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A case-study approach was used to understand the role of social capital in the cycle of adaptive capacity in three rural, forest communities in Washington State. The study reveals social capital to be a critical ingredient in the resolution of diverse community development events. The findings enhance our understanding of the impacts of social capital on community outcomes by dividing the concept into three types—bonding, bridging, and linking social capital. Social capital does not translate linearly into community outcomes. Generally, community members stressed the importance of bridging social capital to achieve community-wide desired outcomes. Yet strong bridging social capital had no potency when linking social capital with key power brokers was absent. Finally, the case-study approach reveals how social capital is created and can be built up or depleted. The findings are applicable to community development practitioners, rural community leaders, and public land managers that interface with forest communities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In recent years the “working landscape” concept has risen to prominence in popular, academic, and policy discourse surrounding conservation of both natural and cultural values in inhabited landscapes. Despite its implied reconciliation of commodity production and environmental protection, this concept remains contested terrain, masking tensions over land use practices and understandings of human–nature relations. Here we draw on a case study of landownership and land use change in remote, rural Wallowa County, Oregon to explore how working landscapes are envisioned and enacted by various actors. The arrival of landowning amenity migrants, many of whom actively endorsed a working landscape vision, resulted in subtle but significant transformations in land use practices and altered opportunities for local producers. The working landscape ideal, while replete with tensions and contradictions, nevertheless functioned as an important alternative vision to the rural gentrification characteristic of other scenic Western environs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 15 years the U.S. forest industry has almost completely divested its forestland holdings, creating new ownership opportunities for timberland investors, land trusts, and government agencies. Many newly available forestlands are adjacent to communities transitioning away from timber dependence toward economies based on recreation and real estate. This case study research examines changing ownership and management on two formerly industrial forests in central Oregon: a proposed land trust-owned community forest next to rapidly growing, wealthy Bend, Oregon; and a state-owned forest adjacent to the more isolated community of Gilchrist, Oregon. Through the case of these two forests, we illustrate the multifunctional transition and its relationship to community capacity in the U.S. West. We emphasize the importance of new allies and alliances in forest decision making, and the central role of forest degradation in the transition away from productivist forestry. Finally, we highlight opportunities and challenges for new conservation and government ownerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conserving threatened habitats on private lands requires policies that advance the interests of landowners and natural resource professionals alike. Through qualitative analysis of individual and focus-group interviews, we compared how family forest owners and natural resource professionals frame conservation of threatened habitat: the oak woodlands and savanna in Oregon. Applying constructionism to the analysis and design of specific policies, we explored policy options to facilitate cooperation and avert conflict between these stakeholders. Informants displayed three primary frames in discussions of oak conservation: the human-nature relationship, the rights and obligations of property ownership, and the role of policy in social change. Their motivations to conserve oak and preferences for conservation policy stemmed from their differing uses of these frames. Conservation easements, habitat mitigation banking, and voluntary grass-roots initiatives were three types of policy that seemed to accommodate the frames of both owners and natural resource professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Kaufman and Kaufman's seminal 1946 study examining the relationship between forests and communities, forest and community paradigms have shifted from (1) utilitarian views that stressed community stability and sustained yield harvests, to (2) ecosystem management and community resilience, to, we posit, (3) a new paradigm of forest and community health. The healthy forests, healthy communities paradigm both builds upon and departs from older paradigms. This article presents a case study of a small, resource-dependent community in eastern Oregon to illustrate the meanings and policy implications of this emerging paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the mental and biophysical terrains of family forest owners' relationships with biodiversity. We used concept mapping, in-depth unstructured interviews, property mapping, and field observation to explore owners' knowledge, beliefs and management approaches. We conducted our research in one watershed in the Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) ecotype of western Oregon, an ecotype that is considered at risk. The owners in our sample are knowledgeable about the concept of biodiversity and believe they should steward the biodiversity of their forests through management. However, their notion of biodiversity appears to be quite generic, rather than specific to the oak ecotype in which they own land. Moreover, external economic and social forces encourage them to manage for Douglas fir rather than oak. Extending Schneider and Ingram's (1990) theoretical policy framework to conservation, we propose ways for policy to address these limitations and build on owners' motivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperation across ownership boundaries is critical to most conservation efforts in mixed-ownership landscapes. Where owner objectives vary widely, as at publicprivate land ownership boundaries, cooperation can be especially challenging. This research explores the opportunities and challenges for cooperative fire management among public and private forest managers in the John Day Valley of eastern Oregon, an arid and fire-dependent region dominated by large federal ownerships and private ranches. Data were derived from indepth interviews with public and private land managers, ranchers, forest industry representatives, environmental activists, community leaders, and others. Through a process of theoretical coding, five themes affecting cross-boundary cooperation were identified: land tenure, power, ideology, uncertainty, and trust. These themes illuminate the complexity involved in cross-boundary cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although studies show that actions by property owners, such as maintaining a defensible space, are generally the best means of protecting property from wildfire, victims often blame government agencies and others for property damage, injury, and death. This article describes a multiple-methods approach for investigating factors that influence how people who experience wildfire perceive the cause of wildfire damage. Phase I and II mail surveys and real-time field interviews were conducted in communities on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. Generally speaking, people who had experienced wildfire attributed damage to other people's actions more than people who had not. Whether residents incurred damage or not, having maintained a sense of control or interacting with firefighters also appears to have influenced attributions. We argue that multiple-methods approaches to such questions have the potential to reveal more about such phenomena than approaches based on any single method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alabama used property tax abatements extensively to recruit the pulp and paper industry that became the foundation of the state's economy. Our objective is to evaluate the tax abatement policy and its impact on local public education from the perspectives of key local leaders. Data include historical secondary data, a mail survey, and interviews with stakeholders in pulp and paper mill counties. Although tax incentives influenced individual companys' decisions to locate in particular communities, abundant wood, water, labor, and transportation resources were the principle factors attracting the industry to the South. Despite the economic stimulus of the mills, communities that used generous recruitment packages continue to lag behind other rural counties, the state, and the nation. Tax abatements, coupled with low property taxes, adversely affect funding for local public education. Under investment in human capital, we conclude, is the primary obstacle to the further development of these rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the literature on land concentration and well being and forest ownership patterns in the state of Alabama. Possible relevance of such patterns to economic, social land environmental well-being; Research agenda for measuring forestland concentration; Hypothetical relationships between forest tenure and rural well-being.