Search

The article provides information on several books related to social science. One of the books "The Divorce Court," by Leon C. Marshall and Geoffrey May is a study of the Institute of Law designed to carry forward the investigation. Based on an examination of over 9,000 cases and a less intensive study of 11,000 more cases as a six months sample from Ohio, this study is limited to an investigation of the practical workings of the divorce law of this state. With the exception of certain obvious implications, no attempt is made to reform divorce law or practices. Alexander Hamilton's book "Papers on Public Credit, Commerce and Finance" reports on a national bank with an analysis of the powers and function of the Federal Government. Another book "Democracy and Nationalism in Europe," by Henry L. Stimson, contains the lectures delivered by the author at Princeton University in April 1934, on the Stafford Little Foundation. These lectures have as their main purpose to discover, in the light of history, some ray of hope in the existing chaos and gloom of European scene.

The presents a paper that analyzes the nature of power. The authors say that the word power itself is ambiguous. So, in this paper, by power they do not mean a faculty, such as thinking or willing. Neither do they mean simple capacity, nor do they mean the mechanical force or energy. Rather, by power they mean the power that is social in nature and that involves, in some way, the imposition of one's will on others. Power involves something more than merely directing or intentionally influencing the actions of others. This something more is the ability to impose one's will on others even though they are opposed to this imposition or the ability to impose one's will on others whether they approve or not. Thus, government is considered to have power over its citizens because it can impose its will on them even though they are opposed to this imposition, because it can punish them and because it can give them certain commands and cause them to obey these, even though they do not want to do so, by threatening to punish disobedience. Power, therefore, may be defined as the ability to impose one's will on others even though they are opposed to this imposition. A final point to note about the power that lies in the ability to give and compel obedience to commands is that one can exercise it without having personal contact with the persons over whom one exercises it. The three specific types of power are: economic power, political power and absolute power.

The article discusses management-labor relations in context of the 1951 New York Wildcat Dock Strike. The problem with which this paper is concerned is the effect of the structure of a labor union upon management-labor relations. The industrial system that has been chosen for study is the longshore industry in the Port of New York. Since the system is highly complex, the attempt of this paper is to provide a framework within which the system may be understood rather than to present the complete picture. The existence of the longshore industry is due to the fact that the water- front constitutes a transportation break and therefore necessitates a loading and unloading process. A social system is necessary to perform this function. The effect of the structure of the International Longshoremen's Association upon its relations with the New York Shipping Association will be shown by the analysis of a particular act, the October-November 1951 wildcat dock strike in the Port of New York. The ILA and the New York Shipping Association concluded negotiations on October 8, 1951.

The article presents information on the schedule of the eighteenth annual meeting of the Southwestern Social Science Association. The first paper, titled Labor Relations in the Southwest, was presented by Edwin A. Elliott, regional director of National Labor Relations Board, on March 26. The second paper, Struggle Between Fascism and Communism in Europe, was presented by E.E. Hale of University of Texas. The other papers for the day were National Banks and Bank Failures and Private Affiliates, by George L. Anderson; Europe's Efforts at Peacemaking, by W.C. Askew of University of Arkansas; French Opinions of the Confideracy, by L.M. Case; A Study of the People of West Texas, by Gus Ford of Houston; The Geography of Ancient Carthage, by Edward E. K&eacaute;so; The Distribution of Mexican Population in the U.S., by Bea Mantooth; Retail Trade as a Primary Urban Function in Oklahoma, by Allen Belden; Survey of Youth in Arkansas, by J.C. London; Survey of Welfare Activities in Oklahoma City, by Fred A. Replogie.

The article presents some observations concerning confederate ordnace during 1861. The paper discussed in the article has as its purpose only the sketching of certain interesting features of the source of supply and the maintenance of the arms and ammunition of the Confederate army during the very early period of the war. It does not propose to show, in any measure, the whole of the sources, nor all of the interesting features of supply for the short period which it covers. Certain commonly understood features of supply, such as the seizure of arsenals and posts by the states, are merely mentioned. Only a few incidents are chosen from certain phases of the story as representative of a greater number which might be given in detail. In the main, the paper covers incidental situations during 1861 and only previews incidents of the later period, where completeness of the topic is essential. It was no easy task to furnish an army, when there was on hand no infantry accoutrements, no cavalry arms or equipment, no artillery, and above all, no ammunition; nothing save small arms, and these almost wholly smooth bore which were altered from flint to percussion. At the head of the Ordnance Department the new government placed Josiah Gorgas of Alabama.

This article presents information on program schedule of the Southwestern Social Science Association annual convention, held in April 1949, at Fort Worth, Texas. The first session of the convention began at 9 a.m. on April 15, 1949 on the topic of accounting. Some papers presented in the session are: "Accounting of Social Security," by Z.E. Avery; "A Uniform Plan for Teaching Elementary Accounting Within the College or University," by Zeb Freeman; and Corporate Reorganizations Under Chapter X of the Bankruptcy Act," by Reginald Rushing. Panel discussion on regional research related to agricultural economics was conducted o the topic "Financing Regional Research," and "Organization for Regional research." Some other papers presented on topics like economics, geography, government are: "Inflation and Government Policy," by H.L. McCracken; "Competition As a Concept and a Guide to Policy," by F. Howard Forsyth; "New Gulf, Texas: The World's Largest Sulphur Mine," by John I. Stroup: and others.

The article presents information related to the Southwestern Social Science Association. Professor J. Linus Glanville, Second Vice-President of the Association, at Dallas, died on November 18. Glanville was one of the southwest's outstanding historical scholars and has been an active supporter of the Association for many years. The Executive Council of the Association announced that the 1948 meeting will be held at the Baker Hotel in Dallas, on March 26-27. The Executive Council will hold its preliminary session on the evening of March 25. Five new panel sections have been selected for the 1948 meeting of the Southwestern Sociological Society. Members of the society who will have projects for review in the spring are asked to advise the section chairman in whose panel the papers might appear. Society members are also asked to inform section chairmen if they are aware of possible papers from other members of their departments or other members of their faculties. Section chairmen are particularly interested in giving scholars who have recently moved into the Southwest full opportunity to participate in these sessions.

The article presents information on various reports and research papers. The Report of the National Resources Committee entitled "Regional Factors in National Planning and Development" presents a thought-provoking, excellent and concise discussion of certain major problems facing American federalism today, the solution of which is not only necessary under modern conditions but hardly susceptible to attack from the old point of view of state versus national jurisdiction. Charles O. Fenwick, in his paper "Cases on International Law" steered a middle course among the opinions as to what should go into a case book. "La Victima," by José Heriberito López is the easy and intensely interesting narrative of two dictatorships in Venezuela. Douglas Waples and Harold D. Lasswell's "National Libraries and Foreign Scholarships" intends to show especially the resources of national libraries in the field of social science as well as to evaluate the various libraries on a comparative basis as far as financial aspects, political implications and books of certain countries are concerned.

The article presents information about forum on various sociological issues, published in the March 1, 1968 issue of the journal Southwestern Social Science Quarterly. In a recent article in this journal, Caron R. Waits attempts to fill a "gap in the literature of industrial organization which extends roughly from 1500 to 1700." Despite Waits' many insights into this important transitional period, he offers little toward explaining the underlying forces of the actual process of change. The author could have come more fully to grips with this crucial aspect of his study if he had incorporated Max Weber's concept of the Protestant ethic. One very curious facet of the search for knowledge or understanding is the dilemma one faces when he speculates about what he does not know or understand. For instance, it appears that there are only two ways to obtain insights into the world of the unknown. Professor Roland Warren comments on the paper entitled "The Vertical Axis of Community Organization and the Structure of Power" by John Walton takes up three topics. The first concerns the need for further substantiation of the explanation of changing patterns of community power, which has not been systematically tested.

The article reports on diversity, consensus, and eclecticism in political science. Although there has been considerable debate recently about scope and method in the various social sciences, no discipline has been so involved in this as political science. The argument of this paper is threefold: the debate or dialogue is a sign of health rather than sickness, especially if the contestants really try to understand each other; in spite of the differences there is an underlying consensus on such basics as the need for a separate discipline dealing with things political and also on the general scope of this discipline as well as on the use of the scientific method; and where there are differences, and there are many, the best hope for the future lies in the continued use of an open-ended, eclectic approach which in fact is the approach of most political scientists. The third point in effect ties together the disagreement or diversity found in the first and the agreement or consensus found in the second. This may be illustrated in the name used to refer to the discipline. Although "political science" is the name most frequently used, "government" is also used as is "politics," "government and politics," and such also-rans as "public affairs," and "public law and government."

The article focuses on the condition of farm labor in American agriculture. The Congressional decision to allow Public Law 78--the Mexican Bracero Program--to lapse resulted in a dramatic shift in public policy. The new policy course is to deny admission to foreign agricultural workers in areas where unemployed domestic workers are available, or under circumstances which would have an adverse effect upon domestic farm wage levels. Dire predictions were made early in 1965 that many crops would rot in the fields and that consumer prices would soar as a result of what the president of the nation's largest farm organization, the American Farm Bureau Federation, termed as a government-created labor shortage which has increased farm costs and made it impossible to harvest a normal crop." This paper contends such charges are not in accord with the fads. For years the real labor situation in American agriculture has been one in which human resources have been squandered. The foreign-labor importation program only served to aggravate an already serious national manpower problem.

The focus of this paper is to examine to what extent Henri De Saint-Simon, social philosopher's ideas are in fact a living force in contemporary economic life, particularly in French-style economic planning. In many respects the dominant mood of Saint-Simon's era was similar to that which characterized France after the World War II. Saint-Simon shared with many of his contemporaries a great fear of further revolutionary upheavals. However, unlike the traditionalists, he advocated the establishment of a new society based on the emerging forces of industry and science, not a revival of institutions based on concepts lacking relevance to a new age. In a well-known parable he maintained that the loss of princes, military leaders, bishops, idle land-owners, and others who held social prominence would have only a negligible effect on society, while the disappearance of the nation's merchants, industrial leaders, scientists, and workers would cripple the community. The task of the nation, therefore, should be to replace the stagnant forms of the past with social and economic organizations conducive to efficient production and distribution.

The article examines U.S. House appropriations subcommittee that seeks to suggest some of the variables, which influence these budgetary decisions. The data on which this paper is based were gathered from the hearings, reports, and the Congressional Record concerned with this subcommittee, for fiscal years 1960, 1961, and 1962. The record of the subcommittee that heard supplemental appropriations requests for these agencies augmented the written record of the regular subcommittee. The following variables appear to be particularly important in explaining subcommittee decisions: (1) congressmen's policy preferences and the extent to which agency budgets are viewed as "cuttable"; (2) congressmen's constituents and agencies' clienteles; (3) the confidence which subcommittee members have in the agency's administrators; (4) an effective presentation of requests, and especially the ability of the agency to quantify its activities; and (5) strategies which the agencies use, and the conditions under which they are used.

The article reports on the paper that presents some of the findings of a study of fifteen representative aerospace companies and their procedures for responding to the request for proposal (RFP) of government agencies. The aerospace companies that were the aircraft manufacturers World War II are now centers of technical pioneering. Their primary interests are research, development, and custom-type production. Federal government agencies are the industry's principal customers. These agencies' peculiar requirements demand that aerospace companies design management systems that will maximize growth and profit potentials.The aerospace industry is therefore more competitive than before, and the surviving companies will be those that are more effective in the management of resources. So, the response of government agencies leads to a bid-no bid decision that can have significant impact upon the company's future. This decision is particularly important in the case of small RFP bids-those under 100,000 U.S. dollars. These small RFP's are very important because the customers' have a pronounced tendency to solicit proposals for small study and research contracts and small prototype production contracts before placing large contracts.

The article focuses on measuring the adjustment of predominantly inmigrant Mexican-Americans in a Northern industrial community. Also, it examines the relationship of various measures of adjustment to each other. Two basic approaches to the problem of measuring adjustment are used: The first involves external criteria, and the second, internal criteria. The first approach, external criteria, such as income, occupational level, and material level of living, are used to compare the inmigrant Mexican-Americans with the members of the (Anglo) host society. The second approach to measuring adjustment involves questioning the inmigrants about their conceptions of the extent to which adjustment has been achieved or their intentions to engage in behavior indicative of adjustment. The sample from which the data for this paper are taken consisted of 209 Mexican-American heads of households or their spouses. The control group consisted of 189 Anglo heads of households or their spouses. External indicators revealed that the Mexican-Americans compared very unfavorably with the Anglo sample. However, when internal adjustment was measured, it became apparent that the Mexican-American considers life in the Northern industrial community to be an improvement over what he has previously experienced and that there is no significant difference between Mexican-American and Anglo global satisfaction.

The article focuses on the sociometric relations among American courts. Sociometric relations basically refer to the relations of attraction and repulsion which exist among persons or among social entities. In this regard, courts differ in the extent to which other courts cite them approvingly, and they differ in the extent to which they themselves cite other courts approvingly. Likewise courts differ in the extent to which they are cited disapprovingly by other courts, and in the extent to which they themselves cite other courts disapprovingly. It is the purpose of this paper to indicate some of these differences and to account at least partially for their existence. The courts analyzed consist of all the courts of the forty-eight state jurisdictions and the one federal jurisdiction whose cases are covered in the 1955-1959 "Shepard's Citations." This is a multivolumed set of books which indicates how each case covered has been treated by subsequent cases. The data indicate that except for the federal jurisdiction none of the eight court groupings was critical of anybody but itself. It also indicates that there are no significant differences between the court groupings with regard to the extent to which each is disparaged by the others.

This article presents information on some recent developments in various universities. It is informed that Ivan T. Call, former teaching associate at Indiana University, has been appointed a part-time faculty associate at the Arizona State University. Charles S.K. Jameson has been named assistant professor of Office Administration and Business Education. He was formerly assistant registrar and veterans coordinator, administrative assistant to dean of the School of Business, and instructor at the University of Southern California. It is also reported that Larkin B. Warner, assistant professor at the Oklahoma State University, presented a paper titled "The Economics of the Transportation of Ohio Coal" at the Mid-West Economics Association meeting held at Indianapolis, Indiana, on April 15, 1961. Vincent F. Boland of the University of Arizona has been promoted from assistant professor to associate professor. It is informed that Robert H. Marshall of the University of Arizona has been promoted from assistant professor to associate professor. He has also published an article "Bank Mergers and the Nature of Competition in Banking" in the October 1960 issue of the American Journal of Economics and Sociology.

This paper has suggested a model for the logical analysis of ranked data in order to establish the presence of halo effect as a significant element in apparent correlations. There are three steps in the analysis: (1) the rigorous elimination from consideration of cases where deliberate discriminations have clearly been made; (2) the formation of hypotheses to explain the characteristics of residual cases in terms of halo effect; and, (3) a comparison of the characteristics of the residual cases, where an apparent lack of discrimination might indicate the presence of halo effect, with the characteristics of the cases eliminated. If this comparison shows eliminated and residual cases to have the same characteristics the hypotheses explaining those characteristics as the consequence of halo effect in the residuals must be discarded since they could not also explain them in the eliminated cases where halo could not have operated. If eliminated and residual cases are found by comparison to have different characteristics, however, it must be concluded that the halo effect could have affected the ratings of judges for the residuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's comment on the folklore of institutional economics. The article asserts that orthodox theory, as a designation of professional thought, can mean no more than the body of thought held in common by most economists. The texts most frequently used today reveal it as the type of price and distribution theory, initiated by Alfred Marshall and modified by Edward Chamberlin, Joan Robinson and others. Designating institutional thought is somewhat more difficult. Institutionalists explain that the term itself is a misnomer, that institutions reflect what they are trying to get away from. Further difficulty lies in the fact that the school is "trichotomized," there being the wing represented by John R. Commons, the wing represented by Wesley C. Mitchell, and the Darwinian wing represented by Thorstein Veblen. The thesis of this paper is that institutional economics is founded on faith, which it misrepresents as objectivity, that certain of its criticisms of orthodox theory are irrelevant or unprovable, and that its principal criticism of orthodoxy is directed at a theoretical position not generally held in orthodox thought today.

The article presents a brief account of notes on functional representation in the British House of Commons. The purpose of this paper is to consider two different but related hypotheses concerning functional representation in the House of Commons. Although private members usually represent party interests with considerable cohesion, a significant number also conspicuously represent various par- ticular interests; when this is true, their behavior during debate will reflect this type of representation as well as their party representation. A debate on the procedures of the House of Commons, which must of necessity consider the role of the private member, is in part a debate over theories of representation. It may be that the recent discussions of Commons procedures are, whether so intended or not, a reflection of some discontent with the present balance between collectivist views of representation and the concepts of functional representation. Certainly a consideration of the way in which institutional changes might alter the access of interest representation in Britain is necessary for a full understanding of these institutions themselves.

The article focuses on the voting behavior of freshmen Congressmen of the United States. The writers on Congress have commented on the special position occupied by the freshman Senator or Representative. The freshman Congressman, they suggest, is baffled and handicapped by the rules of procedure, more subject to the social lobby, forbidden by powerful custom from speaking freely, easily controllable through party discipline by the apportionment of committee assignments, and so forth. There have been suggestions that the first-term Representative may be more subject to party discipline, but no systematic analysis has been employed to verify or disprove the proposition. That some practicing politicians believe such a difference does exist. This paper is an attempt to determine whether freshman status had a significant influence upon voting in the House of Representatives on major policy questions during the Eighty-third and Eighty-fourth Congresses.

The article focuses on the participation of businessmen in the higher echelons of the United States government. Their participation in the higher echelons of the United States government has been receiving much notice in recent years. During the 1952 Presidential campaign Dwight D. Eisenhower promised to bring to the costly operations of government to the help of business and professional examiners who can speak for the Chief Executive with expert knowledge. This he has proceeded to do in the almost pathetic belief that the Executive branch of the government can be run along the neat organizational lines of a modern corporation, with himself as chairman of the board. At the same time, systematic investigation of the participation of businessmen in government has led to questions about the effects of this trend. It is the purpose of this paper to show how these questions may be answered, in part, by examining the participation of businessmen in posts connected with the conduct of foreign relations. First it will be shown to what extent the proportion of businessmen in these posts has increased under the Eisenhower administration. Second, this change will be examined in terms of its implications for the conduct of foreign relations.

The article focuses on religious organization and economic process in Indonesia. A major by-product of the analysis of the factors making for, or impeding, economic development in the so-called underdeveloped countries of the world is the discovery of religious or other ideological forms of human motivation that shape the cultural specifics of their concepts of welfare and betterment in the production process. In that part of the world where the advanced features of the modern Western market economy and its industrial and financial ancillaries are still relatively novel imports, types of religio-familistic organization still prevail which, with varying degrees of effectiveness, dominate economic life. This paper seeks to illustrate this contention by three examples from the Indonesian sphere: the village and its various territorial and genealogical affiliations; the Islamic sacred foundations; and the altar associations of the Indonesian Chinese. Although the data are limited to Indonesia, it is believed that they have relevance for a wider area.

This article presents information on the history of cases in the U.S. Supreme Court. In Niemotko v. State of Maryland, the Court reversed a conviction, which had been based on a disorderly-conduct statute, noting that a permit system, for speeches in a public park, in the absence of definite standards, constitutes prior restraint on freedom of speech, press, and religion. This liberal approach was somewhat modified in U.S. v. Rabinowitz. Here the defendant was arrested with a proper warrant and the police then searched the one-room office and secured evidence. This the Court upheld as reasonable, since the room was open to the public, was under the control of the accused, and the search did not extend beyond this room used for unlawful purposes. Congress in 1954 passed an Immunity Act providing that whenever in the judgment of the United States Attorney the testimony of any witness or the production of books, papers, or other evidence by any witness in any case before any grand jury or court in the United States involving any interference with, or endangering of, the national security is necessary to the public interest, the District Attorney, upon the approval of the Attorney General, may make application to the Court for an order to the witness to testify.

The article reports that sixty-five years ago, when researchers presented their famous papers at the Royal Statistical Society, the establishment of universal laws of migration seemed to be possible not only to him but also to some of their critics. The scientific climate, as well as the social conditions of the time, was favorable to such an undertaking. Since then we have learned a great deal more about the facts of migration, but people have become quite skeptical on the question of laws. Today people see more clearly the methodological differences between the social and the natural sciences; people also have, in the last three or four decades, experienced mass migrations and compulsory population-transfers which seem to invalidate any general theory of migration. Recent developments in general population-theory have had their parallel in economics, where the classical tradition was challenged by the historical and institutional schools. Perhaps the extreme contrast to these essentially voluntary communal migrations are those cases of involuntary migration, which involve the expulsion from the home community of persons who adhere to deviating religious-or political-belief systems.

The article reports that the villages of Stams, Mötz, Silz, and Haiming, located between twenty-two to thirty miles west of Innsbruck, in an agricultural region of the Austrian Tyrol, constitute an area that has aroused great interest as a pilot project in co-operative planning and development. But little affected by the Industrial Revolution, bound by economic patterns and cultural customs, many of which have been in existence since Roman times, the Stams-Haiming region presented problems that could be solved only by a complete reversal of the former attitudes and practices of the local population. How they were brought to an awareness of joint responsibility in any basic undertaking and to an acceptance of technological change is the subject of this paper. It would be impossible to understand how enormous has been the reversal of attitudes and practices of these strongly independent peasants without understanding the history that has engendered them. Hence, various aspects of their culture, from the thirteenth century to the present, including the problems arising from staunch adherence to customs and laws, population increases, recurrent droughts, and technological changes of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, have been treated in an effort to show how these factors finally impressed upon the people the need for regional planning.

This article presents information on convention program of the Southwestern Social Science Association and the American Business Writing Association joint conference, held in April 1955, in Dallas, Texas. Some of papers presented in the meetings on various topics like accounting, agricultural economics, business administration, sociology, government, geography are: "A Well-Informed and Better-Guided Student," by William P. Carr; "Recent Developments in Accounting Research," by Charles T. Zlatkovich; "Course Content and Conduct," by Emerson O. Henke; "The Southern Farmer and Foreign Trade," by M.D. Woodin; "The Southern Farmer and Current Agricultural Legislation and Regulation," by William A. Faught; "A Comparison of Riparian and Appropriated Water Rights," by Wells A. Hutchins; "A Comparison of Land-Value Theories and the Everyday Operation of the Land Market," by Robert L. Tontz; "Geography of the Rainforest of Western Pichincha and Esmeraldas, Ecuador," by Luis Freile; and others.

This article discusses the use of costs as a basis for price determination and the measurement of income. According to the author of the article, same principles and the same considerations which should guide price determination should also guide the cost accountant and the general accountant in measuring the ultimate result of the price policy, that is, in measuring the economic performance of the firm. It is clear that the traditional treatment of overhead does give misleading and incorrect in formation in several cases. Full development of this proposition would require an extensive examination of the theory of accounting, a task clearly beyond this paper. The second problem is the effect of inventory valuation on income determination when a firm produces more than it sells in a given year. This point is simple and most disturbing. Under these conditions, additions to inventories are not counted in costs incurred in that year. This may be all well and good for items of direct costs.

This article comments on some of the conclusions drawn by Riley E. Baker in respect to significant causative factors in the economic development of the Great Plains area. The economy of, and the techniques employed within, an area are a part of the aggregate economy, not isolated from it. This situation derives largely from the composite of technological developments associated with improved transportation and increased tendencies toward both individual producer and area specialization. The network of interrelationships is not an easy one to explain. Nevertheless, this difficulty does not warrant simplification merely for ease of explanation. Some passages in Baker's paper explicitly, and others by implication, indicate that he leans toward undue simplification, intentional or otherwise. There has appeared a tendency in recent years to interpret the implications of a vastly expanding technological front in terms of the impacts of a few selected techniques lifted from their functional relationships within the integrated whole. This tendency is probably the inevitable result of preliminary observations of the influences of wide technological advances upon the entire structure of an economy.

It is the purpose of this paper to discuss certain selected topics which illustrate how the tendency to approach the study of American institutions in terms of the British system has given rise to errors in judgment, to a mistaken emphasis, and to the distortion of facts. In the U.S. the investigating committee with its extensive hearings and its sifting of evidence has done much to correct shortcomings and failures in the administrative branch and has paved the way for the adoption of reform legislation. Although select committees were the most important instrumentality used in Great Britain for inquiry purposes in the nineteenth century, they have today almost completely ceased to be of any political importance. The tendency of the British Cabinet to treat "every serious criticism of the work of the Departments as an attack upon itself, to be resisted with the whole strength of its majority," has caused parliamentary discussions to become stereo-typed debates between opposing armies under rigid party discipline rather than informative and critical analyses of present-day conditions. The advantages of the English cabinet system over the American presidential system have frequently been pointed out. However, the major problem of government today is how to maintain an effective control over the administrative machine.

This article presents information on several events organized by the Southwestern Social Science Association, to be held in 1952. The Association will hold its annual convention for 1952 in Dallas, Texas, on April 11 and 12. General headquarters for the convention will be at the Baker Hotel, Commerce and Akard. Arrangement for section luncheon meetings have been made by several sections, including Accounting, Geography, Social Science Introductory Course, and the American Business Writing Association. These will all be held at 12:30 p.m. on April 11. The Southwestern Sociological Society, which constitutes the sociology section of the Association, sponsors each year a program for students in sociology to coincide with the annual meeting. Headquarters and meetings will be held in Baker, on April 11. The general business meeting of the Association is scheduled at 8:00 a.m. on Saturday morning. Full attendance is essential to the continued success of the Association. Section business meetings will he held on Friday afternoon immediately following the presentation of papers and discussions. The members of each section elect a chairman and an associate editor.

This article focuses on characteristics of bureaucracy and the role of professional organizations in the society. The individual manifestations of bureaucracy cannot be wholly condemned without also condemning most of the characteristics of the society on which high material productivity rests. Large scale organization inevitably is characterized by hierarchical organization, by division and specialization of labor, by carefully prescribed procedures, usually embodied in paper forms, by attention to precedent, by the clearance of unusual business with higher authority, and by inter-agency clearance. Specialization of labor means that a given individual or segment of an organization has an immediate concern only with a small part of a total problem. It means that initial contacts with an agency may not disclose who is responsible for a given situation and its representatives may have little concern with finding out who is. If guaranteed minimum performance is the great result of bureaucratic methods, its worst shortcoming is readily apparent.

The article reports that the enforcement of wartime statutes in the U.S. relating to newspapers and periodicals provides no more objective means for determining the meaning of free press than does the record of legislative and judicial encroachment on free speech. There was the same tendency for the courts to accept the demands of the super-patriots as sound law, for the judges and postal executives to view certain activities as bad and through a process of rationalization find legal justification for prohibiting them. The Trading With the Enemy Act made it unlawful to print or circulate in any foreign language on matter respecting the Government of the United States or other governments in the war, their policies, conduct of the war unless these were first filed with the postmaster at the point of mailing a true translation of such matter. The President could at his discretion license foreign language papers and free them from the translation requirement. Any printed matter not conforming to the act was declared non-mailable.

The article reports that in November 1946 the voters of Texas approved an amendment to the state constitution providing for the extension of credit to veterans of World War II for the purpose of buying farm land. To become operative this amendment requires subsequent action of the legislature. The substance of the constitutional amendment and the legislation thus far introduced are the subject of this paper. Following the last two wars, World War I and II, most programs for civil readjustment of the military man have included some form of land scheme. Constitutional authorization for the veterans' land program was adopted in a statewide election in November 1946. Actually the exact provisions of the constitutional amendment were included in House joint Resolution No. 62 of the 49th legislative session which provided for the holding of an election. Land acquired might be subdivided for sale into tracts of such size as deemed advisable by the board. Amortization of the loan could cover a period to be fixed by the board, but not exceeding 40 years. Interest was specified at four percent.

The article reports on the origin and history of cigarettes. There are several legends concerning the origin of the modern cigarette. There *are legends to the effect that the cigarette was invented by the Turks and that cigarette smoking was common in Turkey, Russia, and the Levant where British travelers encountered the habit and carried it to England and thence to the United States. But regardless of the many legends, it would seem that the modern cigarette--that is, tobacco enclosed in a paper tube--is a Spanish adoption of the Latin American original. It is a diminutive of "cigar" which in turn is derived from the Spanish cigarro, itself a diminutive, meaning "little garden." In Spain almost every family had its little garden of tobacco. According to a French authority cigarettes were smoked for a long time in France but it was not until 1864 that they were manufactured commercially. The extensive advertising campaigns engaged in by the tobacco "trusts" greatly aided in popularizing the cigarette, not only in the United States but also throughout the world.

The article focuses on minimum requirements for the good life. In 1937, in a lecture in Denton, Stuart Chase made the rather startling statement that the United States cannot afford to let the average family live on less than $2400 per year income. His main discussion centered around the fact that there is a high correlation between crime and disease on the one hand and low income on the other. The speaker proceeded to show that it would be cheaper to pay the minimum income suggested, than to pay for the enormous amount of crime and disease that prevails. A scientific study along the line has been carried on in San Francisco by the Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics. This committee has worked out wartime budgets for three income levels, based on "frozen" price levels which are 20% higher than the pre-war prices of 1939-40. This paper is concerned only with the lowest of the three income levels, that of a family of a wage earner. The family consists of a man, wife, boy of 13, and girl of 8. These budgets are designed to show items and quantities necessary to maintain a standard of health and decency for the specific family types.

The article focuses on issues related to the analysis of corporate financial data. The paper involves an analytical explanation of the causes underlying the increase during the years 1940-1943 in the assets of 150 corporations doing business in Texas. Accounting, when related to corporations, may be thought of generally in terms of the transactions affecting corporate assets, a record of those assets, their changes, sources, and dispositions. From a simple view, the corporate balance sheet may be conceived as a statement arraying on one side the book- keeping values of corporate assets, summarized and classified around common descriptive titles. The other side of the statement arrays the bookkeeping values of the equity interests in those assets. While such equities frequently may also reflect the results of transactions which have represented asset sources, to explain all increases in liabilities as resulting in asset increases requires a lengthy and very precise statement. The accounting concepts of terms used in statements of income and statements of financial condition must be carefully differentiated.

The article provides information about the twenty-second Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Social Science Association held on April 11 and 12, 1941 at Dallas, Texas. On Friday, April 11, Accounting Luncheon Meeting was held in Room 3. Earl A. Sailers of Louisiana State University was the Chairman. Round-Table Discussion was held on the Present Status of "Principles of Accounting." In sociology section, meeting on "Social Standards in a Changing Society" was held in Room 428. Fred C. Watts of the Oklahoma Baptist University acted as the Chairman. William T. Chambers of Stephen F. Austin College was the chairman for the Geography Section. General discussion on "Industrialization in the Southwest," was presented by Elmer Johnson from the University of Texas and "The Paper and Pulp Industry of Texas," by Victor Schoffelmayer, The Dallas Morning News. In psychology section, meetings were held on "The Relation of Dominance Scores to Level of Aspiration in Mental Test Performance," and "The Influence of Number of Lists to be Learned upon Learning and Retention."

This article focuses on a legislation on marking ballots. The ballot law of every state contains a section on how to mark the paper ballot. This section, brief in some states and detailed in others, covers the following points: the method of marking, materials to be used, the use of the write-in privilege and of pasters, and instructions to be printed on the ballot. For this study, which is limited to general elections, the laws and the ballots of all the forty-eight states have been examined. When there is irregularity of marking the practice is to allow the intention of the voter, if discernible, to prevail. Five states allow a combination of the cross mark and scratching or lining out. The Georgia law prescribes the use of the cross in the party- column parentheses for straight ticket voting, but requires that the voter line out the names of undesired candidates when a split ticket is voted. The Texas voter may vote a straight ticket by running a line vertically through all party columns voted against; he may vote a mixed ticket by running a line horizontally through the names of such candidates as he desires to vote against in the column of his preferred party and writing in the name of the candidate for whom he wishes to vote or leaving unscratched the desired names in other columns.

The article discusses the variations in the buying habits of different consumer groups in the U.S. Consumer buying habits will constitute the core of any changes in the conditions of distribution. It would obviously be inadvisable to attempt to embrace the entire field of consumer buying habits in a short paper, so these remarks will be confined to consumer variations which affect their buying habits, with particular emphasis on retail trading areas. The fact that different types of customers have widely different buying habits will quickly be discovered in any retail trading area analysis. This fact is recognized by all retailers, but its effects upon the extent of areas of trade influence are not so self-evident. Consequently, in order to select his clientele, the progressive merchant will usually break down the total population of his trading area into subdivisions of one or more of the following groups: occupation, social status, education, wealth and income, size of family, type of residence, religion, race and nationality, age and sex, and location.

The article sheds light on the state control of the local budgeting. In recent years the whole field of state supervision over local affairs has received a great deal of attention. The article further elaborates that one of the most important aspects of the question is that of state control of local finance, especially of budgets, and it is this phase of the larger field that is dealt with in this paper. An effort is made here to lay a general background, after which Texas experience along these lines is discussed. It may be true that local expenditure from local sources rose only 2.4 per cent from 1932 to 1938; however, the fact should not be lost sight of that these local units spent $1,570,000,000 of federal and state grants as contrasted to $749,000,000 in 1932, not to mention the large WPA outlays that supplemented or substituted for local expenditure. Local government narrowly escaped a breakdown during these depression years. To avoid recurrence of similar conditions, extreme discretion should be exercised.

The article highlights the concept of political economy coined by well-known socio-economist Horace Greeley. Historians of economic thought, in customarily appointing Henry C. Carey dean of the American School, have generally neglected the high spokesman of discontent, Horace Greeley, founder and editor of the "New York Tribune." Horace Greeley's life and political economy stand out as clearer expressions of a young America in its middle period transition. Greeley was an awakened figure of his time. Never the totally eccentric dreamer he is frequently considered, he found himself aware that narrow parochialisms were breaking up, and he aimed to conform society to the changes under way. He saw his country as the great chance for righting wrongs- and he wished to make it a proving ground for social experimentation. Thus, he devoted his life and his paper to teaching the people to seek freedom by building a wealthy nation in which resources should be correctly utilized and special privileges should be destroyed.

This article focuses on the information related to various universities. W.B. Cole, Associate Professor of Accounting, attended the annual C.P.A. convention at Little Rock, October 28. D.Y. Thomas, head of the History Department, gave a paper on "Liberal Arts Education in the South" on November 10, 1938 before a regional meeting of the Association of Americal Colleges at Hendrix College, Conway, Arkansas. The Hill Memorial Library of the Louisiana State University has recently obtained the entire private library of Professor Richard T. Ely, president of the Institute of Economic Research and retired professor of economics of the University of Wisconsin. Lynden Mannen, of the Department of Government, is on leave of absence for this year, while studying toward his Doctor's degree at George Washington University, Washington, D.C. Thomas C. Donnelly, Professor of Government, travelled through ten European countries during the summer, studying international affairs.

This article focuses on the movement for the reorganization of state administration. This movement has commanded widespread attention and interest. Various conflicting claims have been made regarding its accomplishment. It is not the purpose of this paper to praise or condemn the movement but to present a summary of what has been done in the first fifteen states to be reorganized. The basic principle of reorganization in these states is to centralize administrative control in the governor by consolidating many agencies into a few large functional departments, each headed by an individual appointed by the governor. Because of legal requirements that the governor appoint department heads and subordinate employees, and because of his opportunity to dictate the appointment of employees generally, one authority on public administration has stated that the reason political parties have supported the codes is that it permits the rapid allocation of spoils while retaining the fiction of efficiency and civil service.

The article focuses on the relation between community size and urbanization. It is commonly taken for granted by students of city life that number of inhabitants is an index of urbanization. Even when urbanization is conceived in material terms, practical answers to problems are rarely derived solely from population facts. If attitudes, rather than numbers, be regarded as primary and urbanization be conceived in terms of their progressive change in response to wider communication, the question may well be raised as to just how constant a relation does exist between urbanization and community size. In order to determine the point, approximately 500 "My Community" reports prepared by sociology students at Southern Methodist University and the University of Texas. Papers from non-Texas students together with those from residents of the largest Texas cities were eliminated. An initial, more or less unexpurgated reading of the documents yielded certain expected negative conclusions. The first of these conclusions was that there is no one-to-one correlation between community size and urban or rural characteristics when different communities are compared.

The article discusses a crisis in Italian colonial opinion. Recently a morning newspaper carried the headline that dictator Benito Mussolini had declared that Italy's security in Africa depended upon the elimination of the Ethiopian army. In saying this he reiterated the repeated claim of Italian colonialists that the warlike preparations and unfriendly attitude of Emperor Haile Selassie necessitated and justified military operations on the part of Italy. This argument, connected as it is always with statements that colonies are necessary to the well-being of Italy, brings to mind the fact that at one time most Italians thought that Africa was composed of barren bits of sand, swamp, and mountain. This time was nearly forty years ago, when Italy's leaders very nearly decided to surrender all right and title to her footholds on the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. It is the object of this paper to describe the usually adverse opinion on the subject of colonies which prevailed in Italy after the battle of Adowa and to account for the failure of the Italian government to trust the convictions of the Prime Minister.

The article focuses on a study that discover the marital condition of the total population of Texas fifteen years of age and over as well as the conditions existing in the various classes of the population. The analysis does not attempt to consider specific age groups. An extension of the findings of this paper to include five or ten year age-division periods would prove more enlightening; for the percentage of a population who are married is dependent on the age distribution of the population. For instance, there is a smaller per cent of persons married under thirty years of age than over thirty. The margin of error in reports for the census is impossible to determine. Unbiased errors, where report was given by some one other than the person enumerated, probably offset each other. There has been an increase in the proportion of the males and of the females of each class that is married, with the single exception of the females of the foreign born white class. Correspondingly, there has been a decrease in the proportion of both sexes that is single.

The article discusses the basis of urbanism in Texas. The paper presented in the article is in the nature of a preliminary report of a study begun some months ago on the subject of urbanism in Texas. While it is necessarily incomplete, the facts already secured justify presentation of certain conclusions as to the causal factors involved in the location and development of cities in this state. No particular method is utilized in the study to the exclusion of others. Geography is consulted for the facts about the natural environment, to which human life must inevitably adapt itself. History yields information about events, many apparently accidental, which have figured in the location of settlements, later expanded into cities. Statistical correlations show connections between various phenomena, from which the relationship of cause and effect may be inferred. Case studies of selected units give the necessary detail for a sympathetic understanding and appreciation of the interplay of forces between individual and community. The plan of the study as a whole is cast on broad lines. Taking aggregation of population as the prerequisite of urbanism, the investigators have undertaken, as their first task, to present a picture of growth of urban population in Texas. This is obviously necessary for a delineation of the field. The second task involves the discovery, classification and evaluation of the factors responsible for the location and increase of urban aggregations.

The article discusses Bimetallic controversy of fifty years ago. Bimetallism thrilled people as perhaps no other controversy of the day. It was at its height in the years preceding the discovery of the Rand in 1886, a discovery which before the end of the century had robbed it of all but academic interest. In Great Britain itself it became a lively issue owing to the sharp and prolonged fall in the gold price of silver and other commodities after 1872. It gave a minister of the government Alfred Marshall the opportunity to expound before the Gold and Silver Commission of 1887-8 and the House of Commons Committee on Indian Currency (1899) not only his plan of Symmetallism, i.e., of paper based on a composite of gold and silver; but his whole theory of money and credit. In the United States, which had a great silver-producing interest, it drew from William Jennings Bryan, the democratic candidate for the American presidency in 1896, the famous challenge "Shall mankind be crucified on a cross of gold?" But all Europe was interested; and it is on the Continent that the story begins and develops.

The article discusses several books on sociology. "Workmen's Compensation and Automobile Liability Insurance in Virginia," by Charles N. Halvey and William H. Wandel is a study of the actuarial problems of two types of casualty insurance, one already widely adopted and the other much discussed as a means of control for the prevalent losses through automobile accidents. Walter Noble Burns' "The Robinhood of El Dorado," is a scintillating study of California gold-rush days and features the activities of Joaquin Murietta, the legendary Captain Kidd of that country. Written in easy journalistic style, it is readily readable and informative. A few historical inaccuracies have crept in-such as the reference to Stephen Field as the chief justice of the United States Supreme Court--but they, by no means, destroy the value of the volume. "Economics," by Frank Tracy Canton is an elementary textbook intended for a semester course. "Essays on Research in the Social Sciences," consists of a series of papers presented in a general seminar conducted by the Committee on Training of the Brookings Institution during 1930 and 1931.