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• Oxidation of ILs in PCD, PCD/persulfate and UV/persulfate combinations was studied. • Long alkyl chain had a negative effect on the efficiency of ionic liquid oxidation. • Bromide anions substantially reduce the oxidation efficiency of imidazolium cation. • PCD and UV/PDS combination proved the most energy efficient for ILs degradation. Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts with exceptional properties important for future development, although potentially hazardous for humans and aquatic life due to their high aqueous solubility and toxicity. Biodegradation of ILs depends on the anion nature and cation structure: many ILs are not readily degraded during conventional wastewater treatment, thus requiring alternative cost-effective and energy-efficient solutions. In this research, the degradation of aqueous imidazolium-based ILs by pulsed corona discharge (PCD) and UV photolysis combined with persulfates was studied, using peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) as extrinsic oxidants. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]), 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ([Omim][Cl]), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Emim][Br]) were chosen as imidazolium-based ILs with different alkyl chain lengths and anions in oxidation experiments under variable operation factors - pH, concentrations of persulfates, pulse repetition frequency in PCD. Pulsed corona discharge has previously shown high energy efficiency in the degradation of micropollutants but has not yet been applied to ionic liquids. The experimental results showed the ability of PCD, PCD/oxidant and UV/oxidant combinations to completely degrade the ILs with the degradation rates in descending order [Emim][Cl] > [Omim][Cl] > [Emim][Br], indicating an impact of both the alkyl chain length and the type of anion on the oxidation rate. The strong activation of persulfates was observed in UV/oxidant combinations, whereas PCD demonstrated the effect of persulfates addition between slight acceleration and moderate deceleration of oxidation dependent on the concentration of extrinsic oxidants. The addition of the sulfate radicals' scavenger, however, showed the presence of those in all combinations indicating a certain replacement of PCD-generated reactive oxygen species with secondary reactants formed from persulfates. The unassisted PCD and UV/PDS combination demonstrated similar energy efficiencies of about 54 and 26 mmol kWh−1 for [Emim][Cl] and [Emim][Br] degradation, respectively, while for [Omim][Cl] the UV/PDS combination showed energy efficiency 1.42 times higher than unassisted PCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ratio of IL and DVB was adjusted to synthesize a series of poly(ionic liquid)s with a hierarchical pore structure and high solubility. The amide and hydroxyl functional groups, acting as dual hydrogen bond donors, worked with the bromine anion of the ionic liquids in the ring-opening reaction of propylene oxide. Furthermore, the introduction of amide also positively impacted CO 2 adsorption. Multiple active sites work efficiently and synergistically, showing good efficacy in CO 2 capture and conversion [Display omitted] • Poly(ionic liquid)s with dual hydrogen donor groups for efficient CO 2 conversion into cyclic carbonates. • The catalyst exhibiting comparable catalytic activity to the ionic liquid. • By adjusting the ratios of monomer, the catalysts with a hierarchical porous structure not only improve CO 2 adsorption but also facilitate the dispersion of the active sites in the polymer. • Combining DFT and in-situ FT-IR spectroscopy analysis discovers a plausible mechanism. CO 2 capture and conversion to high-value-added products is critical for the purposes of environmental preservation and carbon resource utilization. In this study, a novel class of porous poly(ionic liquid)s has been synthesized, incorporating dual hydrogen bond donors (amide and hydroxyl groups) and nucleophiles (Br-) as multiple effective active sites for the cycloaddition reaction between CO 2 and epoxides. The presence of dual hydrogen bond donors not only provides two active sites for synergistic catalysis with epoxides but also enhances the capacity for CO 2 adsorption. Comprehensive characterization has been conducted to elucidate the structural features and properties of these innovative materials. By regulating the ratio between ionic liquid monomer and divinylbenzene, a hierarchical porous structure favorable for the reaction was constructed, resulting in optimized catalytic activity comparable to that of bulk ionic liquid monomers. Furthermore, this catalyst exhibits remarkable structural stability with minimal activity loss even after five consecutive use cycles. Combining density functional theory calculations with in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the catalytic mechanism was proposed that the dual hydrogen bond donors and Br- synergistically promote ring-opening reactions of epoxides, while amide groups serve as basic sites to enhance CO 2 adsorption during the reaction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The imidazolyl ionic liquid was grafted to MIL-101-NH 2 with amide bond connection through a simple solvothermal method. • The porous structure and high BET surface area made 1-C-3-M@MIL-101-NH 2 possessing good affinity to CO 2. • The catalyst showed efficient catalytic activity for the CO 2 -eoixide cycloaddition under cocatalyst-free and mild conditions. • As a heterogeneous catalyst, 1-C-3-M@MIL-101-NH 2 had good thermal and cycle stability. Finding robust combination modes between ionic liquids and MOFs is still a challenge. In this work, using a simple one step-synthesis method, the ionic liquid was grafted onto MOF without any additives, and the binding mode of the two was characterized by means of XPS, FT-IR, TGA, SEM etc. It was found that the carboxyl group in the ionic liquid bonded with the amino group in MOF to form an amide bond. Thus, a novel stable composite material MIL-101-NH 2 -1-carboxypropyl-3-methylimidazolium bromine (1-C-3-M@MIL-101-NH 2) was synthesized. This composite employed as a catalyst for CO 2 cycloaddition demonstrated excellent catalytic activity, achieving a target product PC (Propylene carbonate) yield of 91.7 % under the conditions of 80 °C, 1.0 MPa, and a reaction time of 4 h, without the addition of any co-catalysts or solvents. The good catalytic activity was benefit from the synergistic effect of Lewis acidic Cr centers and nucleophilic Br-, as well as the high specific surface area and good CO 2 affinity of 1-C-3-M@MIL-101-NH 2. In addition, owing to this robust bonding configuration, the catalyst can be recycled up to five times without losing activity. It is a potential catalyst for CO 2 capture and conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Blending physical solvent and ionic liquid was used to prepare biphasic solvent. • The performance of CO 2 absorption and desorption was evaluated with screened solvent. • Phase-splitting behaviour and mechanism was investigated according 2D separator. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) capture from flue gas is crucial for achieving industrial carbon neutrality. Using a biphasic solvent can significantly reduce the volume of regenerated solvent for energy-saving carbon capture. In this study, a novel strategy for biphasic solvent preparation was proposed by combining amine blends (3,3′-Diaminodipropylamine, DADPA; N-Methyldiethanolamine, MDEA) and composite agents (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, BN; sulfolane, TMS). The screened proportion of DADPA:MDEA:TMS:BN:H 2 O was 2:6:2:1:2 (labelled DMTB). Experimental evaluation revealed that the DMTB solvent exhibits a high CO 2 capacity of 4.59 mol/L (in the 50 vol% rich phase), an efficient phase splitting rate (within 3 min) and a fast CO 2 desorption rate. The dynamic phase-splitting capacity was evaluated by a quasi-two-dimensional separator, under various operational condition. The 13C NMR results indicated the formation of DADPACOO- in the CO 2 -saturated phase in the presence of water rather than bicarbonate while observing dissociative behaviour in MDEA and TMS. Therefore, the phase separation analysis revealed that the products of protonated amines and carbamic acid species were highly polar and preferred to dissolve in the water phase. This study provides an optional biphasic solvent with phase splitting ability for CO 2 capture from flue gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different types of MILs are introduced in detail. • Applications of MILs in sample pretreatment are comprehensively reviewed. • Advantages and disadvantages of these pretreatment methods are compared. • Future perspectives of these applications were summarized. Magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) not only possess the advantageous properties of traditional ILs but also can be responsive to external magnetic fields. Their tunable structures and paramagnetic properties facilitate the integration of magnet-based technologies into analytical methods with high extraction efficiencies, good selectivities and easy phase separations through magnetic collections. The incorporations of MILs enable expedited extraction processes through magnetically enhanced phase separation, eliminating time-consuming steps such as centrifugation and filtration. These advantages have led to increasing applications of MILs in sample pretreatment methods, particularly in micro-extractions such as dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction, single-drop micro-extraction, aqueous two-phase extraction et al. These advanced sample pretreatment techniques have easy operation procedures, apply very little environmentally polluting organic solvents compared with traditional methods. The purpose of this review is to provide the latest literatures and achievements on MILs and the applications of MILs in sample pretreatment methods. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the developments of magnetic ionic liquids are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The core–shell composite was prepared for degradation of chemical warfare agents. • The core–shell catalyst displayed high recovery and good bio-compatibility. • ILs helped catalyst to boost enrichment capacity and catalytic rates. • DFT calculation helped to reveal the catalytic mechanism and degradation pathways. Detoxicating materials of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and their simulants play a critical role in reducing pollution contamination and environmental renovation. In this work, we present a simple strategy to prepare a core–shell structure Fe 3 O 4 /UiO-66-NH 2 /ILs@mSiO 2 using hydrogen bonding association and electrostatic forces. We performed disinfection studies on dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES). The synergistic effects of catalytic activations for CWAs, which reduce the electron transport distance and lower the reaction energy barrier, lead to an increase in hydrolysis and Fenton-like reactions efficiency. Eliminationing tests of DMNP and 2-CEES showed that the half-lives of the degradation reactions were 128.36 and 1.12 min, respectively, and the degradation efficiency did not decrease significantly after 4 cycles. This new type of structure could be magnetically separated within 60 s to facilitate material recovery and reuse. Moreover, the presence of a mesoporous silica shell made the catalyst particles to become biocompatible and environmentally friendly. The degradation pathways of the intermediates were revealed based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The effective combination of catalysts provided a facile strategy for developing multi-effect synergistic catalysts for the elimination of CWAs and other pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bifunctional guanidine-functionalized basic binuclear poly(ionic liquid)s were successfully prepared ternary copolymerization of binuclear bromine ILs, guanidine functionalized binuclear ILs and DVB by free radical polymerization, which were applied for one-pot efficiently catalyzing the cycloaddition of the simulated flue gas (15% CO 2 + 85% N 2) without any co-catalyst. [Display omitted] • Novel guanidine-functionalized basic binuclear poly(ionic liquid)s (GB-PILs) are successfully prepared. • GB-PILs provide the built abundant pores and the exposed bromine anions. • GB-PILs can efficiently catalyze the CO 2 cycloaddition of the simulated flue gas without solvent and cocatalyst. • The mechanism of co-catalyzing the cycloaddition reaction of CO 2 and epoxide with guanidine basic sites and binuclear ones in P-DBTMGH catalyst is explored. The direct conversion of low partial pressure (10–15 %) from industrial waste gas into high value-added chemicals provides a favorable solution to global climate change. However, developing high-efficient catalysts for the conversion of low partial pressure CO 2 under mild conditions is still a major challenge. Here, guanidine-functionalized basic binuclear poly(ionic liquid)s (P-DBTMGH) were prepared by free radical copolymerization. With the introduction of guanidine ionic liquids into the framework of GB-PILs, the alkalinity in the structure was improved, and thus enhancing CO 2 surface adsorption and activation ability. Meanwhile, bromide containing binuclear sites help to increase the ion density of bromide and promote the occurrence of ring opening. Using epichlorohydrin as a probe substrate, P-DBTMGH could efficiently catalyze the cycloaddition reaction of the simulated flue gas (15 vol% CO 2 + 85 vol% N 2) without any co-catalyst or solvent, and chloropropene carbonate (CPC) with a selectivity and yield of 99 % and 96 % was obtained, which was better than or equivalent to the results reported previously. Moreover, the theoretical studies deeply understood the synergetic effect of guanidine basic sites and bromide containing binuclear sites on CO 2 activation and ring-opening of epoxides, which provides a better choice for high-value utilization of low partial pressure CO 2 from flue gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Extraction behaviour of Ln(III)/An(III) in Diglycolamide/Cyphos IL mixture. • Fast extraction kinetics despite of moderate IL viscosity. • Separation of FR-SHLLW compositions with T2EHDGA/[P 66614 ][NO 3 ] • High radiation stability of IL phase inferring similar extraction factors for the target metal ions. • Quantitative stripping using dilute nitric acid as the stripping agent without addition of any aqueous soluble complexing agent. Liquid-Liquid extraction behavior of trivalent lanthanides (by taking Eu(III) as a representative) in a strongly hydrophobic phosphonium based ionic liquid (IL) in conjunction with a diglycolamide (DGA) based extractant was perused in detail to emphasize the extraction pathway and coordination behavior. Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium nitrate (Cyphos nitrate: [P 66614 ][NO 3 ]) was chosen as IL solvent phase containing N,N,N',N' -tetra-(2-ethylhexyl)diglycolamide (T2EHDGA) (a well-known DGA ligand) as the extractant. The extraction behavior of Eu(III) was furnished at different experimental parameters such as the concentration of initial nitric acid, concentration of ligand, equilibration time and experimental temperature to explore the extractability of the proposed IL system. The extraction showed an increasing trend with an increase in the feed acidity followed by attaining a plateau region at higher acid concentration inferring the occurrence of a neutral solvation type coordination mechanism. The mixture of T2EHDGA/[P 66614 ][NO 3 ] was implemented on the extraction of Fast Reactor Simulated High Level Liquid Waste (FR-SHLLW) solution spiked with Am(III) and the results were promising with respect to efficacy of the proposed IL phase. All the trivalent Ln(III) and Am(III) were selectively separated from some of the co-extracting fission products using a suitable holding agent in the feed phase. IL composition chosen for the study was radiation stable exhibiting comparable extraction behavior for SHLLW metal ions. The present study uses only dilute nitric acid as the stripping agent without adding any aqueous phase complexing agent which is a major underscore as far as the economic and environmental benefits are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This review delves into the synergistic effects that result from the combination of ILs and MOFs. • A comprehensive discussion is provided on the rational fabrication and characterization of IL-MOF composites. •. The potential of IL-MOFs to revolutionize energy-efficient separations is discussed. • The review discusses the challenges and opportunities in scaling up IL-MOF composites. The fusion of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and ionic liquids (ILs) has potential for improving adsorption separation processes. By integrating ILs into MOF structures, a new frontier emerges, whereby the favorable properties of both materials function synergistically to yield remarkable advancements in fluid mixture separation through adsorption. The strategic infusion of diverse ILs into various MOF matrices results in uniquely engineered IL-MOF composites with tailored functional attributes. These nuances have a profound influence on the adsorptive separation performance, thereby unveiling innovative possibilities in separation science. Amidst the growing interest in reticular chemistry in recent years, this comprehensive review aspires to encapsulate the latest strides in IL-MOF-related research. By distilling intricate research endeavors, this exposition seeks to illuminate the forefront of advancements in the field of IL-incorporated MOF architectures. Delving into this dynamic interplay, this review examines the synergistic effects that arise from the merger of ILs and MOFs, leading to the emergence of multifunctional adsorbents with unprecedented capabilities. Through strategic modifications, these IL-MOF composites exhibit enhanced selectivity, superior adsorption capacities, and remarkable stability for a wide range of applications. The underlying mechanisms governing the adsorption processes within these hybrid materials were investigated, elucidating the role of ILs in facilitating molecular recognition and transport within the MOF scaffolds. Furthermore, the potential of IL-MOFs to revolutionize energy-efficient separation through their adaptability to various adsorption-driven technologies is discussed. In addition to unraveling the synergistic interplay between ILs and MOFs, we also address the challenges and opportunities in scaling up the synthesis and application of IL-MOF adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Kraft lignin solubility measurements were conducted in four AILs and five PILs. • Experimental solubility curves were obtained for the IL aqueous solutions. • Pyrrolidinium octanoate is the best option to solubilize Kfrat lignin (77.7 wt%) • An increase in β-β signals was observed, possibly due to condensation reactions. • β-O-4 linkages within the lignin structure were cleaved by PyrrOc and [Bmim]MeSO 4. Lignin, a renewable macromolecule abundant in lignocellulosic biomass, holds significant promise as a renewable source for producing biofuels, biomaterials, and fine chemicals, offering a potential avenue to reduce dependence on petroleum-derived products. However, the lignin complex structure poses challenges for its effective utilization, often requiring some special treatments. In recent decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have been pointed out as promising candidates for lignin processing due to their appealing properties, which include low vapor pressure/flammability, high chemical and thermal stability, and efficacy as lignin solvents. ILs may be categorized as protic (PILs) or aprotic ionic liquids (AILs), and these two classes offer distinct advantages. PILs are readily synthesized by mixing an acid and a base in stoichiometric proportions, forming a mixture containing neutral species that remain in equilibrium with cations and anions. In contrast, AILs present cations with enduring positive charges and are not in equilibrium with their precursors as the PILs, though AILs are frequently more expensive and challenging to produce. Within the biorefinery context, the ability to dissolve Kraft lignin is pivotal for developing new strategies and technologies. Moreover, chemical transformations may occur during lignin dissolution in IL solutions. In this study, the solubility of Kraft lignin was evaluated in four neat imidazolium-based AILs, five neat pyrrolidinium-based PILs, and in aqueous solutions of these ILs, at 313.2 K. The highest solubility value ((77.71 ± 1.03) wt%) was observed for pyrrolidinium octanoate (PIL), while 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate exhibited the highest solubility ((73.93 ± 1.27) wt%) among the studied AILs. Whenever possible, the solubilities measured in the present work were critically compared with data available in the literature. Finally, lignin recovered from the IL solutions was analyzed by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to assess the solvent ability to induce structural modifications in this macromolecule. The analysis revealed that ILs effectively cleaved β-O-4 linkages in lignin molecules, and concurrent condensation reactions might increase the precipitated lignin molecular weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel oxoacetate functionalized ionic liquid [N 1888 ][DEAO] was prepared. • The fractional extraction based on [N 1888 ][DEAO] was successfully developed. • Rare earth elements in the radioactive waste residue could be effectively recycled. • Collection of the radioactive element Th in the waste residue could be realized. • No excess wastewater and waste salt was generated in the separation process. Rare earth (RE) are critical elements in many technologies, their clean production has attracted widespread attentions. To develop clean separation technology for RE, a novel oxoacetate ionic liquid (IL) extractant was developed to recovery RE elements and Thorium (Th) in the radioactive waste residue from ion-absorbed RE separation industry. The IL [N-methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium][2-(bis(2-ethylhexyl)amino)-2-oxoacetate] ([N 1888 ][DEAO]) had good selectivity to RE and Th, which helps to remove radioactive Th and recover RE from waste residue leachate. RE and Th could be effectively separated with 0.02 mol/L [N 1888 ][DEAO]. Maximum extraction capacity of Th reached 1.02 g/L, which could meet the needs of Th removal in the waste residue. A combination of saturated NaC 2 O 4 solution and NaOH solution was used for the stripping of Th. After five cycles, the extraction efficiency of Th remained above 90 %. After four-stage extraction with [N 1888 ][DEAO] and three-stage scrubbing, a RE solution with Th content less than 0.6 mg/L was obtained. It is fully achieved that there is no excess wastewater and waste salt in the fractional process. The RE elements in the waste residue can be effectively recycled, also the collection of the radioactive element Th can be realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The porous ionic liquid exhibited high extractive efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the porosity, abundant H-bonds, p-π and π-π interaction. [Display omitted] • The orthogonal array experiment was carried out to explore the multi-factors that influenced extraction efficiency. • The novel ionic liquid, [C 12 mim][FeCl 4 ], was synthesized and exhibited high extraction efficiency of naphthalene. • The IL doping with porous carbon material improved the single extraction efficiency of naphthalene from 62 % to 77 %. • The PIL showed 100% extraction efficiency of naphthalene after three repeated extraction process and good recycling. Ionic liquid is an ideal candidate in the extraction of aromatic compounds. The design and construction of ionic liquids with high extraction efficiency and selectivity towards to the specific aromatics remain crucial question. In this paper, with the aid of orthogonal array experiment, the imidazolium-based ionic liquids with long alkyl chain on the cations were determined to possess high aromatics extraction efficiency. Furthermore, the Lewis acid anion was introduced into the ionic liquid to form 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium ferric chloride ([C 12 mim][FeCl 4 ]) and performed 62 % and 100 % extractant efficiency of naphthalene (NAP) and anthracene (ANT), respectively. Then the porous carbon materials (P1-1000) derived from hyper-crosslinked porous polymers (HCP) which possessed high BET surface area (1186 m2/g) was dispersed in [C 12 mim][FeCl 4 ] to form porous ionic liquid. The single extraction efficiency of NAP improved from 62 % to 77 %. The great single extraction efficiency was attributed to the high porosity, additional adsorption sites provided by the Lewis acid anions and the hydrophobic long alkyl chain on the cations. After three times extraction, the concentration of NAP dropped down to 0. The porous ionic liquids also showed good recycle performance. The construction of porous ionic liquids provided an efficient approach for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aliphatic hydrocarbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Critical review about the selective recovery of Cobalt using ionic liquids. • Ionic liquids have been used for Cobalt extraction from different aqueous media. • Challenges for the industrial use of ionic liquids are discussed. • Opportunities for ionic liquids in industrial cobalt extractions are proposed. Cobalt (Co) stands out as one of the most critical metals in contemporary use, particularly due to its increasing demand in technological products and especially in electromobility. Over the years, ionic liquids (ILs) have provided a green alternative to volatile organic solvents in hydrometallurgy due to their outstanding properties, such as the negligible vapor pressure and their increased selectivity provided in separation processes, which opens the possibility to ramp up the Co-production while maintaining sustainable mining processes. Thus, this review offers a complete comprehensive and critical summary of published works on the use of ILs in the hydrometallurgy of Co, starting from the leaching from a primary source by conventional methods and then, from the pregnant leach solution (PLS) focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of solvent extraction (SX) in different aqueous media (chlorinated, nitrated, and sulfated) in which ILs are used to separate selectively Co from a multi-metal mixture. In the following section, its recovery from the loaded organic phase by acid stripping is discussed. Finally, this review provides the challenges that ILs should overcome to be viable for large-scale industrial applications and the opportunities that exhibit for selective recovery of Co from PLS capitalizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective separation of ethyl acetate (EAC)/isopropanol(IPA)/water azeotrope from industrial wastewater significantly reduces environmental risks and recycling resources. An azeotrope separation technique was proposed, combining ionic liquid mixed entrainer and dividing wall column extractive distillation (DWC-ED). The selectivity and solubility of 225 ionic liquids were calculated based on the COSMO-RS model. The molecular polarity of EAC, IPA, H 2 O, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and [EMIM][AC] was studied, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][AC]) was determined as the best solvent. In addition, the interaction mechanism between [EMIM][AC] (or DMSO) and EAC/IPA/H 2 O was studied using the quantum chemistry (QC) theory. Independent gradient model (IGM), interaction energy, and atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis showed that hydrogen bonds and vdW forces were formed between [AC]− anion and H 2 O/IPA/EAC, and the interaction energy was gradually weakened, which significantly improved the performance of extractive distillation process. The results showed that the total annual cost (TAC) and energy consumption of IL-based mixed solvent extractive distillation were reduced by 36.04 % and 37.72 %, respectively, compared to the single DMSO extractive distillation process. The TAC and energy consumption of the DWC-ED process were 44.61 % and 51.43 % lower than the benchmark processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel bifunctional amino acid ionic liquid [DETA][SER]. • A new type of ionic liquid based biphasic solvent. • Rich-phase has low viscosity, small volume, and high CO 2 loading rate. • MPI index used to analyze phase change mechanism. In order to achieve efficient CO 2 capture, a novel biphasic solvent based on diethylenetriamine serine ionic liquid/polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether/water ([DETA][SER]/NHD/H 2 O) was developed. This study achieved low viscosity by weakening the hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions within the pure ionic liquid (IL) by adding NHD and H 2 O to [DETA][SER]. Additionally, due to the low polarity and fewer hydrogen bonds formed by NHD, it is separated. The formation of a tight hydrogen bond network in the rich-phase after the reaction enables the enrichment of the product. Based on this, the optimal mass ratio of [DETA][SER]/NHD/H 2 O is determined to be 20 wt%/40 wt%/40 wt%. The viscosity of this solvent is 7.82 mPa·s, with a total absorption load of 1.26 mol·mol−1 IL, where the rich-phase load accounts for 99 % of the total load and occupies only 37 % of the volume. The mechanism of CO 2 capture was investigated using 13C NMR, revealing the formation of zwitterions from the reaction of the primary amines on [DETA]+ and [SER]− with CO 2. Subsequently, proton transfer and hydrolysis of the carbamate esters were observed. Notably, NHD was found to promote phase separation without participating in chemical reactions. These findings demonstrate the potential of this biphasic solvent system as a high-capacity solution for CO 2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recovering 2-Methoxyethanol from wastewater has environmental and economic benefits. • Mixed solvents based on ionic liquids are used for extractive distillation. • The interaction mechanism is analyzed from the microscopic perspective. • Research process strengthening technology to save energy and reduce consumption. • The processes are considered from economic, environmental, and exergy. 2-Methoxyethanol is an important solvent with wide application prospects. Recovering 2-Methoxyethanol from wastewater has significant environmental and economic benefits. In this work, quantum chemistry methods are used to calculate the surface electrostatic potential, mutual penetration analysis, and reduced density gradient-independent gradient model of solvents and azeotrope. From the perspective of the mechanism of action, suitable extractants are selected. With the minimum total annual cost as the goal, the splendid process parameters and the excellent ratio of mixed solvents (30 % 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole acetate + 70 % N, N-dimethyl acetamide) are acquired. Moreover, two reinforcing processes for energy saving and consumption reduction are also researched. All processes are appraised from three aspects: economy, environment and exergy. The results show that the total annual cost and gas emission of mixed solvent extraction distillation are reduced by 26.79 % and 35.45 %, respectively, compared with the process with NMP as an entrainer. Compared with the process with [EMIM][AC] as an entrainer, the total annual cost and gas emissions are reduced by 44.99 % and 25.04 %, respectively. Relative to mixed solvent, the total annual cost and gas emissions of the heat pump combined with mixed solvent extractive distillation technology decreased by 6.77 % and 21.78 % respectively, while that of the heat integration process decreased via 9.93 % and 12.30 % respectively. From the point of view of environmental sustainability, the process effect combined with the heat pump is better, and from the point of view of economic benefits, the heat integration process has better performance. This study reveals the intrinsic relationship between the structure of mixed solvents and explores the intensification of the process, which provides a theoretical basis for the industrial separation of 2-Methoxyethanol/water azeotrope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Designed and synthesized novel ionic liquid (IL) and deep eutectic solvent (DES). • PhCl compound (an analog of choline chloride) is used for the first time in DES. • Green solvents of IL and DES are used for the spent hydrodesulfurization catalyst. • The integrated approach of IL and DES for recovering Mo, V, and Ni is eco-friendly. • A green, selective, and efficient method for metal recovery is developed. Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are promising candidates as viable alternatives in the metal recovery process. Conventional methods predominantly concentrated on the extraction of metals employing ionic liquids or deep eutectic solvents from either acidic or alkaline media subjected to leaching by acids or bases. Therefore, in this work, a novel approach integrating ILs and DES was investigated, wherein the entire sequence from the leaching process to the precipitation step exclusively involves the utilization of DES and ILs. Firstly, the spent hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst underwent leaching with an ionic liquid (IL), which selectively leached molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V). Subsequently, the residual material remaining after IL leaching underwent a further leaching process utilizing a deep eutectic solvent (DES) to facilitate the recovery of nickel (Ni). The effect of different parameters on the leaching percentage was studied and optimized for both IL and DES. Vanadium was recovered as NH 4 VO 3 from the loaded IL phase, which was selectively precipitated over molybdenum using NH 4 Cl solution and molybdenum was precipitated as BaMoO 4 by introducing an excess of BaCl 2 solution to the filtrate. For the nickel recovery, the residue obtained after leaching using ionic liquid was treated with DES-1 and finally nickel was recovered from the mixture through cementation with aluminum. This study establishes a novel green approach based on IL and DES to recover Mo, V, and Ni from the spent catalysts without roasting and harsh acidic or basic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Hg0 removal efficiency of [Bmim][FeCl 4-x Br x ] is positively correlated with the number of Br substitutions. • [Bmim][FeBr 4 ] showed a wide temperature window and resistance to flue gas components. • The Hg0 adsorption capacity of [Bmim][FeBr 4 ] reached 205.4 mg/g. • Br substitution lowers the excited energy of LMCT, thereby improving the reactivity. The application of Fe-based ionic liquids (ILs) in elemental mercury (Hg0) removal from flue gas is limited by the low oxidative activity of the Fe(III) center. Here, a strategy of engineering halogen ligand to enhance the oxidative activity of Fe-based ILs for mercury removal was proposed. We developed a series of ionic liquids [Bmim][FeCl 4-x Br x ] (x = 0–4) with varying ratios of Cl− and Br− ligand substitutions. Mercury removal performance evaluations demonstrated a positive correlation between the oxidative activity towards Hg0 and the number of Br ligand substitutions in the ILs. [Bmim][FeBr 4 ] achieved ∼99 % removal efficiency in the temperature range of 50–150 °C, with a saturated adsorption capacity reaching 205.4 mg/g (at 150 °C). In-situ Raman spectroscopy, DFT calculations, Hg-TPD, and XPS collectively revealed that the introduction of Br significantly lowered the excitation energy of the ligand–metal p-d orbital electron transitions, which facilitates the generation of active bromine species with unfilled 4p orbital, consequently enhancing the oxidative removal performance of Fe-based ILs for Hg0. This work provides an application of metal-based ILs in the realm of mercury removal and broadens the scope of ligand–metal interaction for IL design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• [P 66614 ] 3 [DyCl 6 ] and [P 66614 ] 2 [CoCl 4 ] were synthesized and evaluated as pre-concentration or removal materials. • Extraction of PAHs using synthesized MILs was evaluated and optimized. • Extraction of five PAHs from aqueous samples was proved with high extraction efficiencies. • Extraction of Pyrene from environmental aqueous samples was evaluated. • The reusability of MILs was evaluated during three extraction procedures was proven and extraction achieved were higher than 97 %. Herein two magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), [P 66614 ] 2 [CoCl 4 ] and [P 66614 ] 3 [DyCl 6 ], were synthesized and evaluated as extractive materials in a micro liquid extraction procedure (MLE) to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in water samples. The extraction capacity of evaluated PAHs was studied at different conditions such as pH, extraction time, MIL mass, PAH concentration and ionic strength. Both synthesized MILs demonstrated successful extraction of the five evaluated PAHs. Optimal extraction conditions were achieved at pH = 2, 60 min, and 7.5 % NaCl and 15 mg for [P 66614 ] 2 [CoCl 4 ] and 10 % NaCl, and 100 mg of [P 66614 ] 3 [DyCl 6 ] for each of PAH. Finally, recovery and reuse of the MILs was evaluated. In this study, only [P 66614 ] 2 [CoCl 4 ] was recovered successfully without the presence of any PAH and used successfully in future extractions. Recovered [P 66614 ] 2 [CoCl 4 ] was used for five consecutive extractions with an extraction efficiency of the Pyrene above 99 %. These MILs effectively extracted five PAHs from aqueous samples and proved to be recyclable for up to five extraction cycles. These MILs have a high potential to be employed as extractive materials for remediation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The interaction region indicator predicts its effectiveness in gold extraction. • Quantum chemical calculations the hydrogen bonding capability of the ionic liquid. • Piperidine-based ionic liquid can efficiently extract gold. • The extraction mechanism is electrostatic attraction and van der Waals interactions. Efficient gold extraction is of paramount importance, but how to improve the extraction efficiency and enhance the driving force of the extraction process is still to be explored. This study introduces an innovative approach using versatility ionic liquids (ILs) to overcome existing challenges. A tailored IL was synthesized and employed computational tools, including the Interaction Region Indicator, to predict its effectiveness in gold extraction. Quantum chemical calculations elucidated the interplay between hydrogen bonding capability and ion exchange properties of the ILs. Subsequent optimization of experimental conditions (0.1 mol/L HCl, 10.6 mg IL) yielded a remarkable 98.4 % extraction efficiency at 45 °C. Molecular dynamics simulations affirmed the IL's exceptional selectivity for Au(III) extraction, with analysis revealing that the extraction mechanism primarily hinged on electrostatic attraction and van der Waals interactions between ionic liquid cations and [AuCl 4 ]−. This mechanism aligns with the established anion exchange mechanism, validated through Ultraviolet–visible spectrometer (UV–Vis), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometer (NMR), and Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS) analyzes. To complete the extraction cycle, 1.0 mol/L K 2 C 2 O 4 was employed as a stripping agent for efficient Au(III) recovery from the loaded IL phase, facilitating repeated extraction cycles. This study underscores the sustainability of the IL-based Au(III) extraction process, maintaining consistently high extraction rates even after five cycles. In summary, this method does not use solvent, enabling environmentally friendly Au(III) extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two novel amino-functionalized PILs were designed by incorporating the amino groups into PILs. • The copolymerized PILs were prepared as composite membranes to explore the effect of different chemical structures on their separation performance. • Highly CO 2 -selective membranes with a superior CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 173.5 were obtained. • Membranes with both fixed-site and mobile carriers provide the synergistic effect for CO 2 -facilitated transport. Design and synthesis of novel poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) containing amino groups hold great promise in CO 2 separation fields owing to the tunability of the cation and anion, as well as the high CO 2 affinity of the amino groups. Herein, two novel amino-functionalized PILs were designed for the preparation of composite membranes by casting the synthesized PIL-based solutions on the top of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes to explore the effect of different chemical structures on the separation performances of the NH 2 -carrier-based membranes. Highly CO 2 -selective membranes with a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 173.5 were obtained by introducing the mobile carrier of 2-(1-piperazinyl) ethylamine sarcosine (PZEA-Sar) into the amino-functionalized PIL-based membranes, which provides the synergistic effect from both fixed-site and mobile carriers for promoting CO 2 -facilitated transport. Thus, the developed membranes may offer a high energy-efficiency process for industrial CO 2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A systematic method to assess ILs potential for benzene-cyclohexane is proposed. • The reliability of the COSMO-RS and UNIFAC-IL model is evaluated. • The rational screening strategy can be conducted from large scope. • [EPY][Tf2N] exhibits superior extraction performance in LLE experiment and process. In the separation of aromatic-alkane systems, ionic liquids (ILs) demonstrate superior performance over organic solvents. In this work, a rational screening strategy is proposed for tailoring ILs for the benzene-cyclohexane extraction. The reliability of COSMO-RS and UNIFAC-IL for this system are first assessed by comparing experimentally reported and model-predicted ternary liquid–liquid equilibria. The key thermodynamic evaluations of ILs are predicted by COSMO-RS and UNIFAC-IL separately while their important physical properties and commercial availability are estimated by a deep learning model and prepared python program. The screened promising IL [EPY][Tf 2 N] is tested by liquid–liquid equilibrium experiments and the NRTL parameters are regressed. The process simulation with the chosen IL is conducted using Aspen Plus and then compared with that of a benchmark IL, affirming the exceptional efficacy of the identified [EPY][Tf 2 N] as a prospective solvent for the benzene-cyclohexane separation. This study can be a crucial reference for guiding screening of ILs for various separation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sugar alcohols' solubility in ionic liquids is modeled by a vast number of models. • Two approaches of activity coefficients and equations of state are examined. • A databank of 13 sugar alcohols, 21 ionic liquids, and 653 data points is assessed. • Redlich-Kister model resulted in a 0.82 % (2.77 K) deviation in the entire databank. • Equations of state with temperature-dependent parameters show enhanced precision. Environmental regulations have recently drawn attention from fossil sources to green materials, among which sugar alcohols (SA) have particular importance due to their vast use in the nutrition, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Their properties and equilibrium conditions, including the extraction and solubility behavior utilizing novel solvents such as ionic liquids (ILs), are essential for developing further processes and their optimization. On account of this, the present study aims to develop a comprehensive thermodynamic approach based on simple and accurate tools such as activity coefficient models (ACMs) and equations of state (EoSs), which have not been hitherto addressed. To this end, eleven calculation schemes based on these two approaches were applied to the largest databank investigated thus far (13 SAs, 21 ILs, and 653 data points), and the performance of the models was analyzed. NRTL, free-volume Flory-Huggins (FVFH), and Redlich-Kister (RK) ACMs with different schemes, as well as athermal and ideal solution models, were evaluated and compared against well-known cubic EoSs such as Peng-Robinson (PR) and Valderrama-Patel-Teja (VPT). Benefitting from three adjustable parameters and a simple form, the three-parameter RK model yielded the best results with a 0.82 % (2.77 K) deviation in the entire databank. Moreover, employing temperature-dependent interaction parameters with FVFH ACM (3.55 K, 1.05 %), PR EoS (3.60 K, 1.07 %), and VPT EoS (3.66 K, 1.08 %) improved the accuracy of the calculations remarkably. The results of this contribution prove that thermodynamic models based on NRTL, FVFH, and RK ACMs are the best options for calculating solid–liquid conditions equilibrium of SA-IL systems with a simple and precise calculation procedure, and can therefore be employed for the simulation and optimization tools. This study investigates the most extensive SA-IL databank, a large number of models from different routes, and the nature of SA-IL pairs employing the obtained parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ionic liquids-modified chloromethylated polystyrene were synthesized. • The adsorbents could selectively capture Au(III) in column experiment. • The adsorbents could effectively recover trace Au(III) from PCBs and gold slag. • The adsorbents provided a promising strategy for resource regeneration. The recovery of Au(III) has become a focal point of interest due to its significance in resource utilization and addressing environmental contamination. In this study, [C 3 NH 2 Mim]Cl-CMPS and PPh 3 -CMPS were successfully developed by immobilizing [C 3 NH 2 Mim]Cl and triphenylphosphine (PPh 3) onto chloromethylated polystyrene beads (CMPS). The adsorbents demonstrated consistently high adsorption efficiency (>95 %) at a wide pH range. The [C 3 NH 2 Mim]Cl-CMPS and PPh 3 -CMPS exhibited exceptional selective adsorption ability for Au(III), and the adsorption process adhered to the PSO and Langmuir model. The adsorption efficiency of Au(III) remained constant after five consecutive cycles, highlighting outstanding reusability performance. Furthermore, as the existence of multiple coexisting metal ions, [C 3 NH 2 Mim]Cl-CMPS and PPh 3 -CMPS could efficiently and selectively capture Au(III) from the gold slag and PCBs lixivium, which is promising for Au recovery in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A lower critical solution temperature (LCST) type poly(ionic liquid) gel that can adsorb and desorb 44 times its own weight of water has been fabricated. • The phase transition temperature was controlled by copolymerizing IL monomers with different alkyl chain lengths. • A poly(ionic liquid) gel composited with polydopamine, which is both a photothermal conversion material and an adsorbent, was fabricated. • The polydopamine-poly(ionic liquid) complex maintained the performance of the original polyionic liquid gel. • Utilizing natural sunlight, this composite material was used to a decontaminate organic dye from water with high efficiency and purified water was produced. Demand for purified water is increasing as the population grows. Water purification systems combining thermoresponsive materials and adsorbents that can be used in areas without electricity or other energy infrastructure have begun to be reported. The thermoresponsive hydrogel used in this system must be able to adsorb and desorb a large amount of water, react drastically to temperature, and have a phase transition temperature that can be easily changed depending on the environment in which it is used. In this study, thermoresponsive ionic liquid-derived polyelectrolyte gels (poly(IL) gels) were prepared as lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type thermoresponsive materials. As a result, poly(IL) gel, which exhibits drastic swelling/shrinking and reversible adsorption/desorption of a large amount of water (44 times the amount of water to its own weight), was successfully fabricated. The phase transition temperature can be controlled between 20 °C and 35 °C by copolymerizing ILs with different structures. Then, polydopamine (PDA), which can serve as a photothermal conversion material as well as an adsorbent for contaminants, was polymerized on the surface of the poly(IL) gel. In addition to its role as an adsorbent, PDA can also serve as a photothermal conversion material. First, a poly(IL)-based material with PDA is swollen in contaminated water. Subsequent irradiation with sunlight induces an LCST-type phase transition behavior by converting light energy into heat. Finally, the contaminants remain adsorbed, and only the water is discharged from the material to obtain purified water. Using this material, we were able to show that organic dyes are removed from aqueous solutions with high efficiency using sunlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of phenolic compounds from coal-based crude oils using ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents has received incremental interest due to its green and efficient properties. [Display omitted] • The use of ILs and DESs to extract phenolic compounds is categorized. • The influence of operation conditions on extraction efficiency are critically discussed. • The phenolic extraction mechanism and ILs/DESs regeneration methods are summarized. • The reviews on phenols extraction from real coal-based crude oils are conducted. Phenolic compounds are unstable factors in coal-based crude oils with more than 10 wt%, but they are valuable raw materials and intermediates in the chemical industry. It leads to a goal for investigating different phenols extraction technologies. Due to the green and efficient properties, ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are receiving increasing attention in this separation field. This literature review aims to present a critical and integrative evaluation of the separation of phenolic compounds from coal-based crude oils using ILs and DESs. The types of ILs and DESs used for extracting phenols are categorized. The influence of key process parameters including extraction temperature, extraction time, solvent dosage, and initial phenolic content are compared, and the general trends or inconsistencies are identified. The relationships and differences of ILs/DESs regeneration methods are critically discussed, and the separation mechanism is organized and synthesized. The ultimate goal is to apply the new method to the industrial separation of phenols in real coal-based crude oil. Therefore, it is necessary to present the separation of phenols from real oils using ILs and DESs and conduct comprehensive reviews of their inconsistency with phenolic extraction from model oils. Process simulation of using ILs or DESs for phenolic compounds extraction is discussed. In addition, the article briefly introduces and summarizes the sources, uses and detection techniques of phenolic compounds, the properties of ILs and DESs, and the comparison of other extraction technologies. Finally, a comprehensive discussion is conducted on the critical remarks and future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An exclusive CO 2 transfer pathway was constructed in PIM-1 under specific pressure control. • The synergistic effect of suitable pore size and proper basicity in membrane boots the CO 2 /N 2 performance. • The CO 2 /N 2 separation performance can be adjusted by regulating the CO 2 affinity. • The typical MMMs showed improved CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 43.6 with CO 2 permeability of 10,106 Barrer. Membrane technology holds great promise for efficient gas separation, but effectively manipulating the affinity between the target gas and the membrane remains a challenge. This study presents an innovative strategy to optimize the separation performance by precisely tuning the basicity of ionic liquid (IL) guests within the metal-organic framework-808 (MOF-808) fillers of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). By exploiting the sensitivity of the CO 2 binding affinity with the hosted ILs, the transmembrane behavior of CO 2 differs from N 2 under varied feed pressures, resulting in enhanced separation performance. Under a transmembrane pressure of 4 bar, the optimized CO 2 /N 2 selectivity reaches an impressive 43.6, accompanied by a CO 2 permeability of 10,106 Barrer, surpassing the latest upper bound. This study showcases the significant potential of gas and membrane affinity modification to achieve remarkable permeability and selectivity in gas separation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ●A magnetic-responsive Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -MPS-PILs were synthesized. • ●The material possessed abundant imidazole units, benzene rings and ionic bonds. • ●The adsorbent could simultaneously remove iodine and iodide ions from solutions. • ●The material maintained over 90% of the uptake capacity after five cycles. Nuclear waste management and nuclear energy generation require the proper disposal of 129I and 131I, which are radioactive isotopes of iodine. For recognition of different types' iodine, a magnetic poly (ionic liquid)s (Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -MPS-PILs) was formed by the selected imidazole ionic liquid monomer and core–shell Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -MPS via free radical polymerization. The resulting adsorbent containing plenty of imidazole N-heterocycle units, benzene rings, and ionic bonds in the backbones was suitable for simultaneously adsorbing iodine molecules and iodide ions. The adsorption mechanisms for iodine in cyclohexane and iodide ions from aqueous solution were based on charge transfer and ion exchange mechanisms, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium for iodine in cyclohexane was attained at 12 h, and the kinetics of iodine adsorption closely followed the pseudo-second-order model. Iodine adsorption on Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -MPS-PILs was best described by Langmuir model with a maximum iodine adsorption capacity of approximately 714.29 mg g−1. Iodide ions adsorption was best explained with Freundlich model and a maximum adsorption capacity of 335.80 mg g−1 was achieved in an iodide solution with a 500 mg L–1 concentration. Notably, Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -MPS-PILs retained over 90 % of its original adsorption performance after the 5th cycle. This work proves that the adsorbent Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -MPS-PILs was efficient and recyclable, and has good application prospects in the practical treatment of iodine and iodide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Employing ionic liquids (ILs) in conjunction with β-CD-based MNPs for the synergic binding sites. • Achieving rapid and selective removal of anionic PFASs and Cr(VI) from electroplating plant wastewater. • Unveiling the involvement of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions in the adsorption of PFASs, facilitated through β-CD cavities and ILs cationic group. • Excellent regeneration performance of Fe 3 O 4 -NH-β-CD-BP ILs, under mild cleaning conditions. Herein, we develop a versatile strategy for developing a Fe 3 O 4 -NH-β-CD-BP ILs based sorbent by installing synergistic bonding sites for simultaneous removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and heavy metals from contaminated water. This sorbent with its quaternary ammonium cation achieved remarkable removal efficiency (∼99 %)for both short and long chain anionic PFASs in pure water as compared to previous β-CD based materials. Moreover, when subjected to a challenging metal salt matrix, the adsorbents revealed that long-chain PFASs primarily relied on electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, while short-chain PFASs depended solely on electrostatic attractions. The results indicate that the sorbent exhibits outstanding adsorption capacities for PFCAs, PFSAs and Cr (VI) coupled with fast adsorption kinetics featuring equilibrium times 5, 4 and 2 h, respectively. The simultaneous removal of PFOA, PFOS and Cr (VI) in multi-component systems (electroplating plant wastewater) was also determined due to their dual sites rendered by cationic and β-CD groups. The adsorption of PFCAs and Cr (VI) was significantly influenced by the initial pH compared to the sorption of PFSAs. Additionally, the viologen based sorbent also showed better photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. In summary, these results revealed the outstanding adsorption capacity and convenient regeneration process make the adsorbent as a promising candidate for efficient and rapid removal of PFASs from other pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new TBP-IL-CE system was used for efficient extraction of Li+ from salt lake brine. • The single-stage Li+ extraction rate was 89.5 % and the selectivity of Li/Mg reached up to 515. • The high Li+ recovery and Li/Mg selectivity was due to the H-bond improved CE coordination. • The complex ratios of TBP/CE, and Li were 2 and 1 through extraction dynamic analysis. The high similarity in chemical properties between Li+ and Mg2+ poses a substantial challenge for their selective separation from salt lake brine with high Mg-Li (m/m) ratios. Herein, a highly efficient solvent extraction system was reported for Li+/Mg2+ selective separation, with tributyl phosphate (TBP) and di(aminobenzo)-14-crown-4 (CE) as extractants, [C 4 mim][NTf 2 ] (IL) as co-extractant, and methylene chloride as a diluent. Simulated brines included 0.01 M LiCl and 0.01 and 0.2 M MgCl 2 with Mg/Li mass ratios of 3.5 and 70, respectively. Molecular dynamics (MD), density functional theory (DFT), and 1H NMR analysis were employed to reveal the hydrogen bond interaction and compatibility between CE, TBP, and IL. Under the optimal extraction conditions containing a concentration of 20 mg/mL CE and 0.61 mmol/mL IL, the maximum single-stage Li+ extraction rate of the TBP-CE-IL extraction system with Mg/Li mass ratios of 3.5 and 70 were 89.5 and 81.8 %, and the separation factor of Li to Mg were up to 515 and 422. Compared with the TBP-IL extraction system, the addition of CE effectively improved the extraction rate of Li+ and the selectivity of Mg-Li, which was due to the hydrogen bond interaction between CE and TBP/IL and the cavity size effect between CE and Li+, improving CE coordination and endowing the complex generated in the organic phase with greater stability. The possible structure of the complex in the organic phase was determined to be 2TBP·Li·NTf 2 -CE·Li·NTf 2 through Li+ extraction dynamic analysis. In summary, this work provides an efficient separation technology for Li+ extraction from salt lake brine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel mixed matrix membranes were synthesized using polyurethane/ZnO/IL via the dry phase inversion method. • ZnO and IL loadings influence morphological characteristics and transport properties of mixed matrix membranes. • An SEM analysis showed that the particles were appropriately dispersed within the polymer bed. • Adsorption isotherm trend and membrane morphology were analyzed with GCMC and MD. • Simulated results were reasonably consistent with experimental results. The gas separation industry has witnessed a significant focus on mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) due to their exceptional potential, surpassing the performance of conventional polymeric membranes. This study aimed to develop and evaluate MMMs using polyurethane (PU) as the polymer matrix and zinc oxide (ZnO) and ionic liquids (ILs) as fillers. PU/ZnO, PU/IL, and PU/ZnO/IL MMMs were prepared utilizing the dry-phase inversion method, and their efficacy in separating CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 gases was investigated under various conditions. A comprehensive characterization protocol using FTIR, FESEM, TGA, AFM, and tensile testing was employed for their thorough characterization. The membranes' transport properties were assessed at different pressures and filler concentrations. Results showed that IL incorporation increased gas permeability by enhancing solubility, diffusion, ionic interactions, swelling, and accessible volume. Incorporating ZnO and IL particles in the PU matrix simultaneously improved transport properties, particularly selectivity. Robeson's diagram analysis shows that the PU/0.5%ZnO/2%IL MMM performed best. Furthermore, molecular simulation methods, including Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations, assessed adsorption isotherms and physicochemical properties such as free volume, density, and X-ray diffraction. Simulation outcomes were highly reliable with experimental results, affirming the results' efficiency and validation. Overall, this study demonstrated the efficiency of using ZnO and IL in the MMMs, highlighting their potential in gas separation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Simultaneous removal of saccharides and metal ions from IL solution achieved by SED. • The presence of saccharides was beneficial to the removal of metal ions. • The membrane fouling mechanism was revealed and cleaning strategy was proposed. The efficient and cost-effective elimination of saccharides and metal ions solving in the ionic liquid spinning solution produced in the regenerated cellulose fibers (RCFs) manufacture is highly desirable in view of the RCF quality and IL recycling. Herein, the 'two birds and one stone' strategy was proposed for simultaneous removal of saccharides and metal ions solving in [Emim]Dep spinning solution by selective electrodialysis (SED). Benefiting from the electric neutrality of saccharides, the differences of IL and metal ions (Mg2+ and Ca2+) in electrostatic interaction and hydration radius, the permeation ratio of IL (P IL), removal ratios of saccharides (R s), Mg2+ (R Mg 2+) and Ca2+ (R Ca 2+) could reach up to 96.0 %, 94.8 %, 95.0 % and 95.0 %, respectively in the practical ionic liquid spinning solution. The structure of [Emim]Dep after SED process was similar to that of pristine, indicating the stability during the SED process. Interestingly, the presence of saccharides was beneficial to the removal of metal ions because of the complexation. Moreover, the membrane fouling process and mechanism were also investigated by the determination of ion exchange capacity and the characterization of morphology and structure. Along this line, the corresponding cleaning strategy was raised and the performance of the membrane did not change notably within 5-times recycle. Thus, this work put forward a facile and cost-effective method for one-step removal of saccharides and metal ions and the purification of ionic liquids, which could be popularized in the fields of biomass pretreatment and dissolution using ILs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Quaternary ammonium based ILs are synthesised for selective Sc extraction. • Low acidity and inhibited hydrolysis led to optimal pH of 5 for Sc extraction. • Hydrophobic [N444] exhibited higher Sc extraction efficiency in 16 REEs. • DFT calculations validated the dominant neutral exchange mechanism for Sc extraction. Global demand for rare earth elements (REEs) is steadily increasing, emphasizing the necessity of effective extraction and recovery methods. Although REEs recovery from electronic waste using ionic liquid (IL) extractants offers an alternative solution to avoid potential adverse environmental impacts during traditional mining and processing, highly efficient and selective extraction is still essential. Especially, due to similarities with other REEs, recovery of scandium (Sc(III)) is confronting grand challenges. Herein, quaternary ammonium based ILs (QA-ILs), i.e., [N333 MeOAc][Tf 2 N] and [N444 MeOAc][Tf 2 N], have been successfully synthesized for selective Sc(III) extraction from other REEs under various conditions, e.g., initial acidity and IL concentration. Both ILs demonstrate superior selectivity for Sc(III) extraction from other REEs. Specifically, at pH 4.5 and 5, the extraction efficiency of Sc(III) using [N333 MeOAc][Tf 2 N] was 73.6 % and 83.4 %, respectively, while it was high up to 90.5 % and 95.9 %, respectively, using [N444 MeOAc][Tf 2 N]. Because of stronger hydrophobicity, [N444 MeOAc][Tf 2 N] exhibited a higher extraction efficiency. Furthermore, [N444 MeOAc][Tf 2 N] demonstrated a higher selectivity for Sc(III) as compared to other REEs, with high separation factor of 17 for Sc(III)/Lu(III) and Sc(III)/Yb(III). Additionally, the ILs can be recycled with a high stripping efficiency up to 86 % using 4 mol·L−1 H 2 SO 4 solution. Density functional theory calculations further validated neutral exchange of Sc(III) in the neutral IL extraction process. This study presents a feasible solvent extraction system using novel QA-ILs for highly effective and selective Sc(III) extraction from waste streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel polymer supported hydroxyl functional ionic liquid adsorbent was designed and prepared. • Efficient removal of FWA351 at ppb level was achieved with an enrichment factor as high as 447.8. • The adsorbent showed excellent salt resistance, 1 mol/L of inorganic salts did not affect the removal efficiency. • A new method was established for the pre-treatment and detection of FWA351 in actual environmental water. Fluorescent whitening agent 351 (FWA351) is an emerging highly persistent pollutant with potentially harmful effects on human health and aquatic ecosystem. However, developing highly effective adsorbents for the pre-treatment of environmental water samples containing FWA351 remains a problem. In this study, a novel polymer supported hydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquid (PS-[HMMim][Cl]) was prepared via a simple one-step method and used for the removal of FWA351 from water. It was found that the PS-[HMMim][Cl] exhibited an ultrahigh adsorption capacity of 1203.6 mg/g for FWA351 and maintained high removal efficiency in a wide pH range (2.0–9.0). Notably, even the concentration of FWA351 was as low as 0.005 mg/L (5 ppb), FWA351 could be effectively removed by the adsorbent, achieving an enrichment factor as high as 447.8. Various inorganic salts (such as KCl, NaCl and MgCl 2) at the concentration up to 1.0 mol/L had no obvious effect on the removal efficiency. The PS-[HMMim][Cl] also displayed outstanding adsorption performance towards fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) with similar structure to FWA351 and could be regenerated and reused for at least 8 cycles. Finally, the adsorbent was applied for the pre-treatment and then detection of FWA351 in six kinds of environmental water samples. Mechanism studies suggest that the synergistic driving forces of electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction and ion exchange are responsible for the efficient adsorption of FWA351. This work provides a new strategy for efficient adsorption and analysis of FWA351. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First investigation of continuous flow extraction of L-tryptophan using IL-ABS in small channels. • Enhanced partition coefficients compared to conventional PEG-ABS systems. • Plug flow formation results coupled with correlations for plug length and film thickness. • Short extraction times and high efficiencies: Achieved 95 % extraction in under 15 s with 20 wt% ABS in 0.5 mm channel. A double process intensification of the conventional solvent extraction was accomplished by employing two strategies. Firstly, by utilizing continuous small channels and secondly by replacing organic solvents with novel ionic liquid based aqueous biphasic systems (IL-ABS). The flow extraction of the amino acid L-tryptophan was investigated in small channels with internal diameters of 0.5 and 0.8 mm and three different IL-ABS. The partition coefficients for two different L-tryptophan concentrations (0.325 and 0.5 wt%) were measured for IL-ABS compositions 18, 20 and 22 wt% K 3 PO 4 and C 4 mimCl. Increasing the weight composition of the conventional salt and the ionic liquid increased the partition of the amino acid for the top ionic liquid rich phase. The continuous extractions were carried out in the plug flow regime. Correlations were proposed for the plug length and the film thickness as functions of the capillary number. It was found that the extraction efficiency with the 20 wt% ABS reached 95 % in under 15 s in the 0.5 mm channel and in about 40 s in the 0.8 mm channel. When comparing the IL-ABS, the 22 wt% reached 96 % extraction efficiency in 14 s compared to the 70 s of the 20 wt% in the 0.8 mm channel. The overall mass transfer coefficients varied between 0.05 and 0.2 s−1 for all cases studied, which were significantly higher than those in conventional solvent extraction systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Co(II) and Ni(II) in chloride media were separated by Cyphos IL 101. • Separation of cobalt and nickel at low chloride concentration. • Cobalt extraction increases at higher temperatures. • High solubility of Cyphos IL 101 impurities observed in ethylene glycol. • Aromatic and aliphatic diluents decreased the mutual solubility. A non-aqueous solvent extraction (NASX) process for the separation of cobalt and nickel from ethylene glycol and glycerol/water feed solutions using the ionic liquid Cyphos IL 101 has been investigated. The use of undiluted Cyphos IL 101 was critically assessed and compared with solvent extraction systems in which toluene, p -cymene, Shellsol A150, and Shellsol GS190 were used as diluents. While the extraction of cobalt(II) chloride from aqueous solution was possible only at high chloride concentrations, extraction percentages of cobalt higher than 80 % were observed from ethylene glycol and glycerol/water feeds containing 0.8 mol·L-1 NaCl. Separation factors over 40,000 for cobalt and nickel could be achieved for extraction with undiluted Cyphos IL 101 from 2.4 mol·L-1 NaCl ethylene glycol and 1.6 mol·L-1 NaCl glycerol feeds. The distribution ratio of cobalt increased with increasing temperatures in both NASX systems. Studies on the mutual solubility showed that Cyphos IL 101 is highly soluble in ethylene glycol at 21 °C (i.e. phosphorus contents up to 432 mg∙L-1), but it turned out that impurities contributed for 400 mg∙L-1 to this value. On the other hand, only 87 mg∙L-1 of Cyphos IL 101 dissolved in glycerol at 21 °C. Finally, a conceptual flowsheet for the separation of cobalt and nickel by NASX is presented, including extraction, stripping, and recovery of the solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Introduction of mobile hydrogen bond donors in anionic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) promotes I 2 adsorption and desorption. • The adsorption rate of Bmim-TpPaSO 3 is 2.86 g g h−1 and the adsorption capacity is 5.25 g g−1. • The introduction of the imidazolium group provides a good active site for iodine adsorption. • Bmim-TpPaSO 3 has good recyclability and storage performance. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show promise for applications in molecule capture such as radioactive iodine (I 2) capture, which is important in the development for nuclear energy and radiation medicine. However, fast and efficient I 2 capture and release have remained insufficient for practical applications. Here, we demonstrated that mobile cationic hydrogen-bonding donor in nanochannel of anionic covalent organic framework (COFs) can promote the absorption and desorption of I 2. The adsorption rate of COF Bmim-TpPaSO 3 affording unfixed hydrogen-bonding donor 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Bmim]+) in the nanochannel reaches 2.86 g h−1, which is higher those of COF TpPa-SO 3 H (0.57 g h−1) with fixed hydrogen-bonding donor and COF TpPa-SO 3 K without hydrogen-bonding donor. The adsorption capacity was also increased from 1.50 g g−1 to 5.25 g g−1. Experiments and quantum chemistry calculations show that introducing the hydrogen bond donor enhances the interaction of Bmim-TpPaSO 3 with iodine and induces sulfonate ion of Bmim-TpPaSO 3 to convert iodine molecules into polyiodide via charge-transfer mechanism. In addition, Bmim-TpPaSO 3 has good recyclability and storage performance. This strategy has unlimited potential to significantly improve the performance of covalent organic framework materials in the field of gas adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an environmentally friendly and simple strategy "one-pot method" strategy for preparing double-network (DN) ion gel membranes with high strength and excellent gas separation performance. [Display omitted] • Double network (DN) ion gel membranes were prepared by a "one-pot method". • The crosslinking density and the IL content were optimized for strength and gas performance. • DN membranes exhibit superior performance compared to single network membranes. • DN membranes break the trade-off relationship between permeability and selectivity. • Gas separation performance of DN membranes overcome the 2008 Robeson upper bound. Ion gel membranes show great potential for carbon capture due to their excellent solubility selectivity for CO 2. However, poor mechanical properties and limited stability as well as low gas permeability limit their application. Here, we report a environmentally friendly and simple strategy for preparing double-network(DN) ion gel membranes with both high strength and excellent gas separation performance. We use a "one-pot method" that the first network(FN) and the second network(SN) with ionic liquid were mixed evenly, and the DN membrane was prepared under heating and UV light. Wherein the FN was obtained by a ring-opening reaction between O, O-bis(2-aminopropyl) polypropylene glycol-block-polyethylene glycol-block-polypropylene glycol and a trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether. And the SN was obtained by free radical polymerisation between 1 and vinyl-3-ethylimidazole bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and a p -divinylbenzene (DVB) crosslinker. The crosslinking density of FN and SN, the mass ratio of the FN to the SN, as well as the content and type of free ionic liquid were optimized to improve the mechanical and gas separation properties of the DN membrane. When the crosslinking groups reacted quantitatively, the tensile strength of DN membranes is 1.5 MPa and the elongation at break is 120 %. With the increase of free ILs content, the crystallinity as well as the glass transformation temperature of the DN membrane decreases and the CO 2 permeability increases (PCO 2 :866 Barrer α (CO 2 /N 2):31). When 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide was used, the CO 2 /N 2 separation performance can surpass the 2008 upper bound (PCO 2 :464 Barrer α (CO 2 /N 2):63). The DN membrane has better gas separation and mechanical properties than the SN membrane and shows superior combination of the permeability and selectivity. This research provides a new approach designing a tough ion gel membrane which shows great potential for practical application in carbon capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ionic liquids are green approach for efficient separation methods. • Novel application of ionic liquids for chemical experiments of superheavy elements is proposed. • Fast extraction of 181W as homolog of seaborgium was achieved using ionic liquids. This study aimed to find a rapid extraction system for the preparation of a Seaborgium (Sg) aqueous chemistry experiment in the future. A new approach for extraction of 181W tracer as a lighter homolog of (Sg) by ionic liquids is explored. A natural tantalum target was activated by a beam of 9 MeV proton at Cologne University to produce carrier-free 181W. The preliminary batch extraction experiments of the carrier-free 181W from HCl and H 2 SO 4 solutions have been evaluated. Different batch extraction parameters such as feed acidity, diluent type, ionic strength (KCl feed) and reducing agent as a function of time were explored. The obtained results demonstrated that the highest distribution of carrier-free 181W from 0.001 M acidic solutions using the used ionic liquid is observed. A significant rapid kinetic for the extraction of trace-scale using the used ionic liquid is achieved within 5 sec. The preliminary results are necessary to design the upcoming aqueous experiments of Sg. The next goal will be on-line experiments with the centrifuge system SISAK to develop the aqueous chemistry extraction of Sg using the most promising and adequate experimental setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An amino acid ionic liquid [TEPAH][Pro]/NPA/H 2 O was proposed as a phase change adsorbent. • The absorption loading of [TEPAH][Pro]/NPA/H 2 O is 2.01 mol·mol−1, the rich phase viscosity is 8.06 mPa·s. • The efficiency of the 5th cycle of [TEPAH][Pro]/NPA/H 2 O was 80.1%. • The heat duty of [TEPAH][Pro]/NPA/H 2 O is 2.39 GJ·t CO 2 -1, which was 37% lower than that of 30 wt% MEA. • The CO 2 capturing reaction of [TEPAH][Pro]/NPA/H 2 O is a fast pseudo-first-order reaction. In order to overcome high heat duty and poor regeneration efficiency of existing chemical absorbent, a novel aqueous amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) phase change absorbent with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) as cation, L-proline (L-Pro) as anion and N-propanol (NPA) as phase separator was proposed in this study. [TEPAH][Pro]/NPA/H 2 O owned the maximum absorption loading of 2.01 mol CO 2 ·mol absorbent−1, and the rich phase viscosity was only 8.06 mPa·s. Moreover, its desorption efficiency was 84.4% while the 5th cyclic loading kept above 1.61 mol CO 2 ·mol absorbent−1. With the presence of NPA, the rich phase only accounted for 41% of the total volume while it contained 99.3% of CO 2 products. The heat duty was only 2.39 GJ·t CO 2 -1, which was 37% lower than that of 30 wt% ethanolamine (MEA) aqueous solution. Meanwhile, the reaction mechanism and product distribution were revealed by 13C NMR and the mass transfer kinetics was investigated using the wetted wall column. The products in the rich phase mainly consisted of carbamate, hydrogen carbonate, propyl carbonate and water while the main component of the lean phase was NPA. The reaction followed a fast pseudo-first order reaction. At 313.15 K, the rate constant of fresh absorbent was 51346 s−1, which showed a decreasing trend with the increase of absorption loading at 313.15 K. The second order reaction rate was calculated by: k 2 = 9.88 × 109exp(-3591.2/T), where the reaction activation energy was only 29.86 kJ·mol−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The IL@COF were introduced into PIM-1 to prepare IL@COF/PIM-1 MMMs. • The presence of IL@COF can enhance both CO 2 permeability and CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of MMMs. • The optimal membrane shows a CO 2 permeability of 9137.5 Barrer and a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 20.2, surpassing the 2008 Robeson upper bound. • IL@COF/PIM-1 MMMs exhibit good anti-aging and anti-plasticization ability. The development of high-performance CO 2 capture membranes is an urgent requirement to combat the greenhouse effect and climate change. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with highly ordered porous structure and modifiable pore environment shows substantial potential in the field of membrane separation. Nevertheless, the scarce affinity sites and large pore diameters of COFs may limit their effect on gas separation in membranes. In the present work, TPB-DMTP-COF was modified with imidazolium-based ionic liquid [Emim][Tf 2 N] (IL) to remedy such disadvantages of COFs and then the mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared by introducing IL@COF into PIM-1. The IL modification not only can endow the TPB-DMTP-COF with better CO 2 affinity and narrowed pore size, but also can further improved interfacial compatibility among PIM-1 and TPB-DMTP-COF. Therefore, the introduction of IL@COF into PIM-1 membrane can leads to an increase in CO 2 /N 2 separation properties of the obtained membranes. Notably, 3.0 wt% IL@COF/PIM-1 MMMs show optimal CO 2 permeability and CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 9137.7 Barrer and 20.2, respectively. Such high separation performance exceeds 2008 Robeson upper bound. Moreover, the resultant MMMs also exhibit favorable continuous operation stability. Overall, the combination of IL and COFs may provide a new inspiration for designing efficient CO 2 separation MMMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There are different kinds of nanoconfined ILs-2D composite membranes constructed for CO 2 capture. • The properties of ILs and its structures are described. • This paper details the use of nanoconfined ILs in 2D layered materials for the field of gas separation and its advantages and disadvantages. • The systematic analysis of the challenges and future prospects of nanoconfined ILs for gas separation in 2D composite membranes. Green and low-carbon is a development concept advocated by people all over the world, and the year-on-year increase in CO 2 emissions has a tremendous impact on climate change and human production and life. Therefore, under such harsh environmental background, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCS) technology to mitigate excessive CO 2 emissions. As an emerging high-efficiency separation technology among many separation technologies, membrane separation technology has been widely used in many fields for its advantages of integrating separation, concentration, purification and refinement, high efficiency, energy saving, environmental protection, and simple and easy to control operation process. Among them, gas separation membrane technology has gradually become the main development direction of global carbon capture technology. Membrane materials are the core of the membrane, with the continuous emergence of new membrane materials, a series of high-performance gas separation membranes are emerging. Ionic liquids (ILs) have become a hot research topic in the field of CO 2 separation due to their non-volatile, adjustable structure, outstanding stability, and excellent affinity for CO 2 , but their industrialized application is limited by high viscosity and high cost. Combining ILs with different 2D laminated membrane materials to obtain novel composite membranes with the advantages of both ILs and 2D laminated membrane materials has become one of the current trends in the field of ionic liquid research. For this reason, this review focuses on the research progress of confining ILs to different 2D laminate membranes with ILs as the centerpiece, and discusses the nature of ILs and the separation mechanism based on the existence between ILs and CO 2 molecules. In addition, the application of gas separation membranes constructed with different ILs and 2D laminate materials for CO 2 capture is presented. Finally, the advantages and challenges of IL in the field of gas separation are discussed, and future research directions and development opportunities are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Branched triethylenediamine-based polymers with high-density ionic sites were synthesized by self-polymerization strategy, and the cooperative catalytic sites facilitated the activation of epoxides thus boosting the CO 2 cycloaddition under mild conditions. [Display omitted] • Triethylenediamine-based ionic-liquid polymer was prepared via self-polymerization. • Branched structure and high-density cooperative catalytic sites were endowed. • Noteworthy yields of cyclic carbonates were achieved under mild conditions. • Synergistic interplay of tertiary N, quaternary ammonium, and Cl- were revealed. • Desirable reusability, epoxide universality, structural stability were attained. The precise microenvironment modulation of ionic sites to promote the catalytic performances of ionic-liquid polymers for CO 2 transformation has been highly attractive but rarely attempted. Herein, we reported a strategy to synthesize the triethylenediamine-derived ionic-liquid polymer (PDD-S) featured with branched structure and high site density (4.10 mmol·g−1). In distinct with the conventional synthetic routes, this method involved the pre-grafting and subsequent self-polymerization of ionic monomer, which suppressed the competitive reactions and broke the limitations of precursor selection, while ensuring the high content and even distribution of ionic sites within the polymeric framework. Furthermore, during CO 2 cycloaddition with epoxides we showed that these unique structural features allowed the adequate exposure of active sites under the dual effects of steric hindrance and charge repulsion. The PDD-S exhibited noteworthy catalytic performance, with a carbonate yield of 97.3 %, under the moderate conditions (100 °C, 4 h, 1 MPa) in the absence of any metal, co-catalyst, or solvent. Additionally, the desirable reusability, epoxide universality, and structural stability were also attained. The experiments combining with the activation energy and DFT theoretical calculations, attributed the synergistic interplay of tertiary N, quaternary ammonium, and Cl- anions to the acceleration of ring-opening process, thereby promoting the CO 2 transformation. The newly developed approach offers one perspective to the controllable fabrication of ionic-liquid polymers for catalytic fixation of CO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The demulsifier was synthesized with simple raw materials via an "one pot" route. • The demulsifier is a Gemini ionic liquid with dual cationic active centers. • The demulsifier exhibited effectiveness across a wide range of pH value and high salinity conditions. • The impact of hydrophobic chain length on the demulsification efficiency was explored detailly. Currently, widely-used demulsifiers are primarily produced using ethylene oxide and propylene oxide as raw ingredients. The production process is hazardous and complicated, and the demulsification temperature for crude oil emulsions is typically above 60 ℃. In this work, an efficient Gemini ionic liquid demulsifier (Y12) with dual cationic active centers was prepared using a one-pot synthesis route. The structure of demulsifiers was analyzed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The bottle test was utilized to assess the demulsification performance. The results revealed that the demulsification efficiency (DE) of Y12 could achieve 100 % at a concentration of 400 mg/L under 50 ℃ for 120 min. Emulsion with different oil content were treated with Y12 at different temperatures, the DE of C30 and C70 emulsions reached 100% at temperature of 50 ℃ and 70 ℃, respectively. Furthermore, Y12 exhibited effectiveness across a wide range of pH value and high salinity conditions. To further confirm the demulsification of Y12, some commercial demulsifiers were used for comparison. It was observed that Y12 had better performance than commercial demulsifiers, indicating its promising potential for applications. The demulsification mechanism was investigated through relative solubility numbers (RSN), interfacial tension (IFT), three-phase contact angle (TCA), zeta potential, and coalescence time of water droplets (CTW). Especially, to further investigate the demulsification mechanism of Y12 demulsifier, Y8 and Y16 with different lengths of hydrophobic chains were also prepared and used for comparison. Y12 had an excellent interfacial activity and strong capability of reducing interfacial tension, which facilitates the formation of an unstable composition interfacial film and results in the oil–water separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A double hydrogen-bonds induced IL@MOF composite was designed for efficient and selective anchorage of formaldehyde. [Display omitted] • A double hydrogen-bonds strategy was proposed for efficient HCHO capture. • [CAM][Cl]@MIL-101(Cr)-15% exhibits excellent HCHO uptake of 9.53 mmol·g−1. • Breakthrough experiments reveal that HCHO can be reduced less than 1 ppb in the adsorbent. • DFT confirms that HCHO and -NH 3 Cl sites can form double hydrogen-bonds. Long-term exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represented by formaldehyde (HCHO) poses a serious threat to human health. However, traditional adsorption materials cannot meet the needs of efficient and selective formaldehyde capture because of the weak host-guest interaction. Herein, a double hydrogen-bonds strategy was proposed to boost the HCHO affinity by rich -NH 3 Cl sites in ionic liquids (ILs) named carbamide chloride ([CAM][Cl]). In order to fully expose these sites, MIL-101(Cr), as a kind of mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with large porosity, was used to construct the IL@MOF composites. As expected, the resulting [CAM][Cl]@MIL-101(Cr)-15% exhibits high HCHO uptake of 9.53 mmol·g−1, which is 2.3-fold higher than that in MIL-101(Cr) (4.10 mmol·g−1). Surprisingly, breakthrough experiments reveal that the HCHO concentration can be reduced from 800 ppm at the inlet to less than 1 ppb at the outlet within a time range of up to 1636 min·g−1, achieving efficient deep HCHO removal even under humidity conditions. Mechanism researches prove that the double hydrogen-bonding (Hδ+(-NH 3 Cl)···Oδ−(HCHO)) interactions play a significant role for the HCHO adsorption of [CAM][Cl]@MIL-101(Cr). More importantly, this work not only reports an adsorbent with excellent HCHO capture performance, but also innovatively highlights the important of double hydrogen-bonds for HCHO capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The low-cost and acid-stable PILs were designed to recover gold from e-waste. • The PILs exhibited excellent adsorption capacity and rapid equilibrium time. • The PILs achieved remarkable selectivity to Au(III) in actual CPUs leachate. • A satisfactory reusability of more than 8 cycles was realized. • An economical and feasible flow chart of gold recovery from e-waste was provided. Recycling gold from e-waste is not only beneficial to environmental protection, but also to resource sustainability. However, it remains a great challenge due to the limitations of high cost, lengthy balance process and the interference of coexisting metals. Herein, a family of low-cost, nitrogen-rich content and acid-stable imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquid)s, designated as P(nDVB-mVBIMCl)s, were synthesized for recovery of gold from e-waste. The obtained P(2DVB-8VBIMCl)s achieves outstanding adsorption capacity (820.5 mg·g−1) and rapid equilibrium time (15 min) and satisfactory reusability (more than 8 cycles). XPS, EDS and ion chromatography revealed that the excellent adsorption performance was attributed to synergistic effect of ion exchange and chemical reduction. In addition, the P(2DVB-8VBIMCl)s showed excellent selectivity for gold in actual e-waste leaching solution, exhibited satisfactory selectivity coefficient for Fe3+ (1.46 × 104) and Ni2+ (1.12 × 104), obtaining 23.4 karat high-purity gold after calcination. In addition, the P(2DVB-8VBIMCl)s shows its good economic feasibility. Overall, this work provides a feasible adsorbent, which becomes a promising candidate for industrial gold recovery from e-waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An ionic liquid-foam composite (SIL-M) by loading stimuli-responsive ionic liquid (SIL) on melamine foam (MF) was prepared. • SIL-M showed maximum adsorption capacity for thorium 269 mg g−1 with an excellent selectivity in 1 M HNO 3. • Selective capture of thorium from lanthanides and transition elements with the selectivity (S Th/M) greater than 2 × 103. • SIL-M has good recyclability within 4 cycles to capture thorium under strong HNO 3 media. • Why SIL can maintain high separation efficiency of thorium were revealed by theoretical calculations. Thorium has received much attention for potential application as nuclear fuel, but its capture at high acidity still requires more research. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used to capture and separate various metal elements, but ionic liquid-containing composites have little been studied for thorium separation under high acidity conditions. A novel ionic liquid-foam composite (SIL-M) was prepared by loading stimuli-responsive ionic liquid (SIL) onto melamine foam (MF), and applied to separate thorium under high acid conditions. Under experimental conditions, SIL-M showed maximum adsorption capacity for thorium was 269 mg g−1 with an excellent selectivity for thorium over transition metals and lanthanide metals in 1 M HNO 3 (S > 2 × 103). Studies revealed that P O was complexed with thorium, which also explained the high adsorption capacity and selectivity of SIL-M for thorium under high acidity within 4 cycles. Theoretical calculations were used to reveal that the reason why SIL can maintain high separation efficiency of thorium under high acidity conditions is due to the electrostatic potential of SIL is more positive. This study explored the possibility of using ionic liquid composite materials to capture thorium under strong HNO 3 media, and provided ideas for designing thorium capture materials under high acidity conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ionic liquid is used as entrainer for ternary extractive distillation. • Thermally coupled technology is used to reduce energy consumption. • Multi-objective generic algorithm is performed to determine operating parameters. The major intrinsic obstacle of extractive distillation (ED) is high energy consumption. Thus it is significant to reduce the energy consumption of ED processes as low as possible. In this work, using green solvent ILs which have high selectivity, process intensification and optimizing operation parameters are adopted in the ED of ethyl acetate-ethanol-water mixture. For high-selective entrainers, ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([bmim][OAc]) is used as the solvent for the ED process of ethyl acetate-ethanol-water, and the physical properties of [bmim][OAc] are accurately defined in Aspen Plus by correlating the experimental data. To optimize the distillation sequence for process intensification, thermally coupled ternary extractive distillation (TCTED) process is adopted for the separation of the ternary mixture. Moreover, multi-objective generic algorithm with total annual cost (TAC), CO 2 emissions (E CO2) and thermodynamic efficiency (η) as objective functions is used to optimize the operation parameters in order to evaluate the economy, the energy efficiency and environmental impact of alternative ternary extractive distillation processes. The result shows that the TCTED process can result in the reduction of both TAC and E CO2. So, this study can provide a reference for the separation of ethyl acetate-ethanol-water mixture in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ethanol-based ATPS was proposed to extract proanthocyanidins from grape seeds. • Ionic liquids were used as adjuvants of ATPS to improve the extraction performance. • Remarkable increases in K and EE were observed by adding 4 wt% [C 6 min]BF4. • The extraction efficiencies of proanthocyanidins were up to 99%. Grape seeds are rich in proanthocyanidins, which are well-known natural antioxidants. In this work, an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) based on ethanol/(NH 4) 2 SO 4 was proposed to extract and recover proanthocyanidins from grape seeds. Ionic liquids (IL) were used as adjuvants of ATPS to improve the extraction performance. The extraction efficiencies (EE) of proanthocyanidins were dramatically raised from 47.89 to 52.42% to 97.23 – 97.79% by adding 5 wt% [C 6 mim]BF 4 into ATPS. Extraction conditions were optimized as follows: 29 wt% ethanol, 19 wt% (NH 4) 2 SO 4 , 4 wt% [C 6 mim]BF 4 , solid–liquid ratio = 1:20 g/mL, temperature (T) = 40 °C, pH = 5.0, and extraction time (t) = 20 min. Under optimum conditions, the yields of catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2 reached 1.21, 1.22, and 0.14 mg/g dry weight, respectively, with EE of over 99.01%. Compared with conventional organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol, the ATPS using ILs as adjuvants provided higher extraction yields. Results suggested that ethanol-based ATPS can extract value-added compounds from waste residues in the fruit-processing industry. In addition, low amount of IL addition can significantly enhance the extraction performance of ATPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The high cost of ionic liquids (ILs) demands IL recovery. • Two-dimensional MoS 2 membranes achieved IL rejection rate of >90% from water. • The increased TMPs reduced interlayer spacing and increased IL rejection. • Polydopamine treatment increased membrane hydrophilicity and separation efficiency. Ionic liquids (ILs) are solvents with negligible volatility and corrosiveness that are non-flammable and thermally stable. These environmentally friendly properties allow ILs to be widely used in various applications. However, the high cost of ILs has been the major constraint that limits their widespread use in industry. In this paper, we report the application of a two-dimensional nanofiltration membrane, MoS 2 , to recover ILs from their aqueous solution since ILs are often diluted with water in many applications. MoS 2 membranes from the common octahedral coordinated (1T) phase possess a laminar structure that allows water molecules to permeate through the interlayer nanochannels between nanosheets. Often the interlayer spacing is smaller than many ILs, enabling separation of water from ILs including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BmimBF 4) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HmimCl). In this paper we first demonstrated that the rejection rate of BmimBF 4 and HmimCl from IL/water mixtures reached 40.8% and 86.2% respectively. More importantly, we found that IL rejection rate can be further increased by 25% for BmimBF 4 , 8% for HmimCl under higher operating pressures, indicating that the applied transmembrane pressure reduces the interlayer spacing of MoS 2 membranes. This hypothesis was proved by our XRD characterization. Finally, the effects of hydrophilicity and charge of dopamine-modified 2D MoS 2 membranes on the IL rejection were also investigated, revealing that increased surface hydrophilicity and more positively charged membrane surfaces enabled further increase in IL rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]