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Drynariae Rhizoma (DR) is a functional food and traditional medicine that has been widely used for bone and joint disorders for thousands of years. In this study, 14 compounds were isolated from DR, and their structures were identified using UPLC/QTOF–MS, UPLC–ESI/LTQ–Orbitrap–HRMS, and 2D NMR and compared with those obtained in previous studies. An HPLC–PDA multi-component simultaneous quantitative determination method was developed for 12 of the 14 DR-derived compounds, excluding compounds with a content <1.5 mg. The developed HPLC method was validated based on linearity (r2 ≥ 0.999), limit of detection (0.01–0.65 μg/mL), limit of quantification (0.04–1.97 μg/mL), intra-day precision and accuracy ranges (0.06–2.85% and 95.03–104.75%, respectively), and inter-day precision and accuracy ranges (0.24–2.83% and 95.75–105.75%, respectively). The developed analysis method improved the resolution of compounds 4 and 5. In addition, this is the first quantitative analysis of compounds 7, 8, and 11 and the first simultaneous quantitative analysis of 12 compounds, including compounds 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 14. This study developed a rapid, accurate, and economical HPLC method for performing the simultaneous quantitative analysis of 12 secondary metabolites isolated from DR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]