1. The effect of unstable housing on HIV treatment biomarkers: An instrumental variables approach
- Author
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Galárraga, Omar, Rana, Aadia, Rahman, Momotazur, Cohen, Mardge, Adimora, Adaora A, Sosanya, Oluwakemi, Holman, Susan, Kassaye, Seble, Milam, Joel, Cohen, Jennifer, Golub, Elizabeth T, Metsch, Lisa R, and Kempf, Mirjam-Colette
- Subjects
Health Sciences ,Human Society ,Infectious Diseases ,Clinical Research ,Mental Health ,Prevention ,Pediatric ,HIV/AIDS ,Drug Abuse (NIDA only) ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Substance Misuse ,Pediatric AIDS ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adult ,Biomarkers ,CD4 Lymphocyte Count ,Female ,HIV Infections ,Ill-Housed Persons ,Housing ,Humans ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Treatment Outcome ,United States ,Viral Load ,CD4 cell count ,Housing assistance ,Instrumental variables ,Unstable housing ,Viral suppression ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Economics ,Studies in Human Society ,Public Health ,Health sciences ,Human society - Abstract
Unstable housing, including homelessness, is a public policy concern for all populations, and more critically for people with a serious health condition such as HIV. We measure the effect of unstable housing on HIV treatment biomarkers: viral suppression (viral load 350 cells per μl). We use panel data (1995-2015) from 3082 participants of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) sites in Bronx and Brooklyn (NY), Chicago (IL), Los Angeles and San Francisco (CA), and Washington (DC). The instrumental variable (IV) measures allocations for the Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS (HOPWA) per person newly infected with HIV, and it represents actual availability of housing assistance for HIV-positive persons at the metropolitan area level. Using an extended probit model with the IV, we find that unstable housing reduces the likelihood of viral suppression by 51 percentage points, and decreases the probability of having adequate CD4 cell count by 53 percentage points. The endogeneity-corrected results are larger than naïve probits, which show decreases of 8.1 and 7.8 percentage points, respectively. The hypothesized pathways for the effect are: decreased use of mental healthcare/counseling, any healthcare, and less continuity of care. Increasing efforts to improve housing assistance, including HOPWA, and other interventions to make housing more affordable for low-income populations, and HIV-positive populations in particular, may be warranted not only for the benefits of stable housing, but also to improve HIV-related biomarkers.
- Published
- 2018