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Salmonella enterica can be carried by pigs and can reach the final product and the consumer. Thus, Salmonella reduction strategies along the swine production chain should be studied. In this sense, the objective of the study was to evaluate a subunit vaccine based on secondary antigens administered orally against natural infection in swine farms in Brazil. A field trial study was conducted to estimate the effect of the vaccination on the Salmonella spp. seroprevalence, presence in lymph nodes, and fecal content in commercial pig herds in a vertical integration system belonging to an agroindustry. Furthermore, nMPN, qPCR, and phagocytic activity were performed. There were no significant differences in seroprevalence between groups. The mMPN count of Salmonella spp. in feces was higher in vaccinated group (VG), ranging from 0 to 2.46 log mMPN/g, while in control group (CG) it ranged from 0.0 to 4 log mMPN/g, showing a significant group effect (p

Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS) is a common disorder affecting sows in intensive production systems. In most cases, hypogalactia is not clearly identified and assumes a subclinical aspect. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) based on tolfenamic acid as a prophylactic treatment for PPDS and the performance of suckling piglets. Gilts (n = 319) were randomly divided into two groups: a tolfenamic acid group (n = 157) and a control (n = 162). The tolfenamic acid group received a single intramuscular injection (1 ml/20 kg of 4% tolfenamic acid) after farrowing, whereas the control group received no treatment. The occurrence of PPDS was confirmed. All piglets (n = 4,466) were weighed at 1, 4, and 18 days of age. All litters were evaluated for weight gain, the occurrence of diarrhea, and mortality between 4 and 18 days of age. PPDS variables were analyzed using logistic regression. Piglet weights were analyzed based on covariance while considering the effects of initial weight and the presence of diarrhea. Tolfenamic acid had no significant effect on the incidence of PPDS. The tolfenamic acid group had a 0.41% lower piglet mortality rate until 18 days of age. Tolfenamic acid administered prophylactically to gilts after farrowing reduced piglet mortality during lactation and promoted weight gain.

To achieve control of Salmonella contamination in pig carcasses, on-farm measures need to be better understood. Complementary strategies require research not only on their effectiveness but also on their financial impact. In this study, we evaluated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of two treatments for reducing Salmonella seroprevalence in commercial swine herds. Pigs treated with a prebiotic or a vaccine were studied and compared with pigs in an untreated control group. Each strategy was applied to three batches of pigs in a commercial integration system; the animals were followed from farrowing to the slaughterhouse, and their serologies upon arrival at finishing farms and before slaughter were evaluated. Additionally, carcass surface contamination was assessed for each strategy. The seroprevalence upon arrival at the finishing farm was lower than 3% in all groups. In the control and vaccine groups, the seroprevalence increased by more than 90 percentage points from the day of arrival at the finishing farm to four days before slaughter. Only the prebiotic treatment yielded a significant effect on preslaughter seroprevalence (a 49 percentage points reduction from that in the control). Carcass contamination was 0% in the prebiotic group, 18.33% in the control group and 29.16% in the vaccine group. Only prebiotics significantly reduced the seroprevalence of Salmonella in the studied herds, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio associated with prebiotic use was 1.92 USD to reduce seroprevalence by 10 percentage points per carcass ton.

Salmonella control programs require the classification of positive herds according with the prevalence of infected pigs. This must be based on diagnostic methods that are reliable, accurate and cost effective. Since serological methods fulfill most of these prerequisites, many countries have adopted indirect ELISA tests to discriminate herds, based on their seroprevalence. In view of that, an in-house indirect ELISA test (ELISA-Typhimurium) previously developed proved to be able to detect sera antibodies against the most prevalent serovars of Salmonella found in Brazilian pig farms. This study aimed to assess different cut-off values of the ELISA-Typhimurium in terms of their correlation with Salmonella isolation results at the herd level. Blood and mesenteric lymph node or rectal swabs were taken from 56 slaughter and 14 grower batches from different farms. Serum was tested using the ELISA-Typhimurium at different cut-off points (OD: 6.87%-40%). A total of 55 slaughter batches had at least one Salmonella-positive sample, and the within-herd prevalence was 64.9% (SE±24.8). All 14-grower batches were negative on Salmonella isolation. The logistic regression demonstrated that at 20% OD the ELISA-Typhimurium test is the best model to predict Salmonella isolation frequency at the herd level. At this cut-off point, the test may be a helpful tool for discriminating Salmonella infected herds.

A cross-sectional study in four swine feed mills aimed to evaluate the correlation between the score of the inspection checklist defined in the Normative Instruction 4 (IN 4/ Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply), and the enumeration of total coliforms throughout the manufacturing process. The most of non-conformities was found in the physical structure of the feed mills. Feed mill B showed the lowest number of unconformities while units A and D had the largest number of nonconformities. In 38.53% (489/1269) of the samples the presence of total coliform was detected, however no significant difference in the bacterial counts was observed between sampling sites and feed mills. The logistic regression pointed higher odds ratio (OR) for total coliforms isolation at dosing (OR = 9.51, 95% CI: 4.43 to 20.41), grinding (OR = 7.10, 95% CI = 3.27 to 15.40) and residues (OR = 6.21, 95% CI: 3.88 to 9.95) In spite of having the second score in the checklist inspection, feed mill C presented the highest odds for total coliforms isolation (OR= 2,43, IC 95%: 1,68-3,53). The data indicate no association between the score of checklist and the presence of hygienic indicators in feed mills.

This correlational study investigated the effects of the peripartum health disorders and your respective risk factors about the milk production, in the peak and to the 305 days in lactation. Holsteins cows (n = 522) of a commercial herd of the State of São Paulo, had your health and nutritional status accompanied since the beginning of the period pre-calving to the end of the lactation. Occurrence of diseases, score of body condition (at the dry off and calving), daily milk productions and milk compositions, were recorded. For statistical analysis of the data, the logistics regression and the analysis of multiple regression were used. The obtained results demonstrated that the diseases of the peripartum and your risk factors affected the milk production with different effects in function of the lactation numbers, demanding this way, larger care with the prophylactic measures to avoid the diseases, and to maximize the production of milk and the reproduction of the animals.Este estudo correlacional investigou os efeitos das ocorrências sanitárias do periparto e seus respectivos fatores de risco sobre a produção de leite, no pico e aos 305 dias em lactação. Vacas Holandesas (n = 522) de um rebanho comercial do Estado de São Paulo tiveram seu desempenho sanitário e nutricional acompanhados desde o início do período pré-parto até o final da lactação. A ocorrência de doenças, os escores de condição corporal (no pré-parto e parto), as produções de leite e as composições do leite foram registradas. Para análise estatística dos dados, foram utilizadas a regressão logística e a análise de regressão múltipla. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as doenças do periparto e seus fatores de risco afetaram a produção de leite com efeitos diferentes em função do número de lactações, exigindo desta maneira maior cuidado com adoção de medidas profiláticas para se evitar as doenças e maximizar a produção de leite dos animais.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of artificial rations with different proteics pâtés incorporated in the black bass (Micropterus salmoides) fingerlings diet. 320 fingerlings, with initial average weight of 0,57±0,1g and lenght of 3,61±0,21cm, respectively were used. The fish were distributed in an entirely casualized delineation in 32 polypropylene boxes of 310 liters, with 4 treatments and 8 repetitions. One reference ration (RR) with 38% PB as diet base was used, being added to each treatment proteics pâtés (PP), composites of bovine heart (CB), eviscerate sardine (SE), Chilean fish flour (FP) and tilapia fillet (FT). During the alimentary training good acceptance of the artificial diets was observed, with better performance results for the treatments with FP and FT.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de rações artificiais com diferentes patês protéicos incorporados na dieta de alevinos de black bass (Micropterus salmoides). Foram utilizados 320 alevinos, com peso e comprimento inicial médio de 0,57±0,1g e 3,61±0,21cm, respectivamente. Os peixes foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em 32 caixas de polipropileno de 310 litros, com 4 tratamentos e 8 repetições. Utilizou-se uma ração referência (RR) com 38% PB como base da dieta, sendo adicionada patês protéicos (PP) referente a cada tratamento, compostos por coração bovino (CB), sardinha eviscerada (SE), farinha de peixe chilena (FP) e filé de tilápia (FT). Durante o treinamento alimentar foi observado boa aceitação as dietas artificiais, com melhores resultados de desempenho para os tratamentos com FP e FT.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of biomass of the aquatic macrophytes water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and egeria (Egeria densa) in three hydraulic detention times in a organic pisciculture effluent treatment system. The system was composed for 18 experimental tanks of 2.00 x 1.00 x 0.65m length, width and depth respectively, coated with polypropylene canvas. An entirely randomized 2 macrophytes x 3 hydraulic detention times (HDT) and 3 repetitions. The HDT used was 4, 8, and 12 hours. The biomass production was evaluated at the end of the experiment which was extended at 08/07 to 19/08/2006. The water hyacinth showed the best results of biomass production (P0.05). For egeria the treatment that presented the best production of biomass was reached which TDH of 12 hours, being of 0.10 kg.m-2, followed for the HDT of 8 and 4 hours, not differing between the HDT (P>0.05). One concludes that the water hyacinth produced higher biomass than egeria in all of the HDT evaluated.O presente trabalho teve por o objetivo avaliar a produção de biomassa das macrófitas aquáticas aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes) e egeria (Egeria densa) em um sistema de tratamento de efluente de piscicultura orgânica, sob 3 condições de tempo de detenção hidráulica. O sistema foi composto por 18 tanques experimentais de 2,00 x 1,00 x 0,65 m de comprimento, largura e profundidade, respectivamente, revestidos com lona de polipropileno. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 2 macrófitas, 3 tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) e 3 repetições. Os TDH utilizados foram de 4, 8 e 12 horas. O sistema foi operado de 08/07 a 19/08/2006. A produção de biomassa foi avaliada ao final do experimento. O aguapé apresentou os melhores resultados de produção de biomassa (P0,05). Para a egeria o tratamento que apresentou a melhor produção de biomassa foi no TDH de 12 horas, sendo de 0,10 kg.m- 2, seguido pelos TDH de 8 e 4 horas, não diferindo entre os TDH (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que o aguapé produziu mais biomassa que a egeria em todos os TDH avaliados.