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Prilikom stvaranja novih sorti pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.), pored visokog potencijala za prinos i dobrog tehnološkog kvaliteta neophodno je i inkorporirati gene odgovorne za otpornost prema poleganju, niskim temperaturama i adaptabilnost na različite uslove proizvodnje. NS Lenija, nova sorta ozime pšenice stvorena u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo (Institut od nacionalnog značaja za Republiku Srbiju) nastala je veštačkim ukrštanjem tri divergentna roditelja: sorte Kupava (Rusija) i sorti Donna (Srbija) i Arija (Srbija). Ukrštanjem ovih roditelja uspešno su iskombinovani geni odgovorni za visok potencijal za prinos, dobar tehnološki kvalitet, adaptabilnost i stabilnost, koji omogućavaju da se ova sorta može uspešno gajiti u agroekološkim uslovima Jugoistočne Evrope. Tokom trajanja dvogodišnjih ogleda Komisije za priznavanje sorti, NS Lenija je uspešno prošla DUS test (različitost, uniformnost i stabilnost), i na 7 ispitivanih lokaliteta ostvarila je u proseku značajno veći prinos zrna u odnosu na prosek prinosa zrna sorti standarda. Prilikom ocena hemijsko-tehnoloških osobina, svrstana je u kvalitetnu klasu II, u farinogramsku kvalitetnu grupu A-2, i u tehnološku grupu poboljšivača., During the creation of new wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), in addition to high yield po tential and good technological quality, it is necessary to incorporate genes responsible for resistance to lodging, low temperatures and adaptability to different production conditions. NS Lenija, a new winter wheat cultivar developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops (National Institute of the Republic of Serbia) was created by crossing the three divergent parents: cultivar Kupava (Russia) and the cultivars Donna (Serbia) and Aria (Serbia). By crossing these parents, genes responsible for high yield potential, good technological quality, adaptability and stability were successfully combined, enabling this cultivar to be successfully cultivated in the agroecological conditions of Southeast Europe. During the two-year trials of the Commission for the registration of varieties, NS Lenija successfully passed the DUS test (distinctness, uniformity and stability), and on the 7 tested locations achieved a significantly higher average grain yield compared to the grain yield of the check cultivars. When evaluating its chemical and technological properties, it was classified in quality class II, farinograph quality group A-2, and in the technological group of improvers.

Bread wheat is one of the most represented field crops whose level and stability of yield is very important for the food security in Republic Serbia. In the paper was investigated stability of yield expression of 15 winter bread wheat genotypes in different agroecological conditions of Serbia, using the Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and GGE-biplot method of analysis. Aim of investigation was to determine which of applied analysis is superior in identification of the most desirable genotypes for cultivation in given environments. Analysis of variance showed that genotype and genotype-environment (G×E) interaction represent highly significant sources of variability in expression of grain yield. AMMI and GGE analyses were point out similar results and an indisputable conclusion is that multienvironment trials, besides routine usage of analysis of variance, must be analized with one of this two models, which combine analysis of variance and PCA analysis. AMMI analysis is simpler for interpretation and closer to the concept of view of the agronomical trial, while GGE analysis is more complex and gives more precise interpretation of “which-won-where“, i.e. for defining of narrowly adapted genotypes in given environments. Thus, G11 as the genotype with highest average yield is narrow adapted to the environment Sombor and can be recommended, as well as in the environment 2 (Kruševac), while genotypes with modest requests (G2) rather can be recommended for cultivation in the environment 1 (Kragujevac), which is characterized by less fertile soil and a smaller amount and uneven distribution of precipitation., Hlebna pšenica je jedna od najzastupljenijih ratarskih vrsta, čiji je nivo i stabilnost prinosa veoma važan za prehrambenu sigurnost Republike Srbije. U radu je ispitivana stabilnost ekspresije prinosa zrna 15 genotipova ozime hlebne pšenice u različitim agroekološkim uslovima Srbije, korišćenjem AMMI modela i GGE-biplot analize. Cilj je bio da se utvrdi koja od primenjenih analiza je superiornija u identifikaciji najpoželjnijih genotipova za gajenje u datim sredinama. Analiza varijanse je pokazala da genotip i interakcija genotip-sredina (G×E) predstavljaju veoma značajan izvor varijabilnosti pri ekspresiji prinosa zrna. AMMI i GGE analize su dale slične rezultate, pa je nesporan zaključak da je neophodno višelokacijske oglede, pored analizom varijanse koja se najćešće rutinski koristi, analizirati i jednim od ova dva modela, koji kombinuju analizu varijanse i PCA analizu. AMMI analiza je jednostavnija za interpretaciju i bliža je agronomskom konceptu poimanja ogleda, dok je GGE analiza kompleksnija i jasnija za interpretaciju gde ko pobeđuje, odnosno za definisanje usko prilagođenih genotipova datim sredinama. Tako G11, kao genotip sa najvećim prosečnim prinosom je usko prilagođen lokaciji Sombor, pa se prevashodno može preporučiti toj lokaciji ali i lokaciji 2 (Kruševac), dok se genotipovi skromnijih zahteva (G2) pre mogu preporučiti za gajenje u lokaciji 1 (Kragujevac), koja se odlikuje lošijim zemljištem i manjom količinom i lošijim rasporedom padavina.

Wheat germination could be affected by different factors, including location. Start growth of seedlings present the energy transformations and the seed substance conversion. The aim of the experiment was to examine differences in germination and growth of wheat seedlings, originating from five fields with similar characteristics, with application of thermodynamic parameters of free energy and entropy. Variations in energy and total germination of wheat seed was under 10%. After eight days of germination testing, the relation between root and shoot at level of fresh and dry matter was 1:1, while only at seedlings from one field it was 1:2 in fresh and 1.5:1 in dry matter. The present differences could be the consequence of the different energy using in seedling. Hydrolysis intensification based on spontaneous reactions and increased order in four days old seedlings could result in increased germination. On the other hand, variations in energetic potential, order degree and hydrolysis of seed substance may not take off biosynthetic reactions in root and shoot. Present data towards that variation in growth of seedlings originating from seeds from different fields could be mainly connected to variations in energy potential inputted by water, but not by synthesized substance. Minimal differences between the individual fields could affect quality of the produced seed material, what was particularly underlined by application of thermodynamic parameters as quality indicators., Brojni faktori utiču na klijavost semena pšenice, među koje spada i lokacija. Početni rast klijanaca predstavlja rezultat energetskih transformacija i konverzije semene supstance. Cilj ogleda je bio da se ispitaju razlike u klijavosti i razvoju klijanaca pšenice poreklom iz semena dobijenog sa pet različitih parcela (koje imaju slične osobine), uz primenu termodinamičkih parametara slobodne energije i entropije. Variranje u energiji klijanja i ukupnoj klijavosti semena pšenice nije bilo veće od 10%. Nakon osam dana od početka testiranja klijavosti kod većine klijanaca je odnos između korena i izdanka na nivou sveže i suve materije bio 1:1, dok je jedino kod klijanaca poreklom iz semena samo sa jedne parcele ovaj odnos na nivou sveže materije bio skoro 1:2, a na nivou suve materije 1,5:1. Navedene razlike mogu biti posledica različitog iskorišćenja energije od strane samog klijanca. Intenziviranje hidrolize, na bazi spontanih reakcija, kao i povećane uređenosti kod klijanaca starih četiri dana bi moglo da rezultira nešto većom ukupnom klijavošću. Sa druge strane, variranja u energetskom potencijalu, stepenu uređenosti sistema i hidrolizi semene supstance ne moraju da se odraze i na biosintetske reakcije u korenu i izdanku. Navedeni podaci upućuju da su variranja u rastu klijanaca poreklom iz semena sa različitih parcela uglavnom vezana za variranja energetskog potencijala koji je unet sa vodom, a ne i sintetisane supstance klijanaca. Minimalne razlike između pojedinačnih parcela mogu uticati na kvalitet proizvedenog semenskog materijala, što je posebno naglašeno primenom termodinamičkih parametra, kao pokazatelja kvaliteta.

Wheat is one of the most important grains in the world. Wheat is not only the most important agricultural crop, but also one of the most important agricultural products in Europe. Suffice it to say that this is the product from which it receives desperately bread and a number of food products. Toxic metals originating from contaminated air and soil. The land is my toxic metals found as a result of their presence in the parent rocks. Also, the effective application of organic and mineral fertilizers leads to soil contamination. Toxic metals plant adopts the root from the soil, and from the atmosphere through the leaves., Pšenica predstavlja jedno od najvažnijih žita u svetu. Ona nije samo najvažnija ratarska kultura, već i jedan od najvažnijih poljoprivrednih proizvoda u Evropi. Dovoljno je reći da je to proizvod od kog se dobija 'nasušni hleb' i niz prehrambenih proizvoda. Toksični metali potiču iz kontaminiranog vazduha i zemljišta. U zemljištu se toksični metali mogu naći kao posledica njihovog prisustva u matičnim stenama. Takođe, neracionalnom upotrebom organskih i mineralnih đubriva može doći do kontaminacije zemljišta. Toksične metale biljka usvaja korenom iz zemljišta, a iz atmosfere i preko lista.

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting the wheat production worldwide. Tolerance to water stress is the basic postulate for high and stabile yields in semiarid regions. In the present study water deficiency effect on morphological characteristics of the primary stem and grain yield per spike were analyzed. Two spring (Venera, Borlaug 95) and one facultative (Nevesinjka) wheat cultivars were used as the study material. Plants were grown during two-year period (2008-2009) in pots under controlled water regime conditions. Drought effect was tested in five different treatments (I - 7 days before heading, II - at the heading time, III - 7 days after heading, IV - 14 days after heading and V - 21 days after heading). In a control treatment (IV) optimal moisture was maintained during the vegetation. The lowest value for stem height was obtained when plants were exposed to the drought in the treatment I. The maximum stem height in cv. Borlaug 95 (52.3 cm) was determined in the treatment II, in cv. Nevesinjka (45.8) in the treatment III, while in cv. Venera (47.7 cm) in the treatment V. The formation of the top internode was similar. In the cv. Borlaug 95 the maximum length of the last internode slightly varied from the treatments III to IV. There were variations in the internodes length ratio depending on the treatment. The cv. Venera has shown higher drought tolerance expressed through the higher grain production per spike., Suša predstavlja jedan od limitirajućih faktora proizvodnje pšenice širom sveta. Tolerantnost na vodni stres, osnovni je preduslov visokih i stabilnih prinosa u aridnim i semiaridnim područjima. U radu je analiziran efekat nedostataka vode na morfološke karakteristike primarnog stabla pšenice i prinos zrna po klasu. Kao materijal za analizu poslužile su dve jare sorte (Venera, Borlaug 95) i jedna fakultativna sorta pšenice (Nevesinjka). Biljke su u dvogodišnjem periodu (2008-2009) gajene u saksijama u kontrolisanim uslovima vodnog režima. Efekat suše testiran je u 5 različitih tretmana (I - 7 dana pre klasanja, II - u vreme klasanja, III - 7 dana posle klasanja, IV - 14 dana posle klasanja i V - 21 dan posle klasanja). U kontrolnoj varijanti (VI) optimalna vlažnost održavana je tokom čitave vegetacije. Najmanja visina primarnog stabla ostvarena je kada su biljke izložene suši u I tretmanu. Najveća visina kod sorte Borlaug 95 (52.3 cm) ostvarena je u II, kod sorte Nevesinjka (45.8 cm) u III, a kod sorte Venera (47.7 cm) u V tretmanu. Na sličan način ispoljeno je i formiranje vršne internodije, pri čemu je kod sorte Borlaug 95, maksimalna dužina poslednje internodije, neznatno varirala od III do VI tretmana. Uočeno je da, u zavisnosti od tretmana, dolazi do promene odnosa dužine pojedinih internodija. Sorta Venera, pokazala se znatno tolerantnijom na vodni stres, ostvarivši veću prosečnu vrednost mase zrna po klasu pri skoro svim tretmanima.

In order to investigate variability of yield, number of grains per m2 and 1000 grain weight, it was selected 39 different genotypes of wheat. Field trial was set up at Rimski Sancevi in 2008/2009 season. On the basis of geting results we find out significant differences in yield, number of grains per m2 and 1000 grain weight among investigated genotypes. The highest averrage grain yield (9.25 t/ha) has had variety Dragana, and the lowest yield (3.08 t/ha) has had variety Banatka. The highest number of grains per m2 (51532) has had variety Sana, and the lowest number of grains per m2 (22360) has had variety Bankut 1205. The highest 1000 grain weight (57.1 g) has had variety KG 56, and the lowest 1000 grain weight (33.2 g) has had line NS3-5299/2. Positive but small correlation among studied traits show a large portion of ecological variance in total variation of investigated traits., U cilju ispitivanja varijabilnosti prinosa zrna, broja zrna po m2 i mase 1000 zrna odabrano je 39 genotipova pšenice različitog geografskog porekla, vremena nastajanja, različite dužine vegetacije i rodnosti. Ogled je izveden na Rimskim Šančevima u vegetacionoj sezoni 2008/2009. Ustanovljene su visoko značajne razlike između tretmana-ispitivanih genotipova za ispitivana svojstva. Najveći prosečan prinos zrna po ha imala je sorta Dragana, a najmanji sorta Banatka. Visoko značajno veći prinos od proseka ogleda, pored Dragane, imale su sorte: NS-40S, Prima, Sana, Apache i Zvezdana. Najveći broj zrna po m2 (51532) imala je sorta Sana, a najmanji broj zrna po m2 (22360) imala je sorta Bankut 1205. Najveću masu 1000 zrna (57.1 g) imala je sorta KG 56, a najmanju (33.2 g) imala je linija NS3-5299/2. Ustanovljene su pozitivne korelacije između ispitivanih svojstava.

Relationships among quantitative traits of wheat were analyzed in parents and their F3, F4 and F5 hybrids. Three female parents (Briscard, Carifen 12 and Rescler) were crossed with two male parents (Francuska and PKB-Prelivka). Same crosses were repeated 4 years, from 1996 to 1999. Hybrids were obtained via pedigree and bulk selection. In year 2000 the field experiments were set up with all parental and hybrid material, at the Institute 'PKB INI Agroekonomik', in Padinska Skela, near Belgrade. Six traits were measured: plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain weight per spike. In parental genotypes, it was found grain mass per spike was in significant and positive correlation with 1000 grain mass and number of grains per spike. As in parents, correlation between grain mass per spike and 1000 grain weight was almost functional in F3, F4 and F5 hybrids. However, correlation between grain mass per spike and number of grains per spike was negative or slight positive in hybrid descendents, what is surprising because it is oppositely to the parents. Similar values of correlation coefficients were found in both applied methods of selection. This fact shows correlations change between generations. Grain mass per spike depends on a 1000 grain mass in both, parental and hybrid generations. Stable relationship between traits could be use for selection of high yielding genotypes., U radu su analizirani odnosi između šest kvantitativnih osobina (visina biljke, dužina klasa, broj klasića po klasu, broj zrna po klasu, masa 1000 zrna i masa zrna po klasu) kod roditelja i hibrida pšenice F3, F4 i F5 generacija dobijenih primenom dva metoda selekcije (pedigre i bulk). Hibridi pšenice dobijeni su ukrštanjem pet sorti, po M x N metodu. Tri sorte su korišćene kao majke (Briscard, Carifen 12 i Rescler), a dve kao očevi (Francuska i PKB-Prelivka). Od šest F1 hibrida (3x2) proizvedena su potomstva F2 generacije. Selekcija iz F2 generacije trajala je od 1996. do 1999., a u 2000. godini postavljeni su poljski ogledi sa celokupnim materijalom u Institutu 'PKB INI Agroekonomik' u Padinskoj Skeli. Vrednosti koeficijenata korelacije bile su slične kod potomstva F3, F4 i F5 generacije pri oba metoda selekcije. Najjača korelacija bila je između mase zrna po klasu i mase 1000 zrna.

Estimation of genetic variability of breeding material is essential for yield improvement in wheat cultivars. Modern techniques based on molecular markers application are more efficient and precise in genetic variability evaluation then conventional methods. Variability of 96 wheat cultivars and lines was analyzed using four microsatellite markers (Gwm11, Gwm428, Psp3200, Psp3071). The markers were chosen according to their potential association with important agronomical traits indicated in the literature. Total of 31 alleles were detected with maximum number of alleles (11) in Xgwm11 locus. The highest polymorphism information content (PIC) value (0,831) was found in the locus Xpsp3071. The genotypes were grouped into three subpopulations based on their similarity in the analyzed loci. The results have indicated wide genetic variability of the studied material and possibility of its application in further breeding process after validation of marker-trait association. ., Primenom molekularnih markera, u odnosu na konvencionalne metode, omogućena je efikasnija, detaljnija i tačnija ocena genetičke varijabilnosti, koja se može koristiti u procesu oplemenjivanja pšenice, a sa ciljem daljeg unapređenja proizvodnih i prerađivačkih potencijala ove biljne vrste. U ovom radu su, za procenu genetičke varijabilnosti 96 sorti i linija pšenice, korišćena 4 mikrosatelitska markera (Gwm11, Gwm428, Psp3200, Psp3071). Izabrani markeri su, prema literaturnim podacima, vezani za važna agronomska svojstva pšenice. Za 4 ispitivana lokusa utvrđeno je postojanje 31 alelne varijante, pri čemu je najveći broj alela lociran u lokusu Xgwm11 (11). Najveća vrednost za polimorfnost pojedinačnih lokusa (PIC) utvrđena je u lokusu Xpsp3071 i iznosila je 0,831. Na osnovu analiziranih lokusa, genotipovi su po sličnosti grupisani u tri podpopulacije. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na postojanje značajne genetičke varijabilnosti u odabranom materijalu, i mogućnost da se ona, nakon validacije veze marker-svojstvo, uspešno iskoristi za dalji oplemenjivački rad. .

Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is a very destructive pathogen and can cause significant losses in yield by total or partial destruction of grain. One of the main ways of control this pathogen is growing resistant varieties. Resistance to F. graminearum was examined on 26 NS wheat varieties in natural conditions of infection, determining the percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels. The loss in weight of wheat kernels due to infection by F. graminearum was determined on the basis of the difference in 1000 kernel weight of healthy kernels and 1000 kernel weight in which were located Fusarium damaged kernels. The percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels was ranged from 1-18.3%. The largest percentage of infected kernels in field conditions had durum wheat varieties Dušan (18.3%) and Durumko (17%). The facultative variety Nevesinjka had 17% Fusarium damaged kernels. The lowest percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels had varieties Zlatka and Sofija (1.3%). Reducing in the 1000 kernel weight was noticed in all the studied varieties and was ranged from 1.6 to 15.1%. Between the percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels and loss in weight of wheat kernels was found a significant correlation (0,59). ., Prouzrokovač fuzarioze klasa (Fusarium graminearum) je veoma destruktivan patogen i može prouzrokovati značajne gubitke u prinosu, potpunom ili delimičnom destrukcijom zrna. Jedan od osnovnih načina njegovog suzbijanja je gajenje otpornih genotipova. Otpornost prema fuzariozi klasa ispitivana je na 26 novosadskih sorti pšenice u uslovima prirodne zaraze, na osnovu procenta zaraženih zrna. Gubitak u masi zrna izračunat je na osnovu razlike između mase 1000 zdravih i mase 1000 zrna među kojima su bila i fuzariozna. U uslovima prirodne zaraze, procenat fuzarioznih zrna kretao se od 1-18.3%. Najveći procenat zaraženih zrna bio je kod sorti durum pšenice Dušan (18.3%) i Durumko (17%). Fakultativna sorta Nevesinjka imala je 17% zaraženih zrna. Najniži procenat fuzarioznih zrna imale su sorte Zlatka i Sofija (1.3%). Smanjenje mase 1000 zrna uočeno je kod svih ispitivanih sorti i kretalo se od 1.6 do 15.1%. Između procenta fuzarioznih zrna i gubitaka u masi 1000 zrna utvrđena je značajna korelacija (0,59). .

Tolerantnost genotipova pšenice prema glifosatu ispitana je u in vitro kulturi embriona. Za izolaciju korišćeno je šest genotipova psenice. Embrioni su inokulisani na modifikovanu MS podlogu, kojoj je glifosat dodat u trl koncentracije: I-2.4 gl-1, II-4.8 gl-1 i III-7.2 gl-1. Kontrolna grupa embriona gajena je na podlozi, bez berbicida. Posle mesec dana gajenja izmerena je sveža masa kalusa. Rezultati su pokazali da je prisustvo glifosata u podlozi izazvalo inbibiciju porasta kalusa kod svih genotipova. Međutim, genotipovi su se značajno razlikovali među sobom u pogledu reakcije na glifosat., Tolerance of wheat genotypes to glyphosate was studied using in vitro embryo culture. Six randomly selected wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were used for the isolation. The mature zygotic embryos were inoculated onto a modified MS medium to which three concentrations of glyphosate were added: I-2.4 gl-1, II-4.8 gl-1 and III-7.2 gl-1. The control group of embryos was cultivated on a herbicide-free medium. After one month of cultivation callus fresh weight was measured. The results have shown that the presence of glyphosate in the nutrient medium caused an inhibition of callus growth in all genotypes. However, there were significant differences among the genotypes regarding their reaction to different glyphosate concentrations.

Boron is an essential micronutrient for higher plants. Present in excessive amounts boron becomes toxic and can limit plant growth and yield. Suppression of root growth is one of the symptoms of boron toxicity in wheat. This study was undertaken to investigate the response of 10 perspective NS lines of wheat to high concentrations of boron. Analysis of root growth was done on young plants, germinated and grown in the presence of different concentrations of boric acid (0, 50,100 and 150 mg/1). Significant differences occurred between analyzed genotypes and treatments regarding root length. Average suppression of root growth was between 11,6 and 34,2%, for line NS 252/02 are even noted 61,4% longer roots at treatments in relation to the control. Lines with mean suppression of root growth less than 20% (NS 101/02, NS 138/01, NS 53/03 and NS 73/02) may be considered as boron tolerant. Spearmans coefficients showed high level of agreement regarding rang of root length for genotypes treated with 100 and 150 mg H3BO3/l., Ukoliko se mikroelemenat bor u zemljištu nalazi u prevelikoj količini postaje toksičan za više biljke. Supresija rasta korena je jedan od simptoma trovanja borom kod pšenice. Reakcija korenovog sistema 10 perspektivnih NS linija pšenice na visoke koncentracije bora utvrđena je naklijavanjem na filter papiru navlaženom rastvorima Н3ВО3 koncentracija 0,50,100 i 150 mg/l. Između ispitivanih genotipova i tretmana su zabeležene značajne razlike u pogledu dužine korena. Prosečna redukcija rasta korena se kretala od 11,6 do 34,2%, dok su za liniju NS 252/02 izmereni 61,4% duži koreni na tretmanima u odnosu na kontrolu. Linije kod kojih je prosečna redukcija rasta korena bila do 20% (NS 101/02, NS 138/01, NS 53/03 i NS 73/02) bi se mogle smatrati tolerantnim na bor. Spirmanovi koeficijenti su pokazali visok stepen saglasnosti ranga dužine korenova analiziranih genotipova na tretmanima 100 i 150 mgH3BO3/l.

A hybrid interspecies zygote appears after crosses between wheat and maize Zygote derived after usual self-fertilization in wheat is dividing by mitotic divisions into embryo. However, interspecies zygote aborts soon. Auxin treatment is widely used to promote its development. Growth hormones auxins have stimulative ortoxic effects on plant tissue sin relation to its concentration and the time of application. In this paper the effect of time of auxin dicamba application on embryo in wheat x maize crosses was investigated. Chromosomes of pollen donor parent are eliminated quickly in cells of such embryos and they become haploid. It was concluded that for the production of haploid embryos the best time for auxin application is one day after pollination with maize., Posle ukrštanja pšenice sa kukuruzom nastaje hibridni interspecies zigot Zigot nastao uobičajenom samooplodnjom pšenice deli se mitotičkim deobama i formira embrion. Međutim, interspecies zigot relativno brzo abortira. Da bi se podstakao njegov razvoj koristi se auksinski tretman. Auksini su hormoni rasta koji u zavisnosti od koncentracije i vremena primene imaju stimulativni ili toksični efekat na razvoj biljnih tkiva. U ovom radu analiziranje efekat vremena primene auksina dikamba u koncentraciji od 100 ppm na formiranje embriona pšenice dobijenih posle ukrštanja sa kukuruzom. U ćelijama takvih embriona tokom razvoja brzo se gube hromozomi donora polena, te oni postaju haploidni embrioni. Zaključeno je da za proizvodnju haploidnih embriona optimalno vreme tretiranja klasova pšenice je jedan dan posle oprašivanja polenom kukuruza.

Stamena is a winter wheat variety developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. It was released by the Federal Commission for varietals Approval in 1999. Stamena was developed by crossing genetically divergent and highly productive parents Lasta and Rodna (Breeders: T. Mišić. N. Mladenov, Z. Jerković and R. Jevtić). Spike is white, smooth, awn less, medium compact with 18-21 spike lets. The grain is vitreous and dark red (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. vulgar e var. lutescens). Stamena is a medium early variety, 1 day earlier than Partizanka and 3 days earlier than Jugoslavija (Table 4). It has excellent resistance to winterkilling, as in very winter hardy Partizanka. The average stem height is 78 cm, with a good resistance to lodging. Stamena has field resistance to leaf rust (Pucce, recondita tritict), horizontal resistance, which is the type of resistance that modern wheat breeding is interested in. The resistance to stem rust (Pucce, graminis tritict) is good and to powdery mildew (Erysiphegraminis tritici) very good. The 1000 grain mass is about 32 g and volume grain mass 81.3 kg/hi. (Table 2). Stamena is classified in the subgroup A-l. It has excellent milling and baking quality and it belong to the 1st technological group (quality enhancer). The quantity of dry gluten is about 9%. The variety Stamena is a very productive, with the genetic potential for grain above 11 t/ha suitable for growing on fertile and less fertile soils. It has started to be grown commercially in 2000., Ozima, srednje rana sorta pšenice Stamena, oplemenjena je metodom proste hibridizacije genetički divergentnih roditelja, sorti Lasta i Rodna. U njoj su vrlo uspešno kombinovani geni koji kontrolišu glavne agronomske osobine: potencijal prinosa zrna iznad 11 t/ha, odličan tehnološki kvalitet na nivou poboljšivača, visoka otpornost prema niskim temperaturama i mrazu kao i pojavama koje prate mraz (golomrazici i suvomrazici), poljska otpornost prema prouzrokovaču lisne rđe (Pucce. recondita tritict) i dobra otpornost prema stabljičnoj rđi i vrlo dobra prema pepelnici (Pucce. graminis tritici, Erysiphe graminis tritici), srednje niska stabljika, oko 78 cm visine i dobra otpornost prema poleganju. Ističe se velikom biološkom plastičnošću i sposobnošću adaptacije različitim klimatsko-zemljišnim uslovima. Vrlo je perspektivna sorta. Registrovanje od strane Savezne komisije za priznavanje sorti 1999 godine (selekcioneri T. Mišić, N. Mladenov. Z. Jerković i R.Jevtić).

In this paper, we studied the drought tolerance under in vitro conditions of two winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars, Košuta and Renesansa. The tolerance was tested on a modified MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) nutrient medium to which polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added at three different concentrations: 10%, 20% and 30%. Calluses from the control group were grown on a medium without PEG. After four months of growing on these mediums, fresh weight and dry matter content in the callus tissue were determined. We found significant differences in genotype response to different PEG concentrations The highest concentration (30%) was lethal to the isolated embryos, so at this concentration no calluses formed in any of the genotypes. At 10 and 20% PEG, there was a significant decrease in the fresh callus weight in both genotypes. Thus, at the lowest concentration ( 10% PEG), the fresh weight decreased by 90% in Košuta and by 93% in Renesansa relative to the control. Due to callus dehydration in the presence of PEG, the dry matter content in the calluses of both genotypes increased with increasing PEG concentrations in the medium. In Košuta, the dry matter content increased from 8.7% (control) to 24.9% (20% PEG), while in Renesansa it increased from 8.6% (control) to 39.7% (20% PEG)., Ispitivana je tolerantnost prema suši u in vitro uslovima, kod dve sorte ozime pšenice (T. aestivum L.), Košuta i Renesansa.Tolerantnost je testirana na modifikovanoj MS(Murashige and Skoog, 1962) hranljivoj podlozi, kojoj je dodat polietilen glikol (PEG) u tri različite koncentracije: 10%, 20% i 30%. Kontrolna grupa kalusa je gajena na podlozi bez PEG-a. Nakon četiri meseca gajenja na ovim podlogama utvrđena je sveza masa i sadržaj suve materije u kalusnom tkivu. Utvrđene su značajne razlike u pogledu reakcije genotipova na različite koncentracije PEG-a. Najviša koncentracija (30% PEG-a) je bila letalna za izolovane embrione, lako da pri ovoj koncentraciji, ni kod jednog genotipa nije došlo do formiranja kalusa. Pri koncentracijama od 10 i 20% PEG-a došlo je do naglog snižavanja vrednosti sveže mase kalusa kod oba genotipa. Tako je pri najnižoj koncentraciji (10% PEG) kod sorte Košuta sveza masa smanjena za 90% u odnosu na kontrolu, a kod sorte Renesansa za 93%. Usled dehidratacije kalusa u prisustvu PEG-a, sa povećanjem njegove koncentracije u podlozi, došlo je i do povećanja sadržaja suve materije u kalusima kod oba genotipa. Kod sorte Košuta sadržaj suve materije je povećan sa 8.7% (kontrola) na 24.9% (20% PEG), dok je kod sorte Renesansa povećan sa 8.6% (kontrola) na 39.7% (20% PEG).

We studied the effects of five lead concentrations (10-7, 10-6, 10-5, 10-4 and 10-3 M) on callus growth and dry matter content in the callus tissue. Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Balkan and Proteinka, were used to isolate mature embryos. The embryos were grown on a modified MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) nutrient medium to which lead in the form of Pb(NO3)2 was added. Calluses from the control group were grown on a lead-free medium. During cultivation, the growth of callus tissue was observed until, 30 days alter isolation, fresh callus weight and dry matter content were measured The results showed that there were significant differences between the genotypes with regard to their response to certain lead concentrations. The highest concentration (10-3 M) significantly decreased fresh callus weight relative to the control- by 43% in Balkan and 22% in Proteinka. At the same lead concentration, the callus tissue dry matter content of Balkan increased significantly (23% relative to the control), while the increase of the same parameter in Proteinka was not significant (8.6% relative to the control). The lower lead concentrations had a lees pronounced effect, although the 10-6 M dose had a stimulatory effect on callus tissue growth in Balkan, while the 10-7 M one had the same effect in Proteinka., Ispitivan je uticaj pet koncentracija olova (10-7, 10-6, 10-5, 10-4 i 10-3 M) na porast kalusa i sadržaj suve materije u kalusnom tkivu. Za izolaciju zrelih embriona korišćene su dve sorte ozime pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.), Balkan i Proteinka. Embrioni su gajeni na modifikovanoj MS (Murasbige and Skoog, 1962) branljivoj podlozi, kojoj je dodalo olovo u obliku. Pb(NO3)2. Kontrolna grupa kalusa je gajena na podlozi, koja nije sadržala olovo. Za vreme kultivacije, praćenje porast kalusnog tkiva, da bi se 30 dana nakon izolacije pristupilo merenju sveže mase kalusa, kao i sadržaju suve materije. Rezultati su pokazali da su postojale značajne razlike između genotipova, u pogledu njihove reakcije na pojedine koncentracije olova. Najviša koncentracija (10-3 M) olova je imala značajan uticaj na smanjenje sveže mase kalusa. Ovo smanjenje je kod sorte Balkan iznosilo 43%, a kod sorte Proteinka 22%, u odnosu na kontrolu. Najviša koncentracija olova, takođe je imala značajan uticaj na sadržaj suve materije u kalusnom tkivu. Tako je kod sorte Balkan došlo do značajnog povećanja sadržaja suve materije (23% u odnosu na kontrolu) , dok kod sorte Proteinka povećanje (8,6% u odnosu na kontrolu) nije bilo značajno. Efekat nižih koncentracija olova, koje sit ispitivane u ovom eksperimentu, bio je slabije izražen, mada su doze 10-6M kod sorte Balkan i 10-7M kod sorte Proteinka, imale stimulativno dejstvo na porast kalusnog tkiva.

Ozima, vrlo rana i patuljasta sorta pšenice Prima stvorena je ukrštanjem genetički divergentnih i intenzivnih sorti i linija Tobary 66, Kavkaz, Nova Banatka, NS 3143, Rana niska i NS 3985/1 metodom sukcesivne hibridizacije. U sorti Prima uspešno su kombinovani geni odgovorni za visok genetički potencijal za prinos zrna, vrlo dobar tehnološki kvalitet, ranozrelost i otpornost prema poleganju, bolestima i niskim temperaturama. Za redukciju visine stabljike i ranozrelost korišćeni su geni Rht 2 i Ppd 1 iz Norin 10 (Tobary 66 i Rana niska) i Rht 1S iz Saitama 27 (NS 3985/1). Savezna komisija za priznavanje sorti registrovala je Primu 1995. godine., Very early winter wheat variety Prima was released by the Federal Comission for Varietal Approval in 1995. It was developed by crossing genetically divergent and highly productive varieties Tobary 66, Kavkaz, Nova Banatka, NS.3143, Rana niska and NS.3985/1. The spike in white and smooth, compact and awnless, with 18-22 spikelets; the grain is witreous and red (Triticum aestivum L ssp. vulgare var. lutescens). Prima is a dwarf variety with the average strow height of about 73 cm, with very good resistance to lodging. It is very early variety with good resistance to winterkilling. Its resistance to leaf rust (Pucc. recondita tritici) is excellent, the resistance to stem rust (Pucc. graminis tritici) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis tritici) is good. Apsolute mass of 1000 grains is about 33 g, volumic mass of about 85 kg/hi. The variety is classified in the quality subgroup A2. The milling quality is excellent, the baking quality is very good to excellent. According to the indicators of technological quality Prima is classified in the II technologic group as an very good bread variety. The variety is very productive, with the genetic potential for grain yield above 11 t/ha and suitable for growing on fertile soils and intensive production conditions. Prima is a important genotype for profitable production at a high level of intensity. .

U dosadašnjem oplemenjivačkom radu na ozimoj pšenici u Naučno-obrazovnom lnstitutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, uspešno su kombinovani geni odgovorni za sve važne osobine ove biljke. Jednostavnim kombinacijskim, nepotpunim povratnim, trojnim, sukcesivnim i složenim ukrštanjem genetički divergentnih roditelja na što višem nivou intenzivnosti, uzgojem i selekcijom biljaka po pedigre metodu, stvorene su i sorte sa potencijalom za prinos zrna većim od 12 t/ha, vrlo dobrim do odličnim osobinama tehnološkog kvaliteta, sa poljskom otpornošću prema lisnoj, stabljičnoj i žutoj rđi i zadovoljavajućom otpornošću prema pepelnici, prilagođenih klimatsko-zemljišnim uslovima Jugoslavlje, južne i srednje Evrope. Do 1993. godine Jugoslovenska komislja za priznavanje sorti registrovala je ukupno 155 sorti ozime pšenice oplemenjenih u lnstitutu u Novom Sadu., The results achieved in breeding winter wheat at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad show that the genes responsible for all important Crops in Novi Sad show that the genes responsible for all important characters of wheat have been successfully combined. Varieties with grain yield potential ranging from l 0-12 t/ha, very good to excellent technological quality with field resistance to leaf and stem rust (Pucc. recondita tritici, Pucc. graminis tritici) and resistance to Erysiphe graminis tritici, adapted to climatic and soil conditions of Yugoslavia: South and Central Europe were produced applying single, backrossing, three way, successive and multiple crossing of genetically divergent parents, and plant selection according to the pedigree method. Up to 1993., the Yugoslav Commission for Varietal Approval has released 155 winter wheat varieties developed at the Novi Sad Institute.

Testiranja za diferenciranje selekcionog materijala pšenice stvorenog u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, po reakcijama (infekcionom tipu) prema Puccinia recondita tritici pokazala su se neodgovarajućim. Ovakva istraživanja ne mogu da utiču na povećanje verovatnoće za stvaranje trajnije otpornih genotipova. Takav cilj može se ostvariti na osnovu rezultata testiranja drugih osobina otpornosti u poljskim i kontrolisanim uslovima (AUDPC, IE, LP 50).