Search

In the 21st century, conservation and protection of the environment have become a big issue in every country, whether developed or developing. India has taken a number of steps in this direction, but how far those are relevant, only future will tell, but there is no doubt that since ancient times, there are guidelines and prescription for the environment management. The sacred books, scriptures, Vedas, Puranas including the epics Mahabharat and Ramayan mentioned about the protection of the environment. For this purpose, environment resources like trees, rivers, mountains, lands, etc. were attached to the religion so that they become part and parcel of everyday life of people and they follow in their daily routine. In medieval times also, there were prescriptions for environment conservation. In modern times, mainly after independence, various laws, rules, regulations, by-laws, and policies have been formulated for the protection of the environment in India. A number of organizations/institutes like Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change; National Green Tribunal; Central Pollution Control Board have been established for the environment management. DOI: 10.5958/2347-6869.2019.00001.3

Author and Historian Monette Bebow-Reinhard has been working with copper ancient rarities since 2000, when she started her work with the Oconto County (Wisconsin) Historical Society, home of the most established copper entombment site in the country. She has been incorporating a database of copper ancient rarities all through the country with an end goal to track an exchange system. She is also writing articles about what this database shows, and hopes to put out a series of resources manuals to make the data available and show its use. The Copper Artifact Master Database (CAMD) is a compilation of copper artifacts derived from more than 300 museums and collectors who shared their material with her. Monette gathers the data about their collections—where each piece was found, what the piece looks like, how many of each piece was found in that location, and who initially found it (See the sample at the end). “Donor information is important because it can keep her from recording duplicates, because artifacts change hands all the time,” she says. Monette has a master’s in history, but started research on the Aztecs, Mayas and Incas as part of her undergrad work in anthropology. Monette retained this interest in trade networks and timelines and sees them very sharply coming into focus with this database. Distinction in the Major was called “Aztec Origins.” Since she is neither a private collector nor an excavator, her emphasis is on being an arbiter between collectors and archaeologists and in offering her compilation to researchers, students, archaeologists and museums—any interested in learning more about these ancient populations in the Americas. Monette addressed a couple of our inquiries concerning her work in copper examination.

Earth and every living organism on this planet require water for survival and without water there would be no life. Drinking water should be clean that means it should be free from microorganisms, free from harmful chemical and other pollutants. Consuming unsafe drinking water may lead to several water borne diseases, and other long term and chronic health problems. Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource to protect the water environment and to meet current and future human demand. Water conservation in simple words, is an effort to save water and ultimately save the planet. Water conservation is needed to protect the ecosystem and to restore its fast deterioration and to overcome the threats of environmental degradation, to meet the unavoidable emergency of shortage for drinking and domestic water in near future.