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This paper describes the development of autonomous electronic micro and nanoscale sensor systems for very harsh downhole oilfield conditions and provides an overview of the operational requirements necessary to survive and make direct measurements of subsurface conditions. One of several significant developmental challenges is selecting appropriate technologies that are simultaneously miniaturize-able, integrate-able, harsh environment capable, and economically viable. The Advanced Energy Consortium (AEC) is employing a platform approach to developing and testing multi-chip, millimeter and micron-scale systems in a package at elevated temperature and pressure in API brine and oil analogs, with the future goal of miniaturized systems that enable the collection of previously unattainable data. The ultimate goal is to develop subsurface nanosensor systems that can be injected into oil and gas well bores, to gather and record data, providing an unparalleled level of direct reservoir characterization. This paper provides a status update on the research efforts and developmental successes at the AEC.

The modelling of the Automatic Target Detection, Recognition and Identification performance in systems of multiple sensors and/or platforms is important in many respects. For example, in the selection of sensors or sensor combinations of sufficient effectiveness to achieve operational requirements, or for understanding how the system might be best exploited. It is possible that a sensing system may be comprised of sensors of several different types, including active and passive approaches in the radio frequency and optical portions of the spectrum. Some may have well-understood performance, whereas others may be only poorly characterised. A simulation framework has been developed examining sensor options across different sensor types, parameterisations, search strategies, and applications. The framework is based around Bayesian Decision Theoretic principles along with simple sensor models and search environment. It uses Monte-Carlo simulation to derive statistical measures of performance for systems. The framework has been designed to encompass detection, recognition and identification problems and also to treat sensor characterisation. The modelling framework has been applied to a number of illustrative problems. These range from simple target detection scenarios using sensors of differing performance or of different regional search schemes, through to examinations of: the number of measurements required to reach threshold performance; the effects of sensor measurement cost; issues relating to the poor characterisation of sensors within the system, and; the performance of combined detection and recognition sensor systems. Results are presented illustrating these effects. These generally show that the method is able to quantify qualitative expectations of performance, and is sufficiently powerful to highlight some unexpected aspects of operation.

The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) is unique in that it is currently the only large telescope (2 x 8.4m primary mirrors) with permanently mounted adaptive secondary mirrors (ASMs). These ASMs have been used for regular observing since early 2010 on the right side and since late 2011 on the left side. They are currently regularly used for seeing-limited observing as well as for selective diffraction-limited observing and are required to be fully operational every observing night. By comparison the other telescopes using ASMs, the Multi Mirrot Telescope (MMT) and more recently Magellan, use fixed secondaries of seeing-limited observing and switch in the ASMs for diffraction-limited observing. We will discuss the night-to-night operational requirements for ASMs specifically for seeing-limited but also for diffraction-limited observations based on the LBT experience. These will include preparation procedures for observing (mirror flattening and resting as examples); hardware failure statistics and how to deal with them such as for the actuators; observing protocols for; and current limitations of use due to the ASM technology such as the minimum elevation limit (25 degrees) and the hysteresis of the gravity-vector induced astigmatism. We will also discuss the impact of ASM maintenance and preparation

In order to assist the pilot to safely operate helicopters in degraded visual environment (DVE), an integrated system of various technologies that will provide improved situation awareness with minimal interpretation whilst controlling the aircraft appears to be essential. To determine the most effective and affordable solution set to enhance helicopter operations in DVE at low altitudes and to help scope the potential range of solutions, the critical tasks of helicopters with the inherent requirements are to be defined. This paper will provide an overview on the operational environment, today procedures and the resulting general requirements for operating helicopters low level in degraded visual environment.

This paper will provide an overview of operational requirements and selected examples of visual displays for Degraded Visual Environment (DVE) In order to assist the pilot to safely operate, control and land the helicopter in DVE, an integrated system of various technologies that will provide improved situational awareness (SA) with minimal interpretation is essential. SA should include information about the landing site and height, heading speed, drift, and rate of descent. The development an integrated system is a long-term goal. The current, legacy helicopters do not provide a specific display. A short-term solution is the development of alternative visual displays for operations in DVE.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large space based astronomical telescope that will operate at cryogenic temperatures. The telescope by virtue of its size must be stowed in an inoperable configuration for launch and remotely reconfigured in space to meet the operational requirements using active Wave Front Sensing and Control (WFSC). This paper will report on the optical budgeting process used to manage the performance of the active system. The current status of the design and verification of the optical hardware, the WFSC processes, and the total system verification modeling will be presented. More detailed discussions of the system verification by analysis will be presented in separate accompanying papers.

The unique ability of the millimeter-wave portion of the spectrum to penetrate typical visual obscurants has resulted in a wide range of possible applications for imagers in this spectrum. Of particular interest to the military community are imagers that can operate effectively in Degraded Visual Environments (DVE's) experienced by helicopter pilots when landing in dry, dusty environments, otherwise known as "brownout." One of the first steps to developing operational requirements for imagers in this spectrum is to develop a quantitative understanding of the phenomenology that governs imaging in these environments. While preliminary studies have been done in this area, quantitative, calibrated measurements of typical targets and degradation of target contrasts due to brownout conditions are not available. To this end, we will present results from calibrated, empirical measurements of typical targets of interest to helicopter pilots made in a representative desert environment. In addition, real-time measurements of target contrast reduction due to brownout conditions generated by helicopter downwash will be shown. These data were acquired using a W-band, dual-polarization radiometric scanner using optical-upconversion detectors.

Scientists and Engineers in the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) are constantly asked what are the new technologies and concepts that are being developed to significantly increase the warfighters capabilities. The warfighting communities have different opinions and priorities based on their platform capabilities and operational requirements that the Laboratory has to make trade-offs to maximize the payoff on investment for the Air Force operator community in this tighter budget era. This paper will discuss the current state of helmet mounted displays in rotorcraft and fast jets as well as the future technology advancements needed to increase warfighter productive and/or reduce life cycle costs.

Raytheon has manufactured closed-cycle cryocoolers for both tactical military and space applications for over thirty years. Tactical and space cryocooler technologies have historically been treated as distinct both at Raytheon and throughout the industry. Differing technical requirements, operating lifetimes, and order quantities have driven these types of coolers to dramatically different design approaches and cost levels. For example, a typical space cryocooler system today costs approximately $2M as compared to roughly $10,000 for a tactical cryocooler. However, stimuli from both the tactical and space cooler user communities are driving the markets together. Tactical cryocooler requirements are starting to push towards operating lifetime requirements more characteristic of the space coolers (e.g., 20,000+ hours). Space cryocooler users, in particular Missile Defense Agency, are pushing for substantial cost reduction. In response, Raytheon is developing a low cost space cryocooler with an intended dual-use capability to also serve the tactical marketplace. This cooler leverages proven flexure-suspension technology to achieve long life, and a low cost concentric pulse tube cold head design has been developed that can be packaged into the existing Standard Advanced Dewar Assembly, Type One (SADA-I). The cooler meets or exceeds the SADA-I operational requirements (capacity, efficiency, etc.) as well. For the space-version of the cooler, the electronics cost has been reduced by an estimated 80% versus current designs, largely by approaching the vibration cancellation requirement from a dramatically different perspective. Fabrication of the brassboard expander is nearly complete, and the prototype design is well underway. The design approach, development progress, and proposed applications are presented.

The Department of Defense (DoD) has long depended on military support functions enabled by space reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) assets. Future generation satellite capabilities will further push technologies in space - if the right technologies are deployed in the right numbers and with the right payloads. Modeling and simulation play major parts in developing and deploying such assets: 1) system and operational requirements determination, and 2) assessment of military utility of such assets. Each area is critical in a system’s life cycle. Requirements determination cuts across the issues of doctrine, organizations, training, materiel, leader development, personnel, and facilities (DOTMLPF). Military utility assessments are necessary to explore and quantify the military worth/benefit of space RSTA assets to operational commanders. Each of these areas requires relevant modeling/simulation tools which span the engineering to system to operational levels. Appropriate assessments of space with related air and ground RSTA assets. This paper will discuss some of the modeling and simulation requirements to address the above issues.

This paper will describe multi-sensor modeling and how its use is applicable throughout the acquisition process. Since the acquisition process and the consequential modeling and simulation efforts are results of the developed Operational Requirements Document (ORD), the development and essential information that should be included within the ORD will also be addressed. In addition, currently available modeling tools along with their individual tradeoffs and the assumptions that can be made in order to facilitate modeling where design or operational parameters do not exist will be discussed.

An account of the recently completed, 1-1/2 year ABL risk reduction deformable mirror (DM) program will be given. In this effort, candidate sub-scale deformable mirrors (SSDM) supplied by tow vendors were tested for manufacture and performance quality. The down-selected mirror was then provided with a newly-developed, high performance, multiple wavelength, low stress, very low absorptance faceplate optical coating. The SSDM was then operated for cycle number and stroke, and under high laser flux, that exceeds the operational requirements of the ABL DMs. The successful results for these tests, carried out with the contributions of a multifaceted integrated product team, will be reported.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Sirius is a long range infra red search and track system (LR- IRST) and intended to be used in an anti air warfare (AAW) multisensor suite on board of modern frigates. This Dutch/Canadian development program started 1/1/95 and includes also the evaluation of the system in warm and cold water scenarios. The operational requirements were drafted by both the national navies. The primary task is automatic detection, tracking and reporting of seaskimming missiles at long range. The design is based on recent experiences with IRSTs and the latest technological achievements in the areas of processing capabilities and IR-detectors. In this presentation design drivers and main technical choices are discussed.

Based on system analysis of technical and operational requirements and on actual trends in large optical telescope development a concept and an alternate design are proposed for telescope load-bearing case representing the first attempt to integrate functions of different elements of telescope consisting in making physically integral tube, mounting and enclosure which has not been met in the world practice of telescope construction.

The existing laboratory optical methods do not fulfill in full measure the modern accuracy and operational requirements. Primarily this is due to the high sensitivity of the methods to the changes of the optical and electronic signals passing condition, to the optical elements and cuvettes pollution, etc. These drawbacks can be eliminated at the elimination of the dependence of the methods error on the apparatus constants of emitting-receiving and measuring blocks, optics pollution, etc. Below the description is being given to the variant of methodological errors elimination technique in the laboratory optical investigations (illustrated by the example of attenuation coefficient (transparency) determination of optically transparent biological objects).

Mine detection is essential to the military forces' mobility and survivability on the battlefield and to the deminers' survivability in humanitarian demining operations. Mine detection technologies are the same but the operational requirements and consequently the technical emphases are different. Twenty-four hour detection capability and rate of detection are essential in military operations while 100 percent probability of detection is essential in demining operations to ensure the inhabitants' safety. My presentation focuses primarily on mine detection technologies for military operations; however, these technologies are very applicable for detecting mines and mine-like targets during humanitarian demining operations.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) has established a requirement for a fleet of reconnaissance vehicles equipped with a modern surveillance system to be used in a wide variety of scenarios. This includes conventional operations within NATO, contingency operations in troubled areas as well as UN peacekeeping missions. As such, the Light Armored Vehicles Reconnaissance and Surveillance System will be the first 24 hour all- weather reconnaissance system integrated into a combat vehicle. This paper intends to describe how the operational requirements defined by DND were translated into sensor and system requirements. After a summary of the current configuration, it focuses on product pre-planned improvements and future needs.

The Helmet-Mounted Display (HMD) concept is now widely used to meet the ever increasing mission requirements of modern helicopters especially for the very demanding tasks of night navigation, piloting, and use of armaments. However, a careful review of the system and ergonomic issues has to be undertaken in order to define a product that will be accepted by the aircrew and efficient in the battle field environment. Special attention must be paid in the specifications and implementation of the image sensors used to display the external scene in front of the eyes of the aircrew members. A technical approach, including various designs and the most significant performances, is described.

Current and future operational requirements that support a picture archiving and communication system that manages filmless digital modality images are described.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

In pursuing the development of airborne tactical reconnaissance pods for Navy programs the main areas addressed were the tactical operational requirements and limitations imposed by the aircraft interface. These requirements and limitations established the design philosophy and sensor selection for these programs. The paper describes how various sensors, in concert with avionic systems, can be utilized by existing aircraft to collect multisensor reconnaissance information in an operational environment. The impact of design tradeoffs when interfacing an existing aircraft as opposed to developing a new sensor platform is discussed. Flight test results of a multisensor reconnaissance pod system installed on a tactical aircraft are presented. Problem areas relating to sensors and pods are presented as well as approaches to overcome these problems.

Recent developments in metal halide technology have lead to the introduction of AC Short Arc Metal Halide lamps suitable for a wide range of illumination applications. The advantages of such sources are as follows; high brightness, small source size, high correlated color temperature, and good color quality. In addition, the efficacy of these lamps are two to three times greater than other light sources. In order to apply the AC short arc metal halide lamps properly, their physical, optical and electrical characteristics must be considered comprehensively. The metal halide arc itself is especially complex and requires careful investigation in order to make optimum optical designs. This paper will review the basics of metal halide technology and its application to lamps. Spectral and optical characteristics are discussed and optical design considerations for different applications will be reviewed. Operational requirements, including power supply characteristics and cooling will be presented. In addition, this paper will discuss present and future applications for currently available sources and possibilities for new types of metal halide lamps. Particular attention will be paid to UV radiating types.

New electro-optical (E-0) systems are currently being developed for tactical reconnaissance. To ensure that these systems can be developed within budget, it is essential that operational and technical requirements be developed together. This paper is an attempt at defining technical capabilities and costs in terms of operational requirements.

Northrop's Medium-Range, Remotely-Piloted-Vehicle (MRRPV) reconnaissance system is designed to provide today's tactical commanders with useful high-resolution imagery without risking lives or high-value assets. The system consists of remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs), mission payloads, a mission control station (MCS), relay pod, launch and recovery equipment, and associated support equipment. Military requirements for the MRRPV system identified the need for an effective balance among performance, cost, supportability, availability, and the timely development and fielding of the system. This balance was achieved by conducting trade studies that evaluated the many options against the critical performance, cost, and operational requirements. The trade studies resulted in the selection of an optimal system; i.e., a system characterized by low recurring, life-cycle, and development costs; minimum development schedule; performance that meets or exceeds requirements; and maximum reliability, supportability, and availability. Specifically, these trade studies were conducted to define the following MRRPV system components

As part of a design study for a complete PACS system for a large hospital in England, we were tasked to develop and evaluate a number of potential system architectures. These architectures were to be considered with respect to an operational requirements document. The alternative architectures consisted of systems with distributed and centralized archives, centralized and distributed active storage, and video and digital communications capabilities. Several different architectures are presented along with a brief discussion of their individual merits and brief comparative analysis.

The Computer Optical Disk Archival Memory, CODAM, development is a Defense Department program to ensure the availability of an advanced optical disk peripheral to satisfy expanding, archival, high performance computer memory needs. Ultimately, to satisfy user operational requirements, a number of such peripherals will be married to an automated disk handler. The resultant equipment will form an Optical Disk Library ODL, capable of over 1014 bits of on-line storage. The characteristics of the CODAM hardware and the ODL are described. The trade-offs that lead to the choice of the CODAM specifications are presented.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

System application and integration issues drive the operational requirements of an optical disk memory. This paper describes a typical system integration problem and four possible solutions. The operational requirement is to WRITE a continuous input data stream into the optical disk memory for several days, and READ random files from the memory at the same time. This can be done at continuous WRITE rates of 24 Mbps (3 MBytes/sec). The four solutions involve different ways to use the RCA Optical Disk Jukebox (ODJ) and different configuration options that may be specified when ordering the ODJ. These options include multiple heads per turntable, multiple turntables per ODJ and I/O staging buffers. Data is given on the number of file READ accesses per minute vs. simultaneous WRITE rate. Diagrams of the ODJ configuration options are included.

summary of the answers to the following questions relevant to thermal imaging : - What is the situation today ?- What are the future required missions ?- What are the corresponding requirements ?- What are the possible options ?- What is the best choice ?What is the situation today ?We can take, as reference, the various Common Modules : - Systeme Modulaire Thermique, developed in France- Thermal Imaging Common Modules, in Great -Britain- United States Common Module, in America and also used in Germany In the same conditions of use, these concepts have comparible characteristics and performance. We can summarize their main features as follows : - they are working in the 8 to 12 microns range- they use an opto- mechanical scanner for- serial -parallel scanning (SMT and TICM)- serial -interlace scanning (USCM)- their focal planes comprise less than 200 (equivalent) elements- SMT and TICM are directly TV compatibleOptimized cameras for a given application exhibit close detection /recognition /identi-fication ranges, computed according to the same rule (called LPT 1100 derived from US NVLmodel).What are the missions to perform ?We have made investigations among the actual users of infrared devices in order to knowtheir needs in 10 years from now. In terms of operational requirements we find compariblemissions as today, such as

Relatively little is known about the extent of the optical degradation which takes place in window materials when exposed to realistic erosive environments even though the erosion resistance of optical windows is usually prescribed for aircraft and missile guidance systems. The operational requirements for high-performance aircraft and missiles are correspondingly placing more severe requirements on the window materials. It is therefore necessary to develop design relations which provide reliable correlations between laboratory measurements of a material's erosion resistance and the operational requirements which are to be satisfied. This paper attempts to illustrate how this may be accomplished while demonstrating the general lack of test data for this purpose.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.