Search

Eliminating poverty and improving welfare are the value pursuit of global development. Based on the panel data of prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2020, the path relationship among urban shrinkage, urban–rural development, and residents' welfare growth is empirically tested. The heterogeneity of urban shrinkage affecting residents' welfare are further revealed from multidimensional perspectives such as public financial pressure, attention to ageing cause, provincial capital welfare spillover, land expansion, and geographic differences. The research shows that: (1) Urban shrinkage not only directly inhibit residents' welfare, but also curb the improvement of residents' welfare through widening urban–rural income gap and strengthening urban–rural dual economic structure. (2) The higher the public financial pressure and the attention to the aging cause, the more obvious the inhibitory effect of urban shrinkage on the welfare. The welfare spillover of provincial capital cities show a distinct characteristics of distance attenuation. (3) The inhibitory effect of urban shrinkage on welfare growth is stronger in cities with a higher degree of land expansion. The inhibitory effect of the widening urban–rural income gap on welfare growth presents a V-shaped trend with land expansion. (4) The overall impact of urban shrinkage, urban–rural income gap, and urban–rural dual economic structure on residents' welfare is negative, and the spatiotemporal heterogeneity is significant. The impact of urban shrinkage on residents' welfare in seven cities of Hebei and Shandong province is at the stage of turning from negative to positive during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governing relative poverty is an indispensable part of achieving inclusive growth. Using data from the China Household Financial Survey, we scientifically investigate the impact of China's development of digital financial inclusion on household vulnerability to relative poverty. The research results show that the development of digital financial inclusion can significantly alleviate the vulnerability to relative poverty of households, and effectively prevent families from falling into a state of relative poverty in the future. The results of the heterogeneity analysis show that the effect of digital financial inclusion in mitigating vulnerability to relative poverty is greater in households with high population dependency ratios, digital tools, and household head education levels. In parallel, there are also significant regional differences in digital finance in mitigating the relative vulnerability of households. Further mechanism research found that the development of digital finance inclusion mainly reduces the probability of families falling into relative poverty in the future by alleviating income inequality, thereby improving the health status of family members, family development-oriented consumption, and family happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ending poverty in all its forms is the first of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Therefore, it is of great significance to study poverty in the context of sustainable development. After eradicating absolute poverty, constructing a long-term mechanism to solve relative poverty is an inevitable requirement for achieving common prosperity in China. Therefore, it is extremely important that relative poverty is accurately identified and quantitatively decomposed. This paper adjusts the Foster–Greer–Thorbecke poverty index to propose a new methodology for relative poverty decomposition comprising growth, dispersion, heterogeneity, and identification effect. Based on China Family Panel Studies data from 2014 to 2018, the empirical analysis reveals the contributions to relative poverty made by growth, dispersion, heterogeneity, and identification effects. Specifically, the growth effect reduces the incidence of relative poverty; dispersion effect worsens relative poverty by affecting the depth of poverty; the heterogeneity effect depends on the heterogeneous characteristics of the population; the identification effect aggregates relative poverty by acting mainly on poverty incidence. We also compare the four relative poverty effects in urban versus rural areas. The findings show that dispersion effect and heterogeneity effect are keys to the differences. In particular, dispersion effect differences arise from income disparities, while heterogeneity effect differences depend on heterogeneous characteristics such as education, health insurance, and migrant work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the multidimensional poverty of the migrant workers. This paper also analyzed the migrant worker's household registration differences and multi-period analysis of the migrant workers. China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), a household and social tracking survey data conducted by the Institute of Social Science Survey, was used in this article. Income, health, education, social security, living standards, and urban intergration were considered Multidimensional Poverty. This paper combines the A-F multidimensional poverty method and Foster's duration analysis method to construct a long-term multidimensional poverty index. Our results show that the long-term multidimensional poverty situation of the migrant workers is not severe but is mainly concentrated in certain dimensions and specific indicators. However, the long-term multidimensional poverty of the migrant workers is a persistent problem. Although the situation is gradually improving, the long-term negative impact of multidimensional poverty on individuals is increasingly prominent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After eradicating absolute poverty under the current rural poverty standard (living standard of 2300 RMB per person per year at 2010 constant prices) in 2020, China will enter the post-poverty era, in which the focus of anti-poverty in China will shift to narrowing the gap and pursuing fairness and shared prosperity in relative poverty. Identifying and measuring the scale of the relative poverty group is an essential prerequisite for effective relative poverty management. Based on the reality of China's extensive territory and unbalanced and uncoordinated regional development, this article calculates the relative poverty and the scale of the poor population in each province separately from the provincial perspective and analyzes their changing trends. It is revealed that the average relative poverty line of each province in China is slightly lower than the social poverty line of middle and high-income countries proposed by the World Bank and higher than the low- and middle-income countries, which is basically in line with the current stage of economic development in China. The average relative poverty incidence in each province is at around 25%, and the incidence of poverty generally shows a decreasing trend during the study period, while the depth and intensity of poverty in some provinces show a gradual increase over time, further confirming the enormity of relative poverty governance in the post-poverty era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a common problem faced by all countries. Breaking the restrictions on urban–rural development imposed by the dual urban–rural system, China has greatly succeeded in eradicating absolute poverty, which has important reference significance for other developing countries to reduce poverty. However, few studies have systematically and empirically tested the heterogeneous impact of urban–rural integration (URI) on urban and rural poverty reduction. Using China's provincial panel data and the spatial econometric model, this study explores the relationship between URI and poverty reduction and tests its spatial spillover effects. The results show that URI and rural poverty present an inverted U-shaped relationship, which first aggravates and subsequently alleviates rural poverty. That has spatial overflow. For urban poverty, URI first reduces and then increases urban poverty in the province. In contrast, URI and urban poverty have an inverted U-shaped relationship in the surrounding province. By calculating the inflection point value, this study finds that when the URI level is between 0.300 and 0.480, URI can contribute to urban and rural poverty reduction in the local and surrounding areas. In the future, the government should dynamically monitor changes in urban and rural poverty while improving the development of URI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualifying the official minimum of "Two no worries and three guarantees" (certainty of food and clothing, guarantees of compulsory education, basic medical care, and housing) is essential to evaluate the targeted poverty alleviation program since 2013 in China. Using the poverty monitoring dataset and the multidimensional poverty indicator system, the uneven dynamics and regional disparity of multidimensional poverty and its driving factors in poverty-stricken areas in China during 2014–2018 are explored in this paper. The incidence rate of multidimensional poverty was reduced by 61.72%, and the poverty reduction rate within the six dimensions ranged from 52.29 to 76.36%. Multidimensional poverty and its six dimensions displayed narrowing regional disparity. Impoverished and moderately poor areas shrank, whereas low-poverty areas expanded. All 22 provinces have become low-poverty areas in 2018. The contribution of each dimension to multidimensional poverty varies for different types at different stages. Income and expenditure contribute the most to poverty status, followed by transportation, housing conditions, education, communication, and medical care and health. The contribution of each indicator among different dimensions varied with different trends from 2014 to2018. This paper helps incorporate the official minimums of "Two no worries and three guarantees" into a more operational evaluation system to promote sustainable policies for governments at all levels by 2020 and beyond, as well as provide valuable references for poverty alleviation in other developing countries worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although reducing poverty has become an important issue for rural development in China, few studies have analyzed the role of mobile Internet use in multidimensional poverty. To fill this gap, this study investigated the impact of mobile Internet use on multidimensional poverty, using data collected from a household survey in rural China. Because households generally decide whether to use mobile Internet by themselves, an endogenous switching regression model was employed to control for potential selection bias. In total, 9.63% of the households were identified as multidimensionally poor and the adjusted multidimensional poverty incidence was 5.47%. The results also showed that mobile Internet use has a significant negative impact on multidimensional poverty. Further, we provide evidence of heterogeneity in the effect of mobile Internet use across regions. These findings highlight the importance of mobile Internet use in multidimensional poverty reduction strategies for rural households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of livelihood transitions is conducive to poverty reduction and rural development. This study used three-wave panel data to quantitatively examine the livelihood transitions of Chinese rural households during two 2-year periods. The households were categorized into 5 livelihood strategy clusters depending on their income composition. The distribution of households among livelihood strategies exhibits a gourd-shaped structure and presents 2 trends, namely, the transition from on-farm strategies to off-farm strategies and an increase in non-labour households. The most common transition happens between the wage-employment-oriented strategy and the farming-oriented strategy, and the half-farming-and-half-employment strategy has the strongest mobility. Continuously, households with primary livelihood activities tend to persistently employ a strategy as the time spent on that strategy increases. From the perspective of poverty reduction, it is vital to understand the transition directions of farming-dependent households, and it is essential to promote slow but stable upward mobility. Farmland area and investment in farming have a negative effect on upward mobility, indicating the need for a more efficient agriculture operation mode, such as agriculture industrialization. The effect of labour migration is double-edged, and promoting the employment of members who have been left behind is crucial. In addition, the positive effects of network usage and education level of labors highlight the importance of improving the infrastructure and providing skill training in rural China. By analysing the livelihood distributions and transitions of rural households, comparing the disparities of the livelihood distributions and transitions of poor and non-poor households, and investigating the determinants of livelihood transitions, this paper aims to highlight the implications of these issues for poverty reduction in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is undergoing a campaign which is called "The Targeted Poverty Alleviation Policy" to eradicate extreme poverty from rural China until 2020. Though poverty in rural China has been studied intensively in different objective dimensions, little attention has been paid to poverty line settings and subjective poverty, which are hinged to the policy effects. In order to fill in the research gap, this study employs a nationally representative survey of rural households in 2016, to measure subjective poverty in rural China, and analyze the determinants as well. Our results indicate that the mean subjective poverty line of the rural households is 8297 yuan per capita, which is far higher than the national poverty line (2800 yuan). Statistically, 29% of the surveyed rural households who are not objectively poor feel subjectively poor. The objective poverty line cannot fully reflect the subjective poverty perception. Thus, how to reduce the subjective poverty perception could be a major policy agenda in rural China after 2020, when extreme poverty is no longer a problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China's economy is rapidly changing from a planned to a capitalist economy, many families find themselves financially struggling. In some cases, conflicting values and attitudes may contribute to mental health challenges such as depression that would lead to further feelings of helplessness and immobilization. Using a random sample of 1006 low-income households from Pudong District of Shanghai, China, this study aims to examine the relationships between household assets, beliefs about government as the primary way to improve economic circumstances and self-reported depressive symptoms. In addition, this study investigates the mediation effects of beliefs that government is the best change agent for improved life circumstances on the relationship between household assets and depression. We found those who indicated that government was the main means for attaining a better life had significantly higher depression levels whereas higher numbers of household assets were associated with lower depression levels. We also found that viewing government as the most important change agent only partially mediated the relationship between household assets and depression (p <.001). Findings from this study support anti-poverty policies and social work related practice initiatives aimed at assisting low income families in China, in particular the need to address psychological as well as economic needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents several arguments for applying a relative poverty line to urban China. For example between 2002 and 2013 urban residents in China changed their assessment of how much money that is necessary. Data from the China Household Income Project indicate that while, assessed against an absolute poverty line, poverty among Chinese urban residents was already fairly low in 2007, increasing proportions fell under a relative poverty line from 1988 to 2007. Thus income growth in urban China was more rapid in the middle segments of the income distribution that at it's lower segments. In 2013, at least as large fractions of the urban population as in many rich countries were deemed poor in relative terms. We also specify and estimate logit models for 2002 and 2013 after first having divided the samples into children, adults and elderly people. We find that the risk of being relative poor in urban China both years under study was positively associated with lack of work among adult household members, a low education of the household head, living in a low-income city, the number of children, and being aged and not receiving a pension. Pensions for the aged in combination with co-residency with adult children or with other adults have kept poverty rates among the increasing number of elderly in urban China from exceeding those among adults. In contrast, relative poverty rates are somewhat higher among children than among the entire urban population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) finding of increasing trend in income poverty in China since 2000, this paper studies income and multidimensional poverty in China between 2000 and 2011 using China Health and Nutrition Survey data. It is observed the ADB proposed approach, adjusted for vulnerability, demonstrates an upward trend in income poverty. Income poverty is decreasing, however, for the World Bank's poverty cut-offs ($1.25 or $1.90). To measure multidimensional poverty, along with income (with ADB's adjusted Asian poverty line and World Bank's poverty lines), other indicators such as health, education and living standards are considered in this paper. The evident disparities and diversities in rural and urban multidimensional poverty are further examined. Per capita net income, highest level of education and flush toilet are found to be major contributors to both rural and urban poverty. The rural–urban disparity in terms of mild and moderate poverty appears to have decreased in the period before 2009, however, there have been increases since then, and the gap in terms of severe poverty remained quite high in this decade. We find that food insecurity does not play a major role in the rural–urban disparity in poverty. In the recent period, health insurance has become more prominent in explaining urban destitution, while the rural population is found to be more vulnerable to income fluctuations. Our results also show long-term poverty to be highly influenced by health. Our findings raise questions about the adequacies in the provision of health insurance and the quality of education, particularly in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a major problem that has consistently impacted human development. The spatial characteristics of poverty are nonvolatile at the regional level and represent the primary factors underlying the spatial poverty trap. Previous research on spatial poverty has frequently attempted to theoretically demonstrate the relationship between the spatial distribution of socioeconomic factors and regional poverty by drawing poverty maps, whereas less attention has focused on geographic factors. The case of Miao–Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Qiandongnan in Guizhou Province, China, is examined herein. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the mechanisms linking the geographical environment and regional poverty and then conducts a quantitative analysis of the spatial association and degree of influence of these mechanisms. A geographically weighted regression (GWR) is employed to analyse the explanatory ability of variables in local areas. The results show that the mean slope and road network density have the most statistically significant correlations with the town-level poverty headcount ratios in Qiandongnan. Specifically, mountainous regions with steeper slopes suffer from a higher poverty headcount ratio, and towns with higher road network densities have a lower poverty headcount ratio because of the convenience of transportation. Additionally, the GWR indicates the occurrence of spatial nonstationarity, which indicates that the nature and strength of the association between each geographic indicator and the poverty headcount ratio varies across the 201 towns, with a linear growth pattern observed from north to south. Moreover, the results of a correlation analysis demonstrate that land cover with different slope classifications is more related to the regional poverty headcount ratio than land cover without a slope classification. We expect that this paper will provide useful insights for incorporating geographical factors into the formulation of poverty reduction policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tebaldi and Mohan (Journal of Development Studies 46:1047-1066, 2010) have established an empirical relationship between institutions and monetary poverty. We first, reflect their findings in the light of recent development models, debates and currents in post-2010 literature. We then re-examine their results with a non-monetary and multidimensional poverty indicator first published in 2010. Our findings confirm the negative relationship and the nexus disappears with control for average income. Hence, confirming the conclusions of the underlying study that institutions could have an indirect effect on multidimensional poverty. In other words, the poverty eradication effect of institutions is through average income as opposed to income inequality. We discuss how the findings provide insights into: (1) the Chinese model versus sustainable development; (2) debates over preferences in economic rights; (3) China’s development and outlook; (4) the Fosu conjectures and (5) Piketty’s and Kuznets’ literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatially-explicit, fine-scale mapping of poor population distribution at a village level is a necessary prerequisite for developing precise anti-poverty strategies in rural China. To address the data missing of poor population at a village scale, we proposed a modeling methodology from the perspective of spatial poverty, integrating BP and MGWR-SL (Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression model with Spatially Lagged dependent variable) that correspond to population estimation and poverty incidence estimation, respectively, to explore a more accurate and detailed village-level poor population distribution. Furthermore, we justified the accuracy, reliability, and scale effects of the model by using GIS spatial analysis and cross-validation. From the case test, we found that, the proposed model could characterize poor population distribution more accurately than other existing methods, resulting in that the errors of both population spatialization and poverty incidence for each village are less than 5% at a 500 * 500 m grid scale. It can also be inferred that the spatialization of socioeconomic data at a fine scale should take into full account of spatial heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation for both dependent and independent variables, so as to improve the modeling accuracy. This study may provide a perspective for better understanding the detailed and accurate poverty status of data-scarce village in poverty-stricken rural areas, and serves as a scientific reference regarding decision-making in both promoting “entire-village advancement” anti-poverty harmonious development and constructing the new countryside of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its highly developed economy and modernized outlook, Hong Kong has a surprisingly severe poverty problem, especially among the aged. While income poverty among Hong Kong’s elderly has been widely acknowledged and extensively investigated, this study examines asset poverty using survey data of 4306 Hong Kong residents aged 60 or above. To investigate the link between asset poverty and income poverty, the income-poverty threshold is taken as being half the median household income, adjusted by the square root of household size; the asset poor are defined as those whose household assets are inadequate to cover their basic needs for a period of three months. Factors associated with the asset poverty of Hong Kong’s elderly are also examined. This study provides valuable information concerning asset poverty among older adults in an Asian society (namely, Hong Kong) and contributes to the literature on asset poverty, in which estimates of asset poverty are available only for the general population of some Western countries. Policy implications of the findings are discussed, and an asset-building approach is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have yielded inconsistent findings regarding whether poorer areas have poorer access to health and social services. Using three indicators of service availability and accessibility, we investigated how the spatial accessibility of 28 types of services varied across quintiles of small-area poverty rates in Hong Kong. The results show that the patterns differed by the indicator used and the type of services examined. The service-to-population ratio tended to yield a “pro-rich pattern”, i.e. higher service availability in less poor neighborhoods, but the road-network distance indicator tended to yield a “pro-poor pattern”, i.e. a shorter distance by road to the nearest service in poorer neighborhoods; in contrast, the two-step floating catchment area index yielded patterns that were less consistent across different types of services. Consistency in the associations across the three accessibility indicators was found only for a few types of services, e.g. a “pro-poor pattern” for self-study rooms and a “pro-rich pattern” for swimming pools and tennis courts. As the three spatial accessibility indicators tended to generate different results, future research should include careful consideration of the choice of indicators and the context in which these indicators are utilized. Our analysis also indicates that the spatial distribution of services in Hong Kong does not always support the “deprivation amplification theory,” i.e. poorer areas are more deprived of resources; in Hong Kong, poorer areas had better, not poorer, access to certain services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revealing the comprehensive poverty levels and spatial diversities of poverty-stricken villages is a prerequisite for 'Entire-village Advancement' anti-poverty policy of China. In response, we build a multidimensional poverty assessment model from the perspective of spatial poverty, adopting VPI (village-level poverty index) to examine multiscale and multidimensional situations and characteristics of poverty-stricken villages in rural China, then adopting spatial geostatistics to explore their multidimensional and multiscale spatial point pattern distribution. Further, we also introduce LSE model to examine their poverty types. Our tests show that, Firstly, the validity and reliability of the VPI model can be justified in terms of village-level targeting ratio and policy-coverage ratio. Then, the poverty level of poverty-stricken villages follows a normal-right distribution, presenting an 'olive' structure with a shape of 'large middle, and small at two ends', poverty levels and poverty sizes of different counties obviously increasing from east to west, and different classifications of counties also representing different poverty levels. On the other hand, there exists three kinds of multi-scale poverty clusters among different contiguous destitute areas, namely, clustering-randomness-dispersion, randomness-clustering and dispersion/randomness distribution. Villages with poverty type of three-factor dominance account for over 50 % of the total villages, their poverty are mainly caused by harsh geographical environment, disadvantaged production and living conditions, and poor labor forces. This research helps know well about the relationships among different villages from the multiscale and multidimensional views, so as to provide decision basis for optimal development and reorganization of the poverty-stricken villages in rural China, which is of vital practical significance to make overall arrangement of rural development-oriented poverty elimination and to boost new round of precise poverty elimination and new countryside construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the Dual Cut-offs Approach to measure multidimensional poverty in China at the national, rural-urban, regional and provincial levels using the China Family Panel Studies data from 2010. Five dimensions and thirteen indicators are considered for the enumeration of poverty. It is observed that irrespective of cut-offs and weights, rural poverty in China is three to nine times of urban poverty. Social insurance, toilet and cooking fuel are the major indicators contributing to both rural and urban poverty. More urban households in the Western region are deprived, but urban poor households are deprived in more indicators in the Central region, and some Eastern provinces are poorer than some of the Central provinces. Furthermore, the paper identifies the provinces that contribute most to national poverty levels and finds the sources of poverty in those provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To support China's national poverty alleviation strategies, it is urgent to develop a scientific method for identifying the poverty-stricken villages and the contributing factors. Based on the anti-poverty plan of 'Entire-Village Advancement' of China and the human-environment interaction perspective, the paper proposes a participatory poverty identification model that utilizes geographic information system to quantify and integrate various contributing factors for poverty at the village level. First, a set of poverty identification factors are determined from the human-environment interaction perspective. Secondly, the game theory is used to combine the participatory subjective weight method and the objective entropy method to weight the factors, and a participatory poverty identification with minimum variance model is developed to identify the poverty-stricken villages and their contributing factors. Finally, the model is applied to Qianjiang District in Chongqing, and the case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the model. The model not only identifies the poverty-stricken villages systematically but also helps guide policies for effective poverty interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant improvements in education and a decline in the percentage of immigrants in elderly population, the poverty risk in old age and the actual number of impoverished elders in Hong Kong have both increased significantly over the past two decades. This study assesses the changing rates of elderly poverty in Hong Kong over the last 20 years and, by means of decomposition analysis, identifies the factors shaping their evolution. The analysis is based on the 5 % microdata samples from the 1991, 2001, and 2011 censuses covering Hong Kong residents aged 65 and above. The results show that the rate of poverty among older adults increased from 27.7 % in 1991 to 38.7 % in 2001, and then to 41.4 % in 2011. The increase was largely caused by a significant decline in the number of earners in the households with older adults, which offset the poverty-reducing effects of education and the percentage decrease of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been growing research interest into poverty and social exclusion in Hong Kong over the past 30 years. However, the development of surveys in this field continues to be primarily 'top-down' or 'expert-led'. 'Bottom-up' or 'lay' perspectives, utilising the views of ordinary members of the public, are rarely incorporated. This article discusses the use of consensual focus group methods to advance the theory and practice of poverty and social exclusion measurement in Hong Kong. By adapting the UK Poverty and Social Exclusion Study 2012 to the Hong Kong context, the article reports on public perceptions of the necessities of life and understanding of social exclusion. The study found a strong social consensus about what items and activities constitute an acceptable standard of living in Hong Kong. Furthermore, whilst social exclusion was an unfamiliar concept, participants were able identify and explain experiences such as discrimination (affecting new arrivals), geographical isolation, a culture of long-working hours and poor access to health services as key elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's domestic rural-to-urban migration has reached a stage where migration in family units is common, and basic data on the wellbeing of these families in urban settings are required for adequate social services. To obtain such data, we conducted a large-scale ( N = 16,550) cross-sectional survey in Beijing of rural-to-urban migrant workers' children attending the fourth through ninth grades, including subsamples classified as poor (18.3 % of the total) and non-poor (16.1 %). Those in the non-poor group were comparable in affluence to the host population average. We found that overall physical health was good, with no difference between the poor and non-poor groups. Poor children, however, had worse mental health, and were at higher risk of mental health problems because of lower self-esteem, less family support, and lower monthly household income than non-poor children. This is the first study to analyze data obtained from poor children who constitute nearly one-fifth of the domestic migrant population in China. In addition to pointing out the higher level of risk for this group's mental health, our research suggests a need for countermeasures to improve self-esteem, maintain physical health, and emphasize family support. These results will help enable future hypothesis-verification mode survey research to illuminate general determinants and regulatory processes of health for migrant children, by providing large-scale survey data for a representative upper-middle-income country for comparison with previously accumulated data from high-income countries . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]