Search

There have been noticed growing explorers' interest in drawing conclusions based on information of data coded in a graphic form. The neuronal identification of pictorial data, with special emphasis on both quantitative and qualitative analysis, is more frequently utilized to gain and deepen the empirical data knowledge. Extraction and then classification of selected picture features, such as color or surface structure, enables one to create computer tools in order to identify these objects presented as, for example, digital pictures. The work presents original computer system “Processing the image v.1.0” designed to digitalize pictures on the basis of color criterion. The system has been applied to generate a reference learning file for generating the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to identify selected kinds of butterflies from the Papilionidae family.

This paper describes characteristics of information flow on social channels, as a function of content type and relations among individual sources, distilled from analysis of Twitter data as well as human subject survey results. The working hypothesis is that individuals who propagate content on social media act (e.g., decide whether to relay information or not) in accordance with their understanding of the content, as well as their own beliefs and trust relations. Hence, the resulting aggregate content propagation pattern encodes the collective content interpretation of the underlying group, as well as their relations. Analysis algorithms are described to recover such relations from the observed propagation patterns as well as improve our understanding of the content itself in a language agnostic manner simply from its propagation characteristics. An example is to measure the degree of community polarization around contentious topics, identify the factions involved, and recognize their individual views on issues. The analysis is independent of the language of discourse itself, making it valuable for multilingual media, where the number of languages used may render language-specific analysis less scalable.

The purpose of the project was to identify the degree of organic matter decomposition by means of a neural model based on graphical information derived from image analysis. Empirical data (photographs of compost content at various stages of maturation) were used to generate an optimal neural classifier (Boniecki et al. 2009, Nowakowski et al. 2009). The best classification properties were found in an RBF (Radial Basis Function) artificial neural network, which demonstrates that the process is non-linear.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Generally, the management criteria by monitoring items applied to the bridge management is decided through the intuition of the based on the empirical data without any professional and systematic background. In this study, the span deflection is selected among the bridge monitoring items and verify the appropriate management criteria in the case of deflection by the laboratory test. Test specimens are the small-sizing bridge specimens which are made by reinforced concrete. Those are classified by variation of span length and stiffness of section. As a result of test, the relationship between the span center deflection and the safety level of bridge is suggested.

Inspection strategies of transmitted die-to-database pattern inspection (DBT), reflected die-to-database inspection (DBR) and STARlight2 TM (SL2) contamination inspection are employed by mask makers in order to detect pattern defects and contamination defects on photo-masks in process inspection steps and outgoing quality control (OQC). Currently, SL2 inspection is used to detect contamination defects while die-to-database inspections are used to detect pattern defects. However, such inspection strategies need two passes to detect both pattern defects and contamination defects. In this paper we introduce 'Fast Integrated Die-to-Database T+R' (Fast dbTR) and compare its detection capabilities and the productivity to conventional standard detection modes, such as, DBT, DBR and SL2. Programmed reticles and production reticles with pattern defects and contamination defects were used for comparative data collection. During the study, we collected and analyzed inspection data on critical layers such as lines & spaces and contact holes. Empirical data show that 'Fast dbTR' is able to cover the sensitivity required by DBT, DBR and SL2 to detect both pattern defects and contamination defects in one single scan without any loss of productivity in production runs.

Signature-based intrusion detection systems look for known, suspicious patterns in the input data. In this paper we explore compression of labeled empirical data using threshold-based clustering with regularization. The main target of clustering is to compress training dataset to the limited number of signatures, and to minimize the number of comparisons that are necessary to determine the status of the input event as a result. Essentially, the process of clustering includes merging of the clusters which are close enough. As a consequence, we will reduce original dataset to the limited number of labeled centroids. In a complex with k-nearest-neighbor (kNN) method, this set of centroids may be used as a multi-class classifier. Clearly, different attributes have different importance depending on the particular training database. This importance may be regulated in the definition of the distance using linear weight coefficients. The paper introduces special procedure to estimate above weight coefficients. The experiments on the KDD-99 intrusion detection dataset have confirmed effectiveness of the proposed methods.

The US Army RDECOM CERDEC Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate of the US Army (NVESD) has developed a new target acquisition metric to better predict the performance of modern electro-optical imagers. The TTP metric replaces the Johnson criteria. One problem with transitioning to the new model is that the difficulty of searching in a terrain has traditionally been quantified by an "N50." The N50 is the number of Johnson criteria cycles needed for the observer to detect the target half the time, assuming that the observer is not time limited. In order to make use of this empirical data base, a conversion must be found relating Johnson cycles for detection to TTP cycles for detection. This paper describes how that relationship is established. We have found that the relationship between Johnson and TTP is 1:2.7 for the recognition and identification tasks.

The development prospects of a scintillator-photodiode type detector with an improved energy resolution attaining few per cent, about 1.5 to 2.5%, are considered. The main resolution components have been analyzed theoretically, their theoretical and physical limits have been established. Empirical data on the properties of novel scintillators have been considered confirming the possibility of the energy resolution improvement. Ways have been proposed to optimize the detector statistical fluctuations and the scintillator intrinsic resolution. A specific importance of the intrinsic resolution is shown as a limiting threshold factor at the ionizing radiation energy values from 662 keV to 10 MeV and over.

Fragmentation, cutting polygon edge into piecewise of small segments that are later allowed to move individually, has been widely accepted as the work-around methodology in modern model-based optical proximity correction (OPC) tools. As tuning a model-based OPC recipe, most engineers spend much time on the model fitting to make simulated curves a better fit to empirical data (CD measurements). Most failure cases, however, do not result from a model with bad fitting. Instead it has been frequently found that undesired OPC outcomes were derived from fragmentation process. Tuning fragmentation parameters may not be sufficient to resolve some failure cases since it could be intrinsic issues of the current fragmentation mechanism. An illustrative example is the poor correction of a hammerhead line end, in which current fragmentation mechanisms fail to identify it as a line end and later improper compensation (correction) is installed. Other examples include asymmetric OPC results are frequently found. In the present study, several examples were used to assist the analysis of current fragmentation mechanisms in the aspects of effectiveness and limitations. For the coming 0.1 micron or even more advanced generations of technologies, the role of fragmentation mechanism renders its importance more profoundly. Therefore, more powerful fragmentation mechanism will be one of major factors for the success of OPC process. It is the main goal of this study to propose a new fragmentation mechanism. Edges are tagged specifically according to their environment prior to the process of cutting edge into smaller segments. The pseudo code of the new fragmentation mechanism will be given with detailed descriptions.

To achieve the demand of the ever-shrinking technologies, design engineers are embedding rule-based OPC (Optical Proximity Correction) or hand-applied OPC into bit-cell libraries. These libraries are then used to generate other components on a chip. This creates problems for the end users, the photolithographers. Should the photolithographer change the process used to generate the simulations for the embedded OPC, the process can become unstable. The temptation to optimize these shrinking cells with embedded adjustments can be overcome by other methods. Manually increasing fragmentation or manually freezing portions of bit cells can provide the same level of accuracy as a well-simulated embedded solution, so now the model-base OPC generated by the end user can be applied, tolerating process or illumination changes. Manually freezing portions of a bit cell can assist in optimization by blocking larger features from receiving a model-based solution, whereas increased fragmentation augments the model-based application. Freezing contacts or local interconnects landing sites at poly for example, would allow the model-based OPC to optimize the poly over the active regions where transistor performance is vital. This paper documents the problems seen with embedding OPC and the proper ways to resolve them. It will provide insight into embedded OPC removal and replacement. Simulations and empirical data document the differences seen between embedded-OPC bit cells and fragment-optimized bit cells.

As the optics/photonics industry continues to grow, the demand for workers is assumed to increase proportionally. Empirical data seem to support this assumption. This increase presents a challenge to optics/photonics education, since they control and assume responsibility for a key factor in the ability of industry to further expand. At the same time, the U.S. government through the Department of Labor and the Workforce Investment Act has requested that communities enact programs for displaced adults to transition to the workplace. A program of study is provided that would assist adults in making this transition from unemployment to the optics/photonics industry, with the necessary general work skills, occupational optics/photonics skills, and ability to progress on the job with academic foundations in math and science.

We describe recent advances in the development of the original software for studying optics on the General Physics level. Two types of Windows software are reported: the guide-programs for simulation the basic optical experiments and the multichoice test-programs for teachers (to create tests) and for students (to check their knowledge). Application of guide-programs combined with image-files from CCD-camera is presented in two modes; with real equipment and simulation with empirical data- files. The testing system uses GRE approach and accompanied a lot of pictures with main optical circuits or charts. Some illustrations with real screen views for basic optical phenomena are presented.

At a time when rising fuel costs and energy conservation are of prime concern, roof thermography is a vitally important test method for reducing energy costs, particularly when you consider that 70% of heat loss from the skin of most single storey buildings occurs through the roof. Empirical data indicates that the use of thermography for analyzing the thermal integrity of roofs and detecting subsurface moisture is, for the most part, substantially more effective when utilized on the roof than in aerial (airborne) survey work. However, the method selected will depend on the problems being investigated and the information desired.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Conventional electrical interconnect and switching technology is rapidly becoming a critical issue in the realization of systems using high speed silicon and GaAs - based technologies. Comparisons between optical interconnect techniques and conventional electrical interconnect techniques are made as they are applied to high speed electronic computing systems. Theoretical and empirical data are used to identify the advantages of optical interconnects at various levels. Besides the inherent advantages of optics such as speed, reduced electromagnetic and radio frequency interference and crosstalk, optical interconnects are capable of providing larger fanouts at higher bandwidths, with possible lower system power and complexity. In addition, optics has an advantage over conventional interconnects via the density potential of free-space interconnects. A review of recent analysis and results of using optical communication in high speed electronic computing applications is presented.

The number of diagnostic work stations needed in a digital x-ray department varies as a function of department case load, the primary types of diagnostic activity, the number of radiologists on staff, and their relative proficiencies. Other factors which must be considered are the distribution of work load, the amount of time a user is willing to wait for a station, the cost of the stations, and system reliability. There are two extreme solutions to this problem: one work station per department versus one per radiolo-gist. Empirical data available in the literature provides some limiting assumptions. This paper will use that data and analyze the problem using multi-server queuing theory. Estimates using this approach indicate that an "average" department in a medium to large hospital will need five or more work stations to successfully operate an all digital department.