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The article explores the language standardisation process in Castilian or Spanish language in Spain. Discussed is the acceptance of the standard Spanish language in various cultures. Noted is the significance of the bottom-up decision-making on language planning by large numbers of the community as well as the impact of economic and political factors on language policy. Also mentioned is the enactment of the Royal Charter by Charles III in 1768, noting that it initiates the consolidation of the Spanish language.

The article discusses topics related to language management and standardization processes. Explored is the impact of democratic legitimacy on language management, revision of an oral or written standard for a language and the significance of a democratic political system on language planning and management. Tackled is the idea of legitimacy on political discourse as well as its dependency on particular set of facts. Investigated are challenges of democratic legitimacy for language standardization processes.

The article focuses on topics surrounding the revision of the standard for Nynorsk, a Norwegian language. Explored are developments of language policy and planning in Norway, approaches to language standardisation, the use of deliberative decision-making for user-acceptance and legitimacy and a historical account of the written language situation. Suggested is the significance of the actual representation of different dialect forms in Norwegian dialect diversity. Also discussed is the policy of unification for language reform.

The world is connecting in many complex ways, driven by the globally integrated nature of technological innovation and human mobility across continents. Never before have so many different speakers and languages existed side by side in the OECD countries as they do today. This reality has placed multilingualism in the spotlight. Increased migration and transcultural flows across borders in Europe have highlighted the urgency for research on multilingualism in the individual and society. Academic institutions have recognized the necessity for such knowledge and research centers have evolved to meet this challenge (cf. Obermayer et al. 2014). MultiLing - the Center for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan is a research center aimed at academic excellence and financed by the Research Council of Norway through its Center of Excellence scheme. MultiLing is hosted by the Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Oslo in Norway. It opened in June of 2013 and is currently in its first five-year period of operation. The main goal of the Center is to generate state-of-the-art scientific knowledge on individual and societal multilingualism across the lifespan that will address the challenges and potentials multilingualism poses for the individual in the family, school, other institutions, and society in general. Moreover, the Center aims at providing research-based knowledge on multilingualism to central policymakers and stakeholders. Language planning and the standardization of languages are some of the Center's key research foci and are indeed vital issues today at the top of the agenda for policymakers. The Center's vision is to contribute to how society can deal with the challenges of multilingualism through increased knowledge, promoting agency for individuals in society, and a better quality of life, no matter what linguistic and social background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research concerning the standardization of Galician as a Romance language intermediated between Portuguese and Spanish. It highlights the strict oral language from the late Middle Ages in the 20th century. Information about the description of the intense process of standardization in the 1970s as well as the summary of key issues in the normative debate, is provided. Documentation of standardization includes selection, codification, implementation and elaboration. An overview on the historical background of Galician in the Roman languages, is also mentioned.

The article discusses the increasing language policy and planning activities for European autochthonous minority languages in the 20th century. An overview on the estimated living languages as well as aspects of individual and societal multilingualism in the European political and academic agenda, is provided. It highlights the international and supranational entities such as the Council of Europe and the European Union. Also mentioned is the macrosociolinguistic characteristics of minority language communities in Europe despite a long-standing European tradition.

The article focuses on the language standards and perceptions of an authoritative target variety in contemporary Manx Gaelic language which is native to the Isle of Man, a quasi-independent island polity in the Irish Sea. Information about the classical descriptive linguistic of the late native speaker Ned Maddrell in December 1974, is provided. It highlights the opportunities of and remarkable level of institutionalisation along with the expansion of adult learning. An overview on the Haugen's fourfold language planning model including processes of selection, codification, elaboration and implementation, is provided.

The article focuses on the association between the standardisation and language maintenance of two Finnic varieties in Sweden, the Meänkieli and Sweden Finnish. Information about the opportunities and challenges of Finnic varieties as well as the issue of language maintenance associated summarization the variety, is given. It highlights the aspects of formal language use, language cultivation, and the teaching targets of instruction in school adopt Standard Finnish norms. An overview on the geographic, demographic and language policy of Meänkieli, is also emphasized.

The article discusses research concerning the processes and challenges of standardization of Mirandese, an indigenous regional minority language spoken by rural communities in Miranda do Douro district and Vimioso district in the Northeastern Portuguese-Spanish border. It highlights the complementary and uncompetitive relationship between the various languages depicting the social domain pairings. Information about the major role of public administration, church, and school officials in choosing Spanish in social interactions with Spanish nationals, is also mentioned.

The article discusses the prominence of the use of English in Latvia. Topics covered include the use of English language by media people, politicians, scientists and humanitarian and social scientists in the country as well as the global popularization of plurilingualism and societal multilingualism. Also mentioned are the uniqueness of eery nation in relation to their language situations and the impact of historical experience and economic situations on the popular use of English in every European country.

The article discusses the attitudes and policies of the Institute for the Languages of Finland towards English. Topics covered include the increase in international activities that caused the rise in the use of English language in many events in the 21st century as well as the use of English in Finish scientific publishing, polytechnic teaching and research groups. Also mentioned is the status of Finnish language in other countries and information on the versatility of the life of Finnish people. The Institute for the Languages of Finland's Attitudes and Policies towards English.

The article discusses the Language Act in Sweden that promotes the use of English in the country. Topics covered include the standpoints of the Swedish Language Council on the relationship of the Swedish and English languages in the country as well as the use of English as a restricted but prominent lingua franca in Sweden. Also mentioned are the characteristics of English in the country and the aim of the Swedish Languag Council to strengthen the country's infrastructure to enhance language technology perspective.

The article discusses the norms and authority associated with the use of English by native speakers in Great Britain. Topics covered include the launch of the English language academy in the region to standardize and spread the way English would be used as a formal language as well as the lack of written constitution or laws that focus on the custom and practice of English. Also mentioned is the start of the centralization of political power when the Tudor dynasty decided to end feudalism in the country.

The article discusses the conflicting views concerning the use of English when educating and instructing staff and students in Italian universities. Topics covered include details of a case study on the launch of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) initiatives at the Politecnico di Milano as well as the analysis of official policy statements at university and government levels. Also mentioned is the Accademia della Crusca's institutional position in the implementation of EMI programs and policies in Italy.

The articles discusses arguments for and against the compulsory teaching of Swedish in Finnish schools. The author argues the Swedish is the lingua franca of Scandinavia due to its mutual intelligibility among speakers of Finnish, Norwegian, and Danish and examines contentions that due to the ubiquity of English in 21st-century Scandinavian society the education of students in Swedish is no longer necessary. Comments from former Swedish Green Party spokeswoman Maria Wetterstrand on the connection of language with Swedish and Finnish national identities is also examined.

Copyright of Sociolinguistica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociolinguistica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociolinguistica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociolinguistica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociolinguistica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article provides a bibliography of sociolinguistics essays and monographs on language published in Europe in 2011 including "Tra napoletano e siciliano? Randbemerkungen zur Metaphonie im Dialekt der äolischen Inseln," by Roland Bauer, "Sprachen für Europa," by Peter Cichon, and "Ausgrenzung durch Sprache," by Rudolf de Cillia.

Copyright of Sociolinguistica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociolinguistica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociolinguistica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

The article presents an introduction to the November 2013 issue of the sociolinguistics journal "Sociolinguistica," on topics including the use of language on the internet by Swedes, mass media in Iceland and France, and language and mass media in Estonia.

The article discusses research on multilingual workplaces in Luxembourg, including a review of the history and theory of sociolinguistic workplace research and a description of a study of audio recordings of supermarket employees. The relationship between interpersonal relations and language, ethnographic observations, and communication between a native French speaker and a Luxembourgish speaker are discussed. German language speakers, work environments, and language comprehension are discussed, as well as possible solutions for communication problems.

The article examines the history of the extinct western Yiddish language in the Alsace region, southwest Germany, and Switzerland. Information is provided on the interaction between Yiddish and German languages, the existence of High Alemannic structures in Swiss Yiddish and vice versa is described, and analysis of audio recordings of Yiddish is examined. Examples of code switching by speakers of both High Alemannic and western Yiddish are also provided and the role of linguistic minorities in southwest Germany and Switzerland is described.

A list of sociolinguistics research books and articles is presented including "Sprache/n und Identität/ en in Österreich," by Rudolf de Cillia, "The Language Impact. Evolution – System – Discourse," by Alwin F. Fill, and "Zur Rhetorik von Barack Obama," by Manfred Kienpointner.

The article discusses the history of the standardization of the German language in Luxembourg using the record of public administrative notices published in that country in the 19th century and examining the choice of language used in the nation's administrative procedures. The frequency of the use of French, German, and Luxembourgish in the official statements from various agencies including education, the press, and the legal system is examined and the standardization of Luxembourgish languages is described.

The article presents a study which describes language and religious educational policies among Jerusalem missionary schools in Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine. The author evaluates these policies, offers a brief overview of the international stakes concerning the Palestine territory from 1870 to 1948, and provides information on French colonial linguistic policy studies from that era. Also examined are the French language as a vector for the Catholic religion, the role of French Catholic establishments in the dissemination of the French language with the French government's support, and the recruiting of Jewish and Muslim students at the beginning of the 20th century.

A case study is presented which explores the relationship between language, religious affiliation, and ethnic affiliation in the Latgalian part of Latvia based on data from the Centre d'Etudes Linguistiques pour l'Europe (CELE) and Survey Latgale, a sociolinguistic survey conducted by the higher education institute Rezeknes Augstskola. Details are provided on Latvia's historical, geographical, and linguistic background as well as the influence of Catholicism and mysticism in Latgale.

A bibliography of books and articles on sociolinguistics is presented, including the books "Didaktik für eine gelebte Mehrsprachigkeit," edited by Peter Cichon and Ludmila Cichon, "Plurilinguismo, multiculturalismo e apprendimento delle lingue: Confronto tra Giappone e Italia," edited by Silvana Ferreri, and "Språkvård och språkpolitik: Svenska språknämndens forskningskonferens i Saltsjöbaden 2008," edited by Lars-Gunnar Andersson, Olle Josephson, and Mats Thelander, volume 11 in the book series Språkrådets skrifter.

The article discusses theolinguistics, or the study of religious discourse, and examines how religious discourse has been misused, literal readings of religious texts, and semantic alternatives to such discourse. It discusses how linguistic analysis can be used to demonstrate ideological processes, noting that critical theolinguistics can be used to dismiss manipulative religious discourse used in instances of intolerance or condemnation. Particular attention is given to literalist readings of the Christian Scripture, which the author states have led to debate over religious interpretations.

The article discusses the development of religious language in human history. Focusing on the prehistoric origins of both language and religions, cults, and ritual practices, the author examines speech patterns such as the slurring of words in a state of religious or ritual trance, the use of taboos, and connections between sounds and magic in certain religious performances. He also traces the development of writing systems and their approach to describing religious phenomena and of the distinction between physical and metaphysical realities in modern civilization.

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses several reports from the issue related to language and religion as a sociolinguistic field of study.