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Chalcopyrite crystals of 6LiInSe2 have recently been shown to respond to gamma and thermal neutron radiation. Thus far, large crystals have been prepared although the charge collection efficiency has not been sufficient for high energy resolution. In an effort to improve energy resolution needed for gamma spectroscopy as well as pulse shape discrimination for mixed gamma neutron fluxes, the precipitate concentration within the 6LiInSe2 crystal have been studied. The precipitate volume greatly affects the energy resolution in the pulse height spectrum. Further, the charge mobility varies greatly with holes being preferentially trapped by these precipitates or some other defect site within the crystal.

Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) is the detector material of choice for the detection of X-rays in the 10 keV-1MeV energy band with excellent spatial and energy resolutions and without cryogenic cooling. In this contribution, we report on recent results of the CZT detector development program and several astrophysical experiments which make use of CZT detectors. In the first part of the paper, we discuss the performance of pixel and cross-strip CZT detectors read out with an ASIC developed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Our pixel detectors achieve some of the best energy resolutions reported in the literature. Cross-strip detectors are found to give an inferior performance and we investigate the reason for this performance difference. We also present results from a precision measurement of the effect of a steering grid on multi-pixel events obtained with a 200 micrometer collimator. In the second part of the paper, we describe the design and performance of the hard X-ray polarimeter X-Calibur. The polarimeter uses a 14 cm long scintillator scatterer, surrounded by an assembly of 32 2-5 mm thick CZT detectors. We discuss the sensitivity of the polarimeter to measure the linear polarization of 10 keV-80 keV X-rays on short and long balloon flights and results from testing the polarimeter in the laboratory.

CdZnTe, commonly known as CZT is the material of paramount importance for hard X-ray and gamma ray spectroscopy and imaging applications at room temperature. Over the years, the quality of CZT crystals and its charge transport properties has improved significantly making it an attractive detector material especially for homeland security applications. The applications for homeland security demand large and thick detectors to provide a sufficient stopping power for fast detection of high energy gamma photons. In this present report we have grown two inch diameter CZT by Traveling heater method (THM) technique. The as-grown crystals were characterized through photoluminescence (PL) mapping for composition uniformity, growth interface study, Te precipitations/inclusions studies. In order to evaluate our as-grown samples, charge transport characteristics have been studied for thick samples up to ~16mm thick. It has been demonstrated that by controlling the growth interface, visualization of large and thick (~16mm thick) detectors with fairly good response is possible from as-grown CZT detectors grown by THM technique.

Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) continues to progress in quality and cost as a material for the detection of hard X-ray and gamma-ray photons with excellent spatial and energy resolutions. We are developing large-volume (0.5×3.9×3.9 cm 3 ) cross-strip CZT detectors with the objective to combine the excellent performance achieved so far only with pixelated CZT detectors with a reduced number of readout channels. In this contribution, we discuss the spectroscopic performance of large volume CZT detectors from the company Orbotech when contacted as pixelated detectors. Subsequently, we present results obtained when the same substrates where contacted with cross-strip contacts. Finally, we use the results from a simulation study to discuss the optimization of the design of the strip contacts and the readout electronics.

We report on the continued development and testing of unique types of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors.Using large volume (10 × 20 × 20 mm 3 ) CZT crystals, we contact variou s dual anodeŽ detector designs. Weincorporate a segmented cathode with “ve regions so that the charge on all seven contacts can be used todetermine the energy and the 3-D interaction location of detected X-ray and gamma-ray photons. We describethe status of the detector development program, emphasize strengths and weaknesses of the dierent contactcon“gurations, and discuss possible applications of Dual Anode Detectors in radiation detection applications.Keywords: CZT, X-ray Detector , Contact Geometry 1. INTRODUCTION The high average atomic number ( 50) and room temperature operation of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT)detectors make them desirable for Homeland Security a pplications where high eciency of detecting nuclearartifacts is required, such as a stand o detector at a border crossing. We currently are working to developlarge-volume CZT detectors with few re adout channels by exploring novel contact designs. Such designs presentcertain advantages while avoiding the complications, limitations, and requirements of using the standard contactpatterns.The most common CZT detector designs in use today employ either pixel contacts or a coplanar grid (CPG)for the anode.

The growth and scintillating properties of undoped and Eu2+ doped Strontium Iodide indicate excellent potential for gamma ray spectroscopy. Energy resolution at 662 keV was found to be as good as 2.7% at 662 keV. The effect of purification by zone refining was also studied and crystal growth of SrI2 by the Bridgman technique was found to be less subject to cracking compared to the growth of lanthanum halide scintillators.

The performance of current long-drift-length Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors principally is determined by the material's quality. Hence, the material's limitations must be better understood and potential solutions identified to grow CZT crystals with the required qualities. Our efforts have focused on developing novel techniques and testing methods that will allow us to explore the correlations between the crystal's defects and the detector's properties. Local stoichiometric variations and other local disordering make it very hard to systematically correlate performance and material defects on a macroscopic scale. Therefore, to delineate the factors limiting the energy resolution of CZT detectors, we directed our efforts towards micron-scale material characterization and assessments of the detectors using the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). The NSLS offers us a highly collimated high-intensity X-ray beam that we employed to undertake detector-performance mapping, and to investigate the association between microscopic defects and fluctuations in collected charge. In this paper, we illustrate our techniques and results.

High quality detector grade GaSe and GaTe single crystals have been grown by a modified vertical Bridgman technique using high purity Ga (7N) and in-house zone refined (ZR) precursor materials (Se and Te). A state-of-the-art computer model, MASTRAPP, is used to model heat and mass transfer in the Bridgman growth system and to predict the stress distribution in the as-grown crystals. The model accounts for heat transfer in the multiphase system, convection in the melt, and interface dynamics. The crystals harvested from ingots of 8-10 cm length and 2.5 cm diameter, have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, low temperature photoluminescence (PL), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and optical absorption/transmission measurements. Single element devices up to 1 cm 2 in area have been fabricated from the crystals and tested as radiation detectors by measuring current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and pulse height spectra using 241 Am source. The crystals have shown high promise as nuclear detectors with their high dark resistivity (≥10 9 Ω . cm), good charge transport properties (μτ e ~ 1.4x10 -5 cm 2 /V and μτ h ~ 1.5x10 -5 cm 2 /V), and relatively good energy resolution (~4% energy resolution at 60 keV). Details of numerical modeling and simulation, detector fabrication, and testing using a 241 Am energy source (60 keV) is presented in this paper.

Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors are having a major impact on the field of hard X-ray astronomy. Without the need for cryogenic cooling they achieve good spatial and energy resolutions over the broad energy range from 10 keV to 600 keV. In this paper, we briefly review the historical development of detectors used in X-ray astronomy. Subsequently, we present an evaluation of CZT detectors from the company Imarad. The standard 2x2x0.5 cm detectors, contacted with 8x8 In pixels and an In cathode, exhibit FWHM energy resolutions of 7 keV at 59 keV, and 10 keV at 662 keV. A direct measurement of the 662 keV photopeak efficiency gives 67%. We have started a detailed study of the performance of Imarad detectors depending on surface preparation, contact materials, contact deposition, post-deposition detector annealing, and detector passivation techniques. We present first results from contacting detectors with Cr, Ag, Au, and Pt., Invited Contribution to the 49th International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology (SPIE), August 2004, Denver, CO, SPIE, 49, 5540, 13.01. (2004)

Recent progress has been made in the development of the Modified Vertical Bridgman (MVB) technique for the growths of 3-inch diameter CZT crystals for fabrication of x-ray and gamma-ray detectors to operate at room temperature. 40% and 80% of the ingots have the single crystal volumes over 300cm 3 and 100 cm 3 per ingot respectively. Defects (such as Cd-vacancies, Indium dopants and purity) in CZT have been systematically studied. Detectors fabricated from these CZT ingots showed sharp energy resolution and good uniformity.