hand controller. The CRT display is assumed to be part of the aircraft.

This document describes the architecture and design philosophy of the COMTAL Vision One/20 digital image processing system. The Vision One/20 is a dual ported RAM refresh memory system which affords multiple user access to a common expandable data base (4096x4096x8 bit pixel memory images are available) with dynamic partitioning to afford a multiplicity of different applications. Real time roaming with a window size of up to 1024x1024 pixels through the data base is possible with zooming and 3x3 convolution all implementable in 1/30 second. With graphics overlay memories, annotation, labeling, outlining and arbitrarily shaped multiple small area monochrome or color correction are possible. Due to the dynamic allocation of the data base memory, digital loop movies in real-time are possible as is left-right, right-left, up-down or down-up scrolling of new imagery into the refresh memory and viewing window. These and other features are expanded upon herein. Pipeline processors, freeze frame iterative image array feedback, firmware-burned control and instruction com-mands are descriptive of modern image processing architectures used in the Vision One/20.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.