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Until recently, knowledge of genetic causes of glomerular disease was limited to certain rare or uncommon inherited diseases, and to genes, either rare or with small effect, identified in candidate gene studies. These genetic factors accounted for only a very small fraction of kidney disease. However, the striking differences in frequency of many forms of kidney disease between African Americans and European Americans, which could not be explained completely by cultural or economic factors, pointed to a large unidentified genetic influence. Because focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and human immunodeficiency virus-associated collapsing glomerulopathy have striking racial disparities, we performed an admixture mapping study to identify contributing genetic factors. Admixture mapping identified genetic variants in the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain 9 gene (MYH9) as having a major influence on both FSGS and human immunodeficiency virus-associated collapsing glomerulopathy, with odds ratios from 4 to 8 and attributable fractions of 70% to 100%. Previously identified, rare, inherited MYH9 disorders point to a mechanism by which MYH9 variation disrupts the actin-myosin filaments responsible for maintaining the structure of podocytes, the cells that provide one of three filtration barriers in the glomeruli. MYH9 variation has a smaller but still highly significant effect on nondiabetic kidney disease, and a weaker but significant effect on diabetic kidney disease; it is unclear whether underlying cryptic FSGS is responsible for the MYH9 association with these diseases. The strong predicted power of MYH9 variation for disease indicates a clear role for genetic testing for these variants in personalized medicine, for assessment of genetic risk, and potentially for diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]