1. The use of a multi-method approach to identify the pigments in the 12th century manuscript Liber Floridus
- Author
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M. De Reu, K. De Coene, Peter Vandenabeele, Ph. De Maeyer, Luc Moens, Laszlo Vincze, Bart Vekemans, Maximiliaan Martens, and Annelien Deneckere
- Subjects
Analytical chemistry ,Color ,X-ray fluorescence ,Orpiment ,Spectrum Analysis, Raman ,Fluorescence spectroscopy ,Analytical Chemistry ,Pigment ,symbols.namesake ,Infrared reflectography ,Photography ,Coloring Agents ,Instrumentation ,Spectroscopy ,Caput mortuum ,Manuscripts as Topic ,Azurite ,Chemistry ,Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ,History, Medieval ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,symbols ,Raman spectroscopy ,Art - Abstract
A selection of illuminations of the 12th century manuscript Liber Floridus was analysed with Raman spectroscopy (in situ and laboratory measurements), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-fluorescence photography and infrared reflectography (IRR). The aim of this study is to determine the pigments used, in order to search for anachronisms. Using a combination of Raman spectroscopy (molecular information) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (elemental information) following pigments could be identified: ultramarine (Na(8-10)Al(6)Si(6)O(24)S(2-4)), azurite (2CuCO(3)·Cu(OH)(2)), caput mortuum (Fe(2)O(3)), vermilion (HgS), orpiment (As(2)S(3)) and lead white (2PbCO(3)·Pb(OH)(2)). Moreover, two synthetic red pigments, PR4 and PR176, and a degradation product, gypsum (CaSO(4)·2H(2)O), were present in the manuscript. To establish the origin of the modern materials UV-fluorescence photography was used. Infrared reflectography (IRR) was applied to visualise the underdrawing of the investigated folios.
- Published
- 2011