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In order to consummate the management of bank paper, a new algorithm which can recognize the areas of paper tape in bundle of paper money is presented. Image segmentation is used to divide the image into several sub-blocks. Specifically, image entropy is computed in each sub-block. Experimental in different algorithms, including color training algorithm and the median filter and edge detection algorithm, demonstrates its real-time, effectiveness and robustness.

We present an image data-hiding scheme based on near-capacity dirty-paper codes. The scheme achieves high embedding rates by "hiding" information into mid-frequency DCT coefficients among each DCT block of the host image. To reduce the perceptual distortion due to data-hiding, the mid-frequency DCT coefficients are first perceptually scaled according to Watson's model. Then a rate-1/3 projection matrix in conjunction with a rate-1/5 capacity-approaching dirty-paper code is applied. We are able to embed 1500 information bits into 256×256 images, outperforming, under a Gaussian noise attack, currently the best known data-hiding scheme by 33%. Robustness tests against different attacks, such as low-pass filtering, image scaling, and lossy compression, show that our scheme is a good candidate for high-rate image data-hiding applications.

This paper considers the classic non-causal state information problem in channel coding where non-causal channel state knowledge at the transmitter, which is also called the Gel'fand Pinsker problem. This paper determines Lagrangian dual expression for this problem, illustrating that Costa's dirty paper coding result can be replicated using the dual-problem methodology.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The many recent publications that focus upon watermarking with side information at the embedder emphasize the fact that this side information can be used to improve practical capacity. Many of the proposed algorithms use quantization to carry out the embedding process. Although both powerful and simple, recovering the original quantization levels, and hence the embedded data, can be difficult if the image amplitude is modified. In our paper, we present a method that is similar to the existing class of quantization-based techniques, but is different in the sense that we first apply a projection to the image data that is invariant to a class of amplitude modifications that can be described as order preserving. Watermark reading and embedding is done with respect to the projected data rather than the original. Not surprisingly, by requiring invariance to amplitude modifications we increase our vulnerability to other types of distortions. Uniform quantization of the projected data generally leads to non-uniform quantization of the original data, which in turn can cause greater susceptibility to additive noise. Later in the paper we describe a strategy that results in an effective compromise between invariance to amplitude modification and noise susceptibility.

There are several parameters, which influence the characteristics of the final printed colors in digital printing. One of the most important one is the substrate (paper). In the present study, the effect of uncoated papers on the laser printed colors was investigated. For this purpose, three kinds of paper with the same grammage value of 80 and different whiteness and texture were selected. The effect of paper on the printer's reproducibility, light-fastness, color gamut and colorimetric characteristics of the final printed samples were studied for a Canon Laser Printer LBP-5050. It was found out that, the reproducibility of the printer is statistically dependent on the paper's type. The average of color change via exposing light is between 1.3 and 1.8 for different papers. The color difference caused by paper variation illustrates the effect of paper on the final printed colors. The texture properties of the papers were quantified with Edge Frequency technique as an appropriate texture analysis tool. A defined correlation between texture changes and color differences was obtained. Furthermore, the whiteness of the papers clearly affected the final printed colors.

Artifact-metrics is an automated method of authenticating artifacts based on a measurable intrinsic characteristic. Intrinsic characters, such as microscopic random-patterns made during the manufacturing process, are very difficult to copy. A transmitted light image of the distribution can be used for artifact-metrics, since the fiber distribution of paper is random. Little is known about the individuality of the transmitted light image although it is an important requirement for intrinsic characteristic artifact-metrics. Measuring individuality requires that the intrinsic characteristic of each artifact significantly differs, so having sufficient individuality can make an artifact-metric system highly resistant to brute force attack. Here we investigate the influence of paper category, matching size of sample, and image-resolution on the individuality of a transmitted light image of paper through a matching test using those images. More concretely, we evaluate FMR/FNMR curves by calculating similarity scores with matches using correlation coefficients between pairs of scanner input images, and the individuality of paper by way of estimated EER with probabilistic measure through a matching method based on line segments, which can localize the influence of rotation gaps of a sample in the case of large matching size. As a result, we found that the transmitted light image of paper has a sufficient individuality.

Annotation watermarking (sometimes also called caption or illustration watermarking) denotes a specific application of watermarks, which embeds supplementary information directly in the media, so that additional information is intrinsically linked to media content and does not get separated from the media by non-malicious processing steps such as image cropping or compression. Recently, nested object annotation watermarking (NOAWM) has been introduced as a specialized annotation watermarking domain, whereby hierarchical object information is embedded in photographic images. In earlier work, the Hierarchical Graph Concept (HGC) has been suggested as a first approach to model object relations, which are defined by users during editing processes, into a hierarchical tree structure. The original HGC method uses a code-book decomposition of the annotation tree and a block-luminance algorithm for embedding. In this article, two new approaches for embedding nested object annotations are presented and experimentally compared to the original HGC approach. The first one adopts the code-book scheme of HGC using an alternative embedding based on Wet Paper Codes in blue-channel LSB domain, whereas the second suggests a new method based on the concept of intrinsic signal inheritance by sub-band energy and phase modulation of image luminance blocks. A comparative experimental evaluation based on more than 100 test images is presented in the paper, whereby aspects of transparency and robustness with respect to the most relevant image modifications to annotations, cropping and JPEG compression, are discussed comparatively for the two code-book schemes and the novel inheritance approach.

In this paper, we show that the communication channel known as writing in memory with defective cells is a relevant information-theoretical model for a specific case of passive warden steganography when the sender embeds a secret message into a subset C of the cover object X without sharing C with the recipient. The set C, which is also called the selection channel, could be arbitrary, determined by the sender from the cover object using a deterministic, pseudo-random, or a truly random process. We call this steganography "writing on wet paper" and realize it using a simple variable-rate random linear code that gives the sender a convenient flexibility and control over the embedding process and is thus suitable for practical implementation. The importance of the wet paper scenario for covert communication is discussed within the context of adaptive steganography and perturbed quantization steganography. Heuristic arguments supported by tests using blind steganalysis indicate that the wet paper steganography provides improved steganographic security and is less vulnerable to steganalytic attacks compared with existing methods with shared selection channels.

In phase-shifting digital holographic interferometry for measuring a displacement distribution of an object, holograms and reconstructed images have speckle noise and they provide large error in the calculation of displacement analysis. In order to decrease the effect of speckle noise, we previously proposed a new method using windowed holograms. In this paper, we propose a new averaging method of the obtained phase-difference values. Many phase-difference values at a point obtained by different windows for a hologram are averaged by considering the weight for each phase value. The weight is changed as the m-th power of the absolute amplitude of the complex amplitude of the reconstructed object. As the result, when the number n of the windowed holograms becomes larger, the standard deviation of the error becomes smaller. When the power m is 2, the error becomes the minimum. The standard deviation of the errors in the case of a flat plate with 316 nano-meter out-of-plane displacement is 88 pico-meter when n=1024 and m=2.

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless systems can offer significant diversity and transmit beamforming with receive combining provides a method to achieve this diversity with simple receive processing. The maximum gains in terms of array gain and diversity, however, requires perfect channel knowledge at the transmitter. In the absence of perfect channel knowledge, the channel information can be quantized at the receiver and sent back to the transmitter using a low-rate feedback link. In the case of narrowband channels, considerable work has been done in reducing the feedback information while maintaining bit-error-rate performance close to the case of perfect channel knowledge. This work, however, does not naturally extend to the case of frequency selective channels and leads to an explosion in the feedback overhead. In this paper, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is considered as a low complexity implementation of MIMO beamforming combining over frequency selective channels. Two broad classes of algorithms are discussed for quantizing channel information - clustering and transform. The clustering algorithms group the subcarriers and choose a common frequency-domain representation of the channel information for each group. Thus the feedback rate depends on the number of groups and not on the number of subcarriers. The transform algorithms quantize the channel information in time-domain where the transform essentially decorrelates the channel information. Both the algorithms provide significant compression of channel information maintaining bit-error-rate performance close to the case of perfect channel knowledge.

Searching for a closed-form exact solution for American put options under the Black-Scholes framework has been a long standing problem in the past; many researchers believe that it is impossible to find such a solution. In this paper, a closed-form exact solution, in the form of a Taylor’s series expansion, of the well-known Black-Scholes 1 equation is presented for the first time. As a result of this analytic solution, the optimal exercise boundary, which is the main difficulty of the problem, is found as an explicit function of the risk-free interest rate, the volatility and the time to expiration.

The theory of particle transport with branching in a medium randomly varying in time is developed in this paper. We consider an evolution equation for the probability distribution of the number of particles in a multiplying system whose properties jump randomly between two discrete states. A forward type master equation is derived for the probability distributions, and from these, the first two factorial moments are calculated, including the variance. This model can be considered the unification of stochastic methods that were used either for the particle fluctuations in a constant multiplying medium via the master equation technique, or in a fluctuating medium via the Langevin technique. The results obtain show a much richer variety of behaviour than any of the above two methods separately can reconstruct.

In this paper, we present a new procedure for computing the band structure of semiconductor-based photonic crystals using the spatial finite-difference and temporal differential formulation. Unlike the conventional plane wave expansion (PWE) method where the wavelet expansion and Fourier transform are required; this new scheme only forces the finite-difference to the Maxwell's equation in the spatial domain. When applying the Bloch’s boundary condition to the algorithm for solving the band-diagram, it will result in a system of first-order differential equations in a matrix format. A band mode can be obtained directly by solving the eigen-value and the eigen-vector of this matrix. Numerical examples to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach are given.

Weibull analysis of tensile strength data is routinely performed to determine the quality of optical fiber. A typical Weibull analysis includes setting up an experiment, testing the samples, plotting and interpreting the data, and performing a statistical analysis. One typical plot that is often included in the analysis is the Weibull probability plot in which the data are plotted as points on a special type of graph paper known as Weibull probability paper. If the data belong to a Weibull probability density function, they will fall approximately on a straight line. A search of the literature reveals that many Weibull analyses have been performed on optical fiber, but the associated Weibull probability plots have been drawn incorrectly. In some instances the plots have been shown with the ordinate (Probability) starting from 0% and ending at 100%. This has no physical meaning because the Weibull probability density function is a continuous distribution and is inherently not bounded. This paper will discuss the Weibull probability density function, the proper construction of Weibull probability graph paper, and interpretation of data through analysis of the associated probability plot.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The paper formation is one of the most important properties of the paper but remains a difficult property to determine. A method for determining this property has been developed. This method based on light transmission image analysis uses the power spectra of the Fourier transform to analyze the floc distribution. The method has been tested for various furnishes and allows a well discrimination between different qualities of formation that does the standard formation number.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

White-light interferometry combined with phase-shift technology becomes a widely used 3-D shape measurement tool in precision engineering. In white-light interference 2π phase ambiguity can be avoided in measurement of optical path difference by searching a modulation peak of light intensity change. This interference surely involves a change in modulation intensity against optical path difference, which is an envelope curve of sinusoidal variations. Then, the phase-shift algorithm by which phase is accurately measured even under the modulation change is required. There is often another requirement that phase shift between captured interferograms would be not restricted to π/2 in the use of the algorithm. Computer simulation has been carried out to estimate phase errors which are retained by applying well-known algorithms to a white-light interference. They are Carre, 4-frame, 5-frame Hariharan, and 7-frame Groot algorithms. All the algorithms have non-negligible errors under the both requirements. Therefore, I extract individual terms ( I i ± I j ) in an algorithm equation by considering symmetry of light intensity against phase, where I j is light intensity just after the j -th shift. Using computer simulation again, I then search for appropriate coefficients by which the terms are multiplied in the equation. I finally have found an algorithm satisfying both the requirements.

We discuss the symmetry properties of the Ambiguity Function. Next, we use it as a design tool for increasing the depth of field of imaging systems. We present a family of anti-symmetric phase-only masks that extend the depth of field of an optical system. We compute several Optical Transfer Functions with focus errors, and we report numerical simulations of the images that can be achieved using our proposed phase-only filters.

All optical XOR, AND, and, OR functionality has been demonstrated experimentally using semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based devices at 40 Gb/s, 80 Gb/s. The performance of the optical logic operations has been analyzed by solving the rate equation of the SOA numerically. The high-speed operation is limited by the gain and phase recovery times in the SOA. In order to solve these limitations, a differential scheme for XOR operation has been experimentally investigated. This scheme is potentially capable of XOR operation to > 100 Gb/s.

We study the Turing instability to stationary spatial patterns in reaction-transport systems with inertia. After a brief discussion of hyperbolic reaction-diffusion equations and reaction-Cattaneo equations we focus on reaction random walks, which are the most natural generalization of reaction-diffusion equations. We analyze the effect of inertia in the transport on spatial instabilities of the homogeneous steady state. Direction-dependent reaction walks, where the interaction between particles depends on the direction in which the particles are moving, allow us to take account of an energy requirement for reactive interactions, i.e., an activation energy, in the reaction-transport equation. We compare bifurcation conditions for direction-independent reaction walks and for direction-dependent reaction walks to assess the effect of inertia in the transport and the effect of activation energies in the kinetics on the Turing instability.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We present a framework for the analysis of frame synchronization based on Synchronization Words (SWs), where the detection is based on the common sequential algorithm: the received samples are observed over a window of length equal to the SW; over this window a metric (e.g. correlation) is computed; a SW is declared if the computed metric is greater than a proper threshold, otherwise the observation window is time-shifted of one sample. We assume a Gaussian channel, antipodal signalling and coherent detection, where soft values are provided to the frame synchronizer. We state the problem starting from the hypothesis testing theory, deriving the optimum metric (optimum likelihood ratio test (LRT)) according to the Neyman-Pearson lemma. When the data distribution is unknown, we design a simple and effective test based on the Generalized LRT (GLRT). %added - begin We also analyze the performance of the commonly used correlation metric, both in the "hard" and "soft" version. We show that synchronization by correlation can be greatly improved by the LRT and GLRT metrics, and also that, among correlation based tests, sometimes hard correlation is better than soft correlation. The obtained closed form expressions allow the derivation of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the LRT and GLRT synchronizers, showing a remarkable gain with respect to synchronization based on correlation metric. The effect on the performance of non-equally distributed data is also shown.

We consider the non-equilibrium noise properties of bistable systems. The stochastic path integral formalism is derived and used to investigate the dynamics and distribution of transmitted charge. Microscopic fluctuations induce transitions between the two stable states, with rates found from an instanton calculation. On a long time scale, the system exhibits a random telegraph signal between the currents produced by the two stable states. We predict a universal ellipse law for the log-distribution of transmitted charge in the bistable current range, which applies to any type of bistable system, regardless of its origin.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We investigate the amount of noise required to turn a universal quantum gate set into one that can be efficiently modelled classically. This question is useful for providing upper bounds on fault tolerant thresholds, and for understanding the nature of the quantum/classical computational transition. We refine some previously known upper bounds using two different strategies. The first one involves the introduction of bi-entangling operations, a class of classically simulatable machines that can generate at most bipartite entanglement. Using this class we show that it is possible to sharpen previously obtained upper bounds in certain cases. As an example, we show that under depolarizing noise on the controlled-not gate, the previously known upper bound of 74% can be sharpened to around 67%. Another interesting consequence is that measurement based schemes cannot work using only 2-qubit non-degenerate projections. In the second strand of the work we utilize the Gottesman-Knill theorem on the classically efficient simulation of Clifford group operations. The bounds attained using this approach for the pi/8-gate can be as low as 15% for general single gate noise, and 30% for dephasing noise.

We analyze periodically driven bistable systems by two different approaches. The first approach is a linearization of the stochastic Langevin equation of our system by the response on small external force. The second one is based on the Gaussian approximation of the kinetic equations for the cumulants. We obtain with the first approach the signal power amplification and output signal-to-noise ratio for a model piece-wise linear bistable potential and compare with the results of linear response approximation. By using the second approach to a bistable quartic potential, we obtain the set of nonlinear differential equations for the first and the second cumulants.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We will describe keyed communication in quantum noise (KCQ) and how it can be used for either data encryption or key generation. Specifically, we will focus on the AlphaEta protocol for data encryption where the role of quantum noise will be discussed. Additionally, the potential of using classical noise to enhance security via deliberate signal randomization (DSR) will be investigated. We will also investigate the effect of unwanted impairments, such as nonlinearities in a wavelength-division-multiplexed fiber transmission system, and how they affect the ultimate allowable propagation distance. Our simulations and experiments suggest that AlphaEta-protocol based physical-layer encryption is compatible with long-haul optical transmission systems operating at Gb/s data rates.

We investigate the creation of squeezing via operations subject to noise and losses and ask for the optimal use of such devices when supplemented by noiseless passive operations. Both, single and repeated uses of the device are optimized and it is proven that in the latter case the squeezing converges exponentially fast to its asymptotic optimum, which we determine explicitly. For the case of multiple iterations we show that the optimum can be achieved with fixed intermediate passive operations. Finally, we relate the results to the generation of entanglement and derive the maximal two-mode entanglement achievable within the considered scenario.

We consider the following general problem of applied stochastic nonlinear dynamics. We observe a time series of signals y(t) = y(t0+hn) corrupted by noise. The actual state and the nonlinear vector field of the dynamical system is not known. The question is how and with what accuracy can we determine x(t) and functional form of f(x). In this talk we discuss a novel approach to the solution of this problem based on the application of the path-integral approach to the full Bayesian inference. We demonstrate a reconstruction of a dynamical state of a system from corrupted by noise measurements. Next we reconstruct the corresponding nonlinear vector field. The emphasis are on the theoretical analysis. The results are compared with the results of earlier research.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

In quantum information and quantum computing, the carrier of information is some quantum system and information is encoded in its state. After processing the state in the quantum processor, the information has to be read out. Clearly, this task is equivalent to determining the final state of the system. We begin by briefly reviewing various possible state discrimination strategies that are optimal with respect to some reasonable criteria and report on recent advances in the unambiguous discrimination of mixed quantum states. This strategy has been successfully applied to devise a class of novel probabilistic quantum algorithms and has been demonstrated experimentally, using a linear optical implementation via generalized interferometers. In the second part we present a scheme for communication via completely unknown quantum states. In this context we discuss programmable quantum state discriminators that are universal, i.e. perform optimally on average, independently of the actual states used for the communication scheme. We conclude with a discussion of possible experimental implementations of the proposed device.

The classical information capacity of channels that are subject to quantum Gaussian noise is studied. Recent work has established the capacity of the pure-loss channel, as well as bounds on and a conjecture for the capacity of the lossy channel with isotropic-Gaussian excess noise. This work is applied to the pure-loss free-space channel that uses multiple Hermite-Gaussian (HG) or Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) spatial modes to communicate between soft-aperture transmit and receive pupils, and to the lossy channel with anisotropic (colored) Gaussian noise.

We consider by means of the optimal fluctuation method the initial stage of the evolution of the noise-induced escape through various types of boundaries, especially concentrating on two types of the boundary - the wall and the boundary of the basin of attraction. We show in both cases that, if the damping is small enough, then the escape flux evolution possesses a remarkable property: it is it stairs-like i.e. intervals of a nearly constant flux alternate with intervals of a sharply increasing flux. This property is related to the successive increase of the number of turning points in the most probable escape path as time increases. Our results are relevant both for the absorbing and transparent boundaries. The major results of the theory are verified in computer simulations.

We consider two bistable systems, the double-well potential and the Schmitt-trigger, and examine whether the stochastic resonance occurring in these systems may produce output signals less noisy than the input. We apply cross-spectrum and cross-correlation based generalised measures to quantify noise content in the input and output, which enables us to use aperiodic or random sequences as input signals. We show that input-output signal improvement occurs even for these types of input.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Paper opacity is an important problem in the paper industry. In this paper we have studied methods to derive reflectance spectrum of an opaque pile of colored paper from the reflectance spectrum of the single sheet of the same paper type. Five opacity correction methods were tested. Four of them used algebraic equations for constructing corrected spectra and the fifth method was based on the multi-layer- perceptron (MLP) neural network. Two sample sets were used for testing opacity correction methods. The first set consisted of 9 colored newsprint samples and the second set was formed from 15 samples of colored photocopier paper. The measurements of both sample sets were done with Minolta CM-2002 spectrophotometer. The measured wavelength range was from 400 nm to 700 nm with 10 nm sampling interval. For both sample sets similar tests were made. The CIE L*a*b* color coordinates were calculated both for the spectra measured from opaque piles and for the opacity corrected spectra. For each sample the absolute color coordinate differences between the coordinates of the pile spectra and the corresponding corrected spectra were computed and the results of different methods were compared to each other. The method based on the transmittance of paper gave the best results with both test sets. The predefined error tolerance of 0.5 in the a* color coordinate was achieved. The MLP-network worked also fine but the results may have been affected by the small number of training samples. We have shown that paper opacity depends on wavelength and we have developed a method for deriving the color of an opaque pile of paper from the single sheet of paper of the same type.

In this paper, Mathematical Morphology (M.M.) foundations as an algebraic, topological and geometrical theory are recalled within both a deterministic and a stochastic framework. Some new developments such as morphological filtering, Boolean model, topographical distance and fuzzy measurements, ifiustrate the relevance of these mathematical foundations. Starting from the notion of hierarchical process, we define a stochastic morphology and develop the concept of stochastic morphological operators. The example of the stochastic averaging operator is presented and its equivalence with simulated annealing stated. Moreover, we introduce stochastic operators based on specific energy functionals and show that they allow to consider statistical and soft morphologies as limiting or special cases of stochastic morphology.

We review the nonlinearjoint transform correlator (JTC) including the kth law nonlinear JTC, andthe binary nonlinear JTC. The implementation of the nonlinear JTC using an optically addressedSLM in the Fourier plane is described. I. Introduction The nonlinear JTC uses nonlinearity in the Fourier plane to nonlinearly transform the jointpower spectrum. It has been shown that compared with the classic JTC 1 1 12, the nonlinearjoint transform correlator provides higher peak intensity, larger peak to sidelobe ratio, narrower correlation width, and better discrimination for similar ta1 10, 13 16 We review the nonlinear JTC1, the kth law nonlinear JTC , and the binary nonlinear JTC'3 ,9. We provide an analytical expression for a threshold function in the Fourier plane that provides the highest correlation peak intensity for the first order correlation term of the binaryJTC. 2 It turns out that this threshold function also eliminates the even order correlation terms atthe output plane. Thus, a higher correlation peak to sidelobe ratio is achieved in the output plane.The implementation of the nonlinear JTC using an optically addressed SLM in the Fourier plane isdescribed.

The classes of the equicontinuous functions from a metric space E into an ecart lattice T offer a remarkably consistent theoretical framework to morphological operations. It is proved that in the case of robust lattices, they are closed under sup and inf, with exceptional properties of continuity in addition. Special attention is paid to the cases when T is totally ordered (e.g., R or Z), and to the (finite or not) products of this case, i.e., to multispectral and/or motion images modelling.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We present two algorithms to construct C1-smooth models of skeletal structures from CT/NMR voxel data. The boundary of the reconstructed models consists of a C1- continuous mesh of triangular algebraic surface patches. One algorithm first constructs C1-continuous piecewise conic contours on each of the CT/NMR data slices and then uses piecewise triangular algebraic surface patches to C1 interpolate the contours on adjacent slices. The other algorithm works directly in voxel space and replaces an initial C0 triangular facet approximation of the model with a highly compressed C1- continuous mesh of triangular algebraic surface patches. Both schemes are adaptive, yielding a higher density of patches in regions of higher curvature.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The main goal of surface characterization addresses the reduction of a surface to a compact symbolic description that efficiently stores information about the morphological structure of the surface. In the context of polyhedral surfaces characteristic regions, i.e., regions with convex, concave, planar, and saddle shape, are proposed as structural surface components and are defined taking into account geometric relationships between triangles. Based on these areal features, a symbolic representation of the surface called characteristic region configuration graph is produced where the nodes correspond to the surface regions while the arcs and hyperarcs correspond to the surface characteristic lines and points.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of analysis of C:N ratio in the chicken manure and wheat straw mixture. This paper presents preliminary assumptions and parameters of extraction characteristics process. It also presents an introduction of digital image analysis of chicken manure and wheat straw mixture. This work is an introduction to the study on develop computer system that could replace chemical analysis. Good understanding the value of dependence C:N on the basis of image analysis will help in selection of optimal conditions for biological waste treatment.

A classification method of support vector machines with linear kernel was employed to authenticate genuine olive oil based on near-infrared spectroscopy. There were three types of adulteration of olive oil experimented in the study. The adulterated oil was respectively soybean oil, rapeseed oil and the mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil. The average recognition rate of second experiment was more than 90% and that of the third experiment was reach to 100%. The results showed the method had good performance in classifying genuine olive oil and the adulteration with small variation range of adulterated concentration and it was a promising and rapid technique for the detection of oil adulteration and fraud in the food industry.

An undesirable side effect of many watermarking and data-hiding schemes is that the host signal into which auxiliary data is embedded is distorted. Finding an optimal balance between the amount of information embedded and the induced distortion is therefore an active field of research. In recent years, with the rediscovery of Costa's seminal paper Writing on Dirty Paper , there has been considerable progress in understanding the fundamental limits of the capacity versus distortion of watermarking and data-hiding schemes. For some applications, however, no distortion resulting from auxiliary data, however small, is allowed. In these cases the use of reversible data-hiding methods provide a way out. A reversible data-hiding scheme is defined as a scheme that allows complete and blind restoration (i.e. without additional signaling) of the original host data. Practical reversible data-hiding schemes have been proposed by Fridrich et al., but little attention has been paid to the theoretical limits. Some first results on the capacity of reversible watermarking schemes have been derived. The reversible schemes considered in most previous papers have a highly fragile nature: in those schemes, changing a single bit in the watermarked data would prohibit recovery of both the original host signal as well as the embedded auxiliary data. It is the purpose of this paper to repair this situation and to provide some first results on the limits of robust reversible data-hiding. Admittedly, the examples provided in this paper are toy examples, but they are indicative of more practical schemes that will be presented in subsequent papers.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The imaging properties of optical arrays are analyzed in this paper based on unparaxial ray theory. A high-order imaging theory is also discussed. The theory includes not only paraxial theory, but can be shown in regular matrices from which we consider a surface optical array that can achieve phase conjugation. Experiments presented in this paper prove the theoretical analyses.

This is a tutorial paper showing how to use drafting equipment and a calculator to calculate the geometrical image of a point source and the profile plot along any part of the interferogram. Slope errors of geometrical rays are calculated by measuring the separation and angle of the fringes at each selected point on the interferogram. These angular errors are then plotted on a sheet of graph paper to represent the angular size of the geometrical point spread function. By integrating the angular errors multiplied by the distance be-tween points, a plot of the surface profile can easily be found.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

According to the sequence of license plate image has low resolution, in order to improve the image resolution, this paper proposes a multiframe super-resolution image reconstruction algorithm based on overcome registration error and Gauss weight interpolation. First, multiframe image sub-pixel image registration, through extracting the SIFT keypoints of the image, rough matching with BBF algorithm, accurate matching with RANSAC algorithm, establishing the homography matrix between matching points. In order to overcome the registration error, this paper proposes a method based on threshold to overcome the registration error. Finally, the multiframe low resolution image is projected into the high resolution image grid by image registration. The value of the high resolution grid is reconstructed with a non-uniform interpolation algorithm based on Gauss weight. The experiments show that both on the subjective evaluation and objective evaluation can obtain satisfactory reconstruction results, and the registration error is robust.

This paper proposed a single image super-resolution algorithm based on image patch classification and sparse representation where gradient information is used to classify image patches into three different classes in order to reflect the difference between the different types of image patches. Compared with other classification algorithms, gradient information based algorithm is simpler and more effective. In this paper, each class is learned to get a corresponding sub-dictionary. High-resolution image patch can be reconstructed by the dictionary and sparse representation coefficients of corresponding class of image patches. The result of the experiments demonstrated that the proposed algorithm has a better effect compared with the other algorithms.

In a number of previous papers authors have introduced quasiparticle of radio- and optical systems. We have called this quasiparticle by ‘radion’. The basis for this is the representation of Green’s function of equation of quasioptics by Feynman integral. It means that radion has quantum mechanical properties. In particular in approximation of quasioptics one can interprete amplitude of electromagnetic field as amplitude of probability of radion. In the paper presented we describe new features of radion which we have established recently namely we have found some exact solutions of evolutionary equation for field of quantum mechanical averages of momenta of ensemble of radions possessing by average of momentum in initial state depending on average of coordinate in it. We demonstrate three the simplest solutions from this set of exact solutions. These solutions in the form of power series on dimensionless time are applicable up to the moment of gradient catastrophe. For representation of solutions of parabolic equation in approximation of quasioptics Remizov method of quasi-Feynman formulae has been used. All these results due to suggested by us physical analogy are valid for free one-dimensional nonrelativistic quantum mechanical particle too. Also in the framework of Remizov method a number of new formulae for statistical radiophysics and optics has been obtained. ‘Natural’ fractality of radio- and optical systems has been discussed.

The pulse wave velocity (PWV) is considered one of the most important clinical parameters to evaluate CV risk, vascular adaptation, etc. There has been substantial work attempting to measure the PWV in peripheral vessels using ultrasound (US). This paper presents a fully automatic algorithm for PWV estimation from the human carotid using US sequences acquired with a Logic E9 scanner (modified for RF data capture) and a 9L probe. Our algorithm samples the pressure wave in time by tracking wall displacements over the sequence, and estimates the PWV by calculating the temporal shift between two sampled waves at two distinct locations. Several recent studies have utilized similar ideas along with speckle tracking tools and high frame rate (above 1 KHz) sequences to estimate the PWV. To explore PWV estimation in a more typical clinical setting, we used focused-beam scanning, which yields relatively low frame rates and small fields of view (e.g., 200 Hz for 16.7 mm filed of view). For our application, a 200 Hz frame rate is low. In particular, the sub-frame temporal accuracy required for PWV estimation between locations 16.7 mm apart, ranges from 0.82 of a frame for 4m/s, to 0.33 for 10m/s. When the distance is further reduced (to 0.28 mm between two beams), the sub-frame precision is in parts per thousand (ppt) of the frame (5 ppt for 10m/s). As such, the contributions of our algorithm and this paper are: 1. Ability to work with low frame-rate ( 200Hz) and decreased lateral field of view. 2. Fully automatic segmentation of the wall intima (using raw RF images). 3. Collaborative Speckle Tracking of 2D axial and lateral carotid wall motion. 4. Outlier robust PWV calculation from multiple votes using RANSAC. 5. Algorithm evaluation on volunteers of different ages and health conditions.

An improved algorithm for image location is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the image is smoothed and the partial noise is removed. Then use the cascade classifier to train a template. Finally, the template is used to detect the related images. The advantage of the algorithm is that it is robust to noise and the proportion of the image is not sensitive to change. At the same time, the algorithm also has the advantages of fast computation speed. In this paper, a real truck bottom picture is chosen as the experimental object. Images of normal components and faulty components are all included in the image sample. Experimental results show that the accuracy rate of the image is more than 90 percent when the grade is more than 40. So we can draw a conclusion that the algorithm proposed in this paper can be applied to the actual image localization project.

Due to harsh working conditions, the components of hydraulic excavator are subject to large amount of alternating load and random load during the operation and they are seriously damaged. The test of load signal and preparation of load spectrum for the hydraulic excavator are studied in this paper. In the first place, pretreatment of filtering and noise reduction for load signal is conducted based on experimental test on site and experimental working condition analysis. After the load signal is processed in sections, distribution fitting is performed for information like mean amplitude after rain flow counting with the approach of probability statistics to get the probability distribution function for mean value and amplitude value. Finally the two dimensional load spectrum for mean amplitude is obtained and program spectrum loading solution of fatigue experiment is given. The study of load signal test and load spectrum preparation method for hydraulic excavator conducted in this paper is of great significance for clarification of load distribution of excavator and further reliability test of excavator.

This paper studies the realization of image processing algorithm of multispectral endoscope. The research contents include: local brightness enhancement and adaptive contrast enhancement. Firstly, this paper transforms the image from the RGB space to the HSV space, and then carries on the image enhancement processing to the V space, finally transforms to the RGB space. Local brightness enhancement algorithm divides V space image into smaller windows, and then calculates the nonlinear transfer function of each window, which enhances the pixels in the window, and finally the contrast of brightness enhanced image is restored. The adaptive contrast enhancement adopts the unsharp mask technique based on the guided filter. First of all, this paper uses guided filter to the RGB channel of the original image and gets the unsharp mask of each channel, then plus a scaled image which is the result of the original image subtracts the unsharp mask. So the enhancement of the image is achieved. This paper uses subjective evaluation criteria and enhance factor α to evaluate the effect of enhancement. And this paper compares the enhancement effect of the proposed image enhancement algorithm and the traditional algorithm. The results show that the α of histogram equalization is smallest and AINDANE method is better than histogram equalization. The proposed method has the best α. The subjective evaluation also shows that the effect of HE is not satisfactory and the proposed method enhances the detail information tremendously. The subjective and objective criteria shows that the proposed method produces better enhancement effect.

The paper is providing a different approach to real-world systems, such as micro and macro systems of our real life, where the man has little or no influence on the system, either not knowing the rules of the respective system or not knowing the input of the system, being thus mainly only spectator of the system’s output. In such a system, the input of the system and the laws ruling the system could be only “guessed”, based on intuition or previous knowledge of the analyzer of the respective system. But, as we will see in the paper, it exists also another, more theoretical and hence scientific way to approach the matter of the real-world systems, and this approach is mostly based on the theory related to Schrodinger’s equation and the wave function associated with it and quantum mechanics as well. The main results of the paper are regarding the utilization of the Schrodinger’s equation and related theory but also of the Quantum mechanics, in modeling real-life and real-world systems.

Aim of this paper was to study, setup, and calibrate an elongation measurement by using 1- Dimensional Image Correlation method (1-DIC). To confirm our method and setup correctness, we need calibration with other methods. In this paper, we used a small spring as a sample to find a result in terms of spring constant. With a fundamental of Image Correlation method, images of formed and deformed samples were compared to understand the difference between deformed process. By comparing the location of reference point on both image’s pixel, the spring's elongation were calculated. Then, the results have been compared with the spring constants, which were found from Hooke’s law. The percentage of 5 percent error has been found. This DIC method, then, would be applied to measure the elongation of some different kinds of small fiber samples.