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With the needs of growing location-based service, a more high-performance satellite positioning technology - assisted global navigation satellite system (A-GNSS assisted-GNSS) becomes a new hotspot in area of navigation and positioning. Now, 3GPP has already provided supports for GPS, Galileo, GLONASS and QZSS, SBAS, so standardization work of introduction BDS into 3GPP organization is very imperative. In this paper, we first analysis the performance of GPS L1 C/A with assistant information, then by taking into account the difference between BDS and GPS, including the unique nature of GEO/NGEO satellites’ navigation message data length and format, we design the sensitivity requirements of BDS B1 following A-GPS. The results between A-GPS and A-BDS of typical sensitivity test cases are shown in this paper, which show that the suggested sensitivity requirements satisfy the minimum performance requirements under technical specification of 3GPP TS 36.171.

The coastal wetland, a transitional zone between terrestrial ecosystems and marine ecosystems, is the type of great value to ecosystem services. For the recent 3 decades, area of the coastal wetland is decreasing and the ecological function is gradually degraded with the rapid development of economy, which restricts the sustainable development of economy and society in the coastal areas of China in turn. It is a major demand of the national reality to carry out the monitoring of coastal wetlands, to master the distribution and dynamic change. UAV, namely unmanned aerial vehicle, is a new platform for remote sensing. Compared with the traditional satellite and manned aerial remote sensing, it has the advantage of flexible implementation, no cloud cover, strong initiative and low cost. Image-spectrum merging is one character of high spectral remote sensing. At the same time of imaging, the spectral curve of each pixel is obtained, which is suitable for quantitative remote sensing, fine classification and target detection. Aimed at the frontier and hotspot of remote sensing monitoring technology, and faced the demand of the coastal wetland monitoring, this paper used UAV and the new remote sensor of high spectral imaging instrument to carry out the analysis of the key technologies of monitoring coastal wetlands by UAV on the basis of the current situation in overseas and domestic and the analysis of developing trend. According to the characteristic of airborne hyperspectral data on UAV, that is "three high and one many", the key technology research that should develop are promoted as follows: 1) the atmosphere correction of the UAV hyperspectral in coastal wetlands under the circumstance of complex underlying surface and variable geometry, 2) the best observation scale and scale transformation method of the UAV platform while monitoring the coastal wetland features, 3) the classification and detection method of typical features with high precision from multi scale hyperspectral images based on time sequence. The research results of this paper will help to break the traditional concept of remote sensing monitoring coastal wetlands by satellite and manned aerial vehicle, lead the trend of this monitoring technology, and put forward a new technical proposal for grasping the distribution of the coastal wetland and the changing trend and carrying out the protection and management of the coastal wetland.

This paper stated the main characteristics of the array laser technology, introduced high application and development at home and abroad, especially having a comparison of solid array laser technology with semiconductor array laser technology on fast initiation and fire energy, etc. by researchment of the array laser technology, this paper forsaw the prospect of the array laser. at last, this paper summaries plenty of advantages of the laser array technology on miniaturization, intellectualization, integration.

The problem of deorbiting debris is studied in this paper. As a feasible measure, a disposable satellite would be launched, attach to debris, and deorbit the space debris using a technology named electrodynamic tether (EDT). In order to deorbit multiple debris as many as possible, a suboptimal but feasible and efficient trajectory set has been designed to allow a deorbiter satellite tour the LEO small bodies per one mission. Finally a simulation given by this paper showed that a 600 kg satellite is capable of deorbiting 6 debris objects in about 230 days.

To take advantage of the large-diameter telescope for high-resolution imaging of extended targets, it is necessary to detect and compensate the wave-front aberrations induced by atmospheric turbulence. Data recorded by Plenoptic cameras can be used to extract the wave-front phases associated to the atmospheric turbulence in an astronomical observation. In order to recover the wave-front phase tomographically, a method of completing the large Field Of View (FOV), multi-perspective wave-front detection simultaneously is urgently demanded, and it is plenoptic camera that possesses this unique advantage. Our paper focuses more on the capability of plenoptic camera to extract the wave-front from different perspectives simultaneously. In this paper, we built up the corresponding theoretical model and simulation system to discuss wave-front measurement characteristics utilizing plenoptic camera as wave-front sensor. And we evaluated the performance of plenoptic camera with different types of wave-front aberration corresponding to the occasions of applications. In the last, we performed the multi-perspective wave-front sensing employing plenoptic camera as wave-front sensor in the simulation. Our research of wave-front measurement characteristics employing plenoptic camera is helpful to select and design the parameters of a plenoptic camera, when utilizing which as multi-perspective and large FOV wave-front sensor, which is expected to solve the problem of large FOV wave-front detection, and can be used for AO in giant telescopes.

To meet the requirement of autonomous orbit determination, this paper proposes a fast curve fitting method based on earth ultraviolet features to obtain accurate earth vector direction, in order to achieve the high precision autonomous navigation. Firstly, combining the stable characters of earth ultraviolet radiance and the use of transmission model software of atmospheric radiation, the paper simulates earth ultraviolet radiation model on different time and chooses the proper observation band. Then the fast improved edge extracting method combined Sobel operator and local binary pattern (LBP) is utilized, which can both eliminate noises efficiently and extract earth ultraviolet limb features accurately. And earth’s centroid locations on simulated images are estimated via the least square fitting method using part of the limb edges. Taken advantage of the estimated earth vector direction and earth distance, Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is applied to realize the autonomous navigation finally. Experiment results indicate the proposed method can achieve a sub-pixel earth centroid location estimation and extremely enhance autonomous celestial navigation precision.

Considering the great effects the measurement system errors of sensors have on satellite autonomous navigation, we study the filter algorithm for the navigation system with constant system error in this paper to improve the navigation precision. this paper improves conventional CKF algorithm and proposes an adaptive CKF filters based on model compensation, the state and bias estimation is performed separately using the CKF filters, and then the state variables are updated using the estimated bias. Finally, we verify the feasibility of the improved algorithm by simulation experiment, the simulation results show that the algorithm can improve the navigation accuracy.

To break the limitation of the traditional spectral analysis system in low speed, high cost and huge size, this paper presents a CMOS-based monolithically miniaturized spectral system whose core component is the spectral imager. The idea of the spectral imager is to fabricate a spectral filter on top of the traditional CMOS imager. This paper designed a FP thin film filter consisted of Bragg stack as a mirror while both the material and the process is compatible with the CMOS imager fabrication. By the simulation, the filter is able to achieve a 2nm spectral resolution, which is a proof for the feasibility of the miniaturized spectral analysis system.

This paper first studies the structure effect law in order to design a reasonable option in theory for the Final Optics Assembly(FOA)’ harmonic converter module, involved in the design of the fluid theory, including the basic equations of fluid motion, the form of fluid motion and fluid movement in the small hole. Optimizing the structure need to be applied to the simulation software, which requires the Fluent simulation principle. Then, combined with theoretical knowledge to design the overall structure of the multiplier module, It will apply the simulation software to optimize structural parameters of the board and use control system to realize it for verifying the law obtained by simulation under various conditions whether consistent with the law in actual work of the sweeping system.

Complex morphology target, which is size-varying and shape-varying, is a great challenge for infrared surveillance system. In this paper, temporal low-rank and sparse decomposition model and spatial low-rank and sparse decomposition model are designed respectively. Subsequently, a joint spatial-temporal detection method of complex morphology target is presented. Firstly, initial background subspace is obtained based on training sequence which does not contain infrared target. Secondly, temporal target image is recovered by l1 minimization after projecting orthogonal to background subspace. Thirdly, original image is decomposed into background image and spatial target image using inexact augmented Lagrange multipliers approach. Fourthly, by fusing the two target images, the possible small targets can be extracted well. Finally, background subspace is updated based on incremental singular value decomposition algorithm. The experimental results show that our method is effective and robust to detect complex morphology infrared targets. In particular, the proposed method can extract targets accurately, which is important for target recognition. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

It is urgent to tracking and making a catalog for space debris, since they are such serious threats to spacecraft. Space-based detection possess a great of development potential for its low energy consumption, high precision and miniaturization and other features. This paper discussed the capability of space-based combined system that is laser ranging and imaging integrated communication system. With the diameter of 15cm of space debris, the limit distance of communication, ranging and imaging system are discussed. The result shows that the limit distance of communication and energy imaging is longer, and the main factor to limit the distance is ranging and diffraction limit of imaging system.

The effective X-ray optics is a key premise for X-ray pulsar detection and navigation. However, it is very difficult to focus the X-ray photons through refraction for the reason that the X-ray photon is very easy to be absorbed by the materials. The most effective ways for the X-ray focusing is reflection. In this paper, we will give a brief introduction of the theory of the grazing incidence and the corresponding optical systems. By comparing the design parameters of main X-ray astronomical telescope in NASA and ESA, we will give the development trend of the X-ray optics for X-ray pulsar navigation and introduce several new technology for the manufacture of the micro-pore optics (MPO).

With the development of remote sensing imaging technology and the improvement of multi–source image's resolution in satellite visible light, multi-spectral and hyper spectral , the high resolution remote sensing image has been widely used in various fields, for example military field, surveying and mapping, geophysical prospecting, environment and so forth. In remote sensing image, the segmentation of ground targets, feature extraction and the technology of automatic recognition are the hotspot and difficulty in the research of modern information technology. This paper also presents an object-oriented remote sensing image scene classification method. The method is consist of vehicles typical objects classification generation, nonparametric density estimation theory, mean shift segmentation theory, multi-scale corner detection algorithm, local shape matching algorithm based on template. Remote sensing vehicles image classification software system is designed and implemented to meet the requirements .

The mechanism and characteristics of evanescent-wave coupling in solid-state laser is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The results shown that self-organized phase locking between laser modes can be realized by evanescentwave coupling in solid-state laser. Based on “mutual injection and evanescent wave” characteristics of corner-cube prism, the paper reveals that far-field output of corner-cube laser is the inner reason and mechanism of coherent combining distribution by theory of evanescent wave and its coherence is better than plane parallel resonator. And “mutually coupled phase locking of six lasers based cube-corner resonator” scheme is proposed on this basis.

The full-aperture and full-frequency absolute surfaces of optical flats are of great significant for industrial applications but hard to achieve. To measure them simultaneously, Kuechel proposed an absolute testing based on N-position rotations by adding a set of measurement data of N-position rotations, in comparison to the traditional four measurements. Algorithm simulation and absolute detection experiments have been conducted before, however, the influence of rotation angle error has not been analyzed, and the full-aperture contrast experiments have not been conducted. In this paper, the influence of rotation angle error was analyzed, and the measurement result is within acceptable range even when the angle error reaches 1°. Moreover, to verify the accuracy of this method, full-aperture contrast experiments were proposed innovatively besides the two linear profiles contrast experiments. The contrast experiments prove the accuracy of the full-aperture absolute measured results, other than the accuracy of the two linear profiles results.

The grazing incidence soft X-ray optical system is the core equipment of future space science missions. The optical system expands the collecting area of x-ray photos and improves the SNR. The effective area calibration is the key indicator for testing and verifying the performance of the grazing incidence optical system. One of the traditional calibration methods uses the wide x-ray beam as the calibration x-ray source. This calibration method requires large ground equipment, high environmental conditions while the x-ray beam is not so parallel that the calibration accuracy is limited. Another effective area calibration method uses the narrow x-ray beam scan the optical system. In this paper, the above two effective area calibration methods of the grazing incidence optical system are modeled mathematically. The factors such as the parallelism of the beam, the uniformity of the beam and the characteristics of optical system are absorbed into the unified mathematical model for describing the effective area. The key factors which affect the effective area calibration accuracy are extracted, and their influences on the calibration result are analyzed. Eventually the two calibration methods accuracy is evaluated and the ways for improving the calibration accuracy are given. The effective area calibration is able to test and verify the collecting ability of x-ray photons of the grazing incidence optical system, which is the basis for the development of soft x-ray optics.

X-ray pulsar navigation has attracted extensive attentions from academy and engineering domains. The navigation accuracy is can be enhanced through design of X-ray mirrors to focus X-rays to a small detector. The Wolter-I optics, originally proposed based on a paraboloid mirror and a hyperboloid mirror for X-ray imaging, has long been widely developed and employed in X-ray observatory. Some differences, however, remain in the requirements on optics between astronomical X-ray observation and pulsar navigation. The simplified Wolter-I optics, providing single reflection by a paraboloid mirror, is more suitable for pulsar navigation. In this paper, therefore, the grazing incidence X-ray mirror was designed further based on our previous work, with focus on the reflectivity, effective area, angular resolution and baffles. To evaluate the performance of the manufactured mirror, the surface roughness and reflectivity were tested. The test results show that the grazing incidence mirror meets the design specifications. On the basis of this, the reflectivity of the mirror in the working bandwidth was extrapolated to evaluate the focusing ability of the mirror when it works together with the detector. The purpose of our current work to design and develop a prototype mirror was realized. It can lay a foundation and provide guidance for the development of multilayer nested X-ray mirror with larger effective area.

Energy efficient and stable power supply is the core of most electronic products. DC electronic load is essential equipment to calibrate the DC regulated power supply. with the development of power industry towards to diversification and complication, the electronic load equipment for testing power supply is put forward higher requirements. Quality of electronic load equipment is mainly reflected in three aspects, measurement accuracy, completeness of measuring project and richness of load characteristic. In the paper, the high power and constant current DC electronic load is designed. Two pieces of D/A converter are used to constitute the 20 D/A conversion unit, to realize the minimum resolution of 0.045 mV. Four magnetic rings of high permeability and magnetic properties consistency, and the corresponding processing unit circuit compose the current sampling unit, which solve a key problem and difficulty of high precision and large current test. The three groups of 600 W power modules in parallel to realize the function of 1800 W power constant current. The electronic load has the 0 ~ 300A constant current characteristic, uncertainty of measurement is 1×10 -4 , and the maximum load voltage is 5V. After testing, every specifications have reached the design requirements. The load is mainly used for the metrology of DC regulated power supply.

Objective This paper depicts a testing technology of nondestructive infrared imaging for acquiring internal structure information of metal Buddha head. Methods applying active infrared thermal imaging nondestructive testing technology Results Data which was collected by IR camera was processed, the typical time thermograph and the curve of logarithmic temperature-time can be. get information of relative thickness in metal Buddha face. Conclusion Infrared thermal imaging technology can be detect the inside information of metal Buddha head . It is feasible to conserve heritage in infrared imaging method.

A high voltage power supply used in laser gyro is proposed in this paper. The power supply which uses a single DC 15v input and fly-back topology is adopted in the main circuit. The output of the power supply achieve high to 3.3kv voltage in order to light the RLG. The PFM control method is adopted to realize the rapid switching between the high voltage state and the maintain state. The resonant chip L6565 is used to achieve the zero voltage switching(ZVS), so the consumption is reduced and the power efficiency is improved more than 80%. A special circuit is presented in the control portion to ensure symmetry of the two RLG's arms current. The measured current accuracy is higher than 5‰ and the current symmetry of the two RLG's arms up to 99.2%.

With the unprecedented developments of the intense laser and aerospace projects', the interferometer is widely used in detecting middle frequency indicators of the optical elements, which put forward very high request towards the interferometer system transfer function (ITF). Conventionally, the ITF is measured by comparing the power spectra of known phase objects such as high-quality phase step. However, the fabrication of phase step is complex and high-cost, especially in the measurement of large-aperture interferometer. In this paper, a new fringe method is proposed to measure the ITF without additional objects. The frequency was changed by adjusting the number of fringes, and the normalized transfer function value was measured at different frequencies. The ITF value measured by fringe method was consistent with the traditional phase step method, which confirms the feasibility of proposed method. Moreover, the measurement error caused by defocus was analyzed. The proposed method does not require the preparation of a step artifact, which greatly reduces the test cost, and is of great significance to the ITF measurement of large aperture interferometer.

Due to influence of atmosphere turbulence, distribution characteristics of laser speckles vary with propagation distances. In this paper, numerical calculation using a multiple-phase screen method is performed to simulate the propagation of laser beam in the turbulence. The distributions of intensity at different distances are calculated. A characteristic factor σ 2 is proposed to quantify the degree of turbulence induced intensity spatial fluctuation compared with the same beam propagating in vacuum. The results show that, at the same distance, mean σ 2 of the beam propagating perpendicularly is smaller than the beam propagating horizontally. For a perpendicularly transmitted Gaussian beam, mean σ 2 decreases gradually after it reaches its maximum value, and tends to be stable if the propagation distance is long enough.

We present some different kinds of the loss detection technologies of optic path for laser ignition application according to the recommend of reliability and security of the laser ignition system, such as single wavelength and dual wavelength. The factors of loss detection technology are discussed. The difficulty and uptrend of the laser ignition system are pointed out in this paper. The correlation research will be focused on the reliability of optic parts, applicability of environment and special fiber in the future.

A low complexity high efficiency and low spur digital intermediate frequency (IF) conversion circuit is discussed in the paper. This circuit is key element in high-fidelity GNSS signal playback instrument. We analyze the spur performance of a finite state machine (FSM) based numerically controlled oscillators (NCO), by optimization of the control algorithm, a FSM based NCO with 3 quantization stage can achieves 65dB SFDR in the range of the seventh harmonic. Compare with traditional lookup table based NCO design with the same Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) performance, the logic resource require to implemented the NCO is reduced to 1/3. The proposed design method can be extended to the IF conversion system with good SFDR in the range of higher harmonic components by increasing the quantization stage.

Lucky imaging technology is widely applied in astronomical imaging system because of its low cost and good performance. However, the probability of capturing an excellent lucky image is low, especially for a large aperture telescope. Thus a method of adaptive image partition is proposed in this paper to extract any lucky part of an image so as to increase the probability of obtaining the lucky image. This system is comprised of a telescope and three cameras running synchronously at the image plane, the front defocus plane and the back defocus plane respectively. Two out-focus cameras have the same defocus distance. Our algorithm of selecting each lucky part of the space object picture, which is influenced little by atmosphere turbulence, is based on the difference between pictures obtained by the front and the back defocus cameras. Then image stitching is used to obtain the entire sharp picture.

In this paper, a single pixel star sensor has been introduced, which uses the intensity correlation between the modulation matrix and the voltage values of the optical signals. Though controlling single or multiple the reflective mirror of the spatial light modulator as a pixel, it is given in a rough scan or an accurate imaging of the stars. As a result, this star sensor can realize a fast and high precision spacecraft attitude determination.

Ship deformation is the main error source of partial reference. Such deformation can be estimated by laser gyro units and Kalman filter technology. For Kalman filter, deformation was divide into two parts, dynamic deformation, and static deformation. Traditionally, dynamic deformation is treated as AR2 model .In this paper, dynamic deformation is taken as a kind of ARX model. Based on actual data measured by Yuanwang-3 Space Survey Ship, simulation experiments are studied. Results show that the novel model can improve the measurement precision.

Deflections of the vertical (DOV) are normally ignored in the gravity compensation procedure, which become one of the primary error sources in inertial navigation. In a single-axis rotation INS/GPS system, bias of the gyro and the accelerometer can be ignored, the attitude error is mainly affected by DOV. In this paper, the ideal system assumption is abandoned and the influence of DOV on the attitude is comprehensively discussed, which can be divided into two parts i.e. the direct influence and the indirect influence. The attitude error tracks the DOV along the trajectory belongs to the former. A relatively fixed delay between the attitude error and the DOV belongs to the latter. The delay is essentially induced by the weak observability of the system to the violent DOV. Factors which affect the delay are carefully analyzed. The simulation results show that the delay is mainly affected by accuracies of the inertial sensors and the GPS. It decreases with the GPS accuracy increasing, but increases with the inertial sensor accuracy increasing. The process noise covariance matrix Q plays an important role. With analysis of the characteristics of the delay, influence of the DOV on attitude is studied further, which is necessary for the attitude correction in future.

In this paper, established a physical model to simulate the melt ejection induced by millisecond pulsed laser on aluminum alloy and use the finite element method to simulate the whole process. A semi-infinite axisymmetric model was established according to the experiment and the analytical solution of temperature in a solid phase was derived based on the thermal conduction equation. Mean while, by assuming that material was removed from the hole once it was melted, the function describing the hole's shape was obtained with the energy balance theory. This simulation is based on the interaction between single pulsed laser with different pulse-width and different peak energy and aluminum alloy material, the result of numerical simulation is that the hole's depth increases with the increase of laser energy and the hole's depth increases with the increase of laser pulse width, the keyhole depth is linearly increased with the increase of laser energy, respectively; the growth of the keyhole radius is in the trend to be gentle. By comparing the theoretical simulation data and the actual test data, we discover that: we discover that: the relative error between the theoretical values and the actual values is about 8.8%, the theoretical simulation curve is well consistent with the actual experimental curve. This research may provide the theoretical references to the understanding of the interaction between millisecond pulsed laser and many kinds of materials, as well as be beneficial to the application of the laser materials processing and military field.

X-ray pulsar-based navigation is a novel autonomous navigation method. The pulsar is a kind of neutron star rotating with high speed. Its angle position is stationary in space and its rotation period is extremely stable. In space, the signal with extremely stable period could be detected. Its long-term stability is higher than the atomic clock in state-of-the-art. Therefore, the signal of the pulsars in X-ray waveband could be used for the autonomous navigation of the spacecrafts. The signal’s profile is a necessary parameter to estimate the navigation information. In this paper, the impact on the navigation precision caused by the flux bias of the signal’s profile is analyzed. The impact is not severely proved in theory and simulation.

When videogammetry (optical measurement) was carried outdoor or under cruel indoor circumstance, the results would be inevitably affected by the atmosphere turbulence. As a result, the precision of surveying was destroyed. The field of air turbulence’s impact on optical measurement was neglected by scholars for a long time, the achievements massed about laser optics and optical communications. The mostly adapted method was noise filtration when the pixel wandering could not be rejected in engineering application, which got little improvement on usual conditions. The principle of influence under atmospheric turbulence on optical measurement is presented in this paper. And experiments data and applications are carried out to announce the impact of atmospheric turbulence. Combining with relevant researches, some essential issues and expectations of the atmospheric turbulence research are proposed.

In high dynamic circumstances, the acquisition of BDS (BeiDou Navigation Satellite System) signal would be affected by the pseudo-code Doppler. The pseudo-code frequency shift is more prominent and complex when BOC modulation has been adopted by BDS-II, but is not yet involved in current compensation algorithm. In addition, the most frequently used code Doppler compensation algorithm is modifying the sampling rate or local bit rate, which not only increases the complexity of the acquisition and tracking, but also is barely realizable for the hardware receiver to modify the local frequency. Therefore, this paper proposes a code Doppler compensation method based on double estimator receiver, which simultaneously controls NCO delay of code tracking loop and subcarrier tracking loop to compensate for pseudo-code frequency shift. The simulation and test are implemented with BDS-II BOC signal. The test results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively compensate for pseudo-code Doppler of BOC signal and has detection probability 3dB higher than the uncompensated situation when the false alarm rate is under 0.01 and the coherent integration time is 1ms.

The performance of the achieve laser beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence with adaptive optics is degraded by the fact that the wavefront aberrations difference. This error is only include the angular anisoplanatism when there is separation between the achieve laser beam and beacon. In the paper we derive an analytic expression for the effective angular anisoplanatism as a function of displacement angular when the turbulence profile is uniform. It shows that the effective angular anisoplanatism becomes weaker as the diameter of laser beams and the Fried transverse coherence length increase. We report results from field experiments that the effective angular anisoplanatism of a focused beam over horizontal path. It is found that measured and theoretical results are consistent. The effective wavefront variance increases with the strength of atmospheric turbulence and the angular displacement. And the constant phase of angular anisoplanatism has no effect on the Strehl ratio of the beam.

Laser can be used to cool and manipulate neutron atoms via momentum exchange between photons and atoms. Laser cooling and trapping is well established on alkali, alkali earth, and noble gas elements. Noble gases, with stable physical and chemical properties, no reactions with other elements, have great potential uses in cold collision, spectroscopy measurement, photo-association, atom optics, etc. However, trapping noble gas atoms is generally more difficult because of the lack of suitable UV lasers. Some of these problems will be overcome with future advances in UV laser technology. Excited by electron collisions, noble gas can reach the long life metastable state for the use of laser decelerating, focusing and trapping. In this paper some main methods which are used to achieve cooling and trapping metastable noble gas atoms are discussed.

During its projected extended stay in LEO, spacecraft will encounter many environmental factors including energetic particles, ultraviolet radiation, atomic oxygen, and space debris and meteoroids, together with some induced environments such as contamination and discharging. These space environments and their effects have threat to the reliability and lifetime of spacecraft. So, it is important to give a combined design against the threat from space environments and their effects. The space environments and effects are reviewed in this paper firstly. Secondly, the design process and method against space environments are discussed. At last, some advices about protective structure and materials are proposed.

The spectral imaging technology is able to analysis the spectral and spatial geometric character of the target at the same time. To break through the limitation brought by the size, weight and cost of the traditional spectral imaging instrument, a miniaturized novel spectral imaging based on CMOS processing has been introduced in the market. This technology has enabled the possibility of applying spectral imaging in the UAV platform. In this paper, the relevant technology and the related possible applications have been presented to implement a quick, flexible and more detailed remote sensing system.

Lever arm effect has to be considered in transfer alignment technology. Between static lever arm and dynamic lever arm, the former has larger amplitude, and it is the major error source in transfer alignment. How to measure and solve it become an important problem. This paper takes vehicle as a rigid body. Assume that static lever arm does not change in a short time, based on two inertial measurement units(IMU), data are measured and constituted several matrixes properly. After that, by using least square method, static lever arm is solved finally. Simulation experiments are implemented, results show that static lever arm can be solved effectively. Further study shows that, the precision of the method can be improved by preprocessing low pass filter.

The star sensor is a high-precision attitude sensitive measuring instruments, which determine spacecraft attitude by detecting different positions on the celestial sphere. Imaging camera is an important portion of star sensor. The purpose of this study is to design a driving circuit based on Kodak CCD sensor. The design of driving circuit based on Kodak KAI-04022 is discussed, and the timing of this CCD sensor is analyzed. By the driving circuit testing laboratory and imaging experiments, it is found that the driving circuits can meet the requirements of Kodak CCD sensor.

Micro pore optics (MPO) is an effective approach of miniaturization for pulsars navigation X-ray focusing and imaging. The focusing performance is one of the core indicators of evaluating the X-ray detection system. By using the X-ray detection optical system, imaging and X-ray focusing performance of MPO are investigated. The experimental results show that the MPO can make the X-ray to be converged into a clear cross image at the focal length. At the same time, compared with no coating, the coating slumped MPO focusing performance is improved significantly, the center of the power density is gaining up to 4–5 times. The optical system can achieve hundreds of micron resolution in the hundreds of mm view, and space angular resolution can reach arcmin level.

In order to improve the accuracy of the low-cost MIMU Inertial navigation system in the application of pedestrian navigation.And to reduce the effect of the heading error because of the low accuracy of the component of MIMU. A novel algorithm was put forward, which fusing the building heading constraint information and the magnetic heading information to achieve more advantages. We analysed the application condition and the modified effect of building heading and magnetic heading. Then experiments were conducted in indoor environment. The results show that the algorithm proposed has a better effect to restrict the heading drift problem and to achieve a higher navigation precision.

In order to get smaller, faster, and more responsive requirements of the photoelectric radar servo control system. We propose a set of core ARM + FPGA architecture servo controller. Parallel processing capability of FPGA to be used for the encoder feedback data, PWM carrier modulation, A, B code decoding processing and so on; Utilizing the advantage of imaging design in ARM Embedded systems achieves high-speed implementation of the PID algorithm. After the actual experiment, the closed-loop speed of response of the system cycles up to 2000 times/s, in the case of excellent precision turntable shaft, using a PID algorithm to achieve the servo position control with the accuracy of + -1 encoder input code. Firstly, This article carry on in-depth study of the embedded servo control system hardware to determine the ARM and FPGA chip as the main chip with systems based on a pre-measured target required to achieve performance requirements, this article based on ARM chip used Samsung S3C2440 chip of ARM7 architecture , the FPGA chip is chosen xilinx's XC3S400 . ARM and FPGA communicate by using SPI bus, the advantage of using SPI bus is saving a lot of pins for easy system upgrades required thereafter. The system gets the speed datas through the photoelectric-encoder that transports the datas to the FPGA, Then the system transmits the datas through the FPGA to ARM, transforms speed datas into the corresponding position and velocity data in a timely manner, prepares the corresponding PWM wave to control motor rotation by making comparison between the position data and the velocity data setted in advance . According to the system requirements to draw the schematics of the photoelectric radar servo control system and PCB board to produce specially. Secondly, using PID algorithm to control the servo system, the datas of speed obtained from photoelectric-encoder is calculated position data and speed data via high-speed digital PID algorithm and coordinate models. Finally, a large number of experiments verify the reliability of embedded servo control system’s functions, the stability of the program and the stability of the hardware circuit. Meanwhile, the system can also achieve the satisfactory of user experience, to achieve a multi-mode motion, real-time motion status monitoring, online system parameter changes and other convenient features.

The second harmonic generation (SHG) of Q-switched Ho:LuAG laser in a KTP crystal was demonstrated. Under the Type II phase matching conditions, we obtained the maximum second harmonic energy per pulse of 6.82μJ and the minimum pulse width of 67.3ns at 1050.30nm in the fundamental wavelength of 2100.65nm, corresponding to a peak power of about 0.101kW. By inserting a 0.05mm-thickness YAG uncoated etalon, the maximum second harmonic energy per pulse of 4.83μJ and the minimum pulse width of 70.6ns at 1046.89nm was obtained in the fundamental wavelength of 2093.86nm, corresponding to a peak power of about 0.068kW.

Laser-induced plasma ignition of an ethylene fuelled cavity was successfully conducted in a model scramjet engine combustor. The ethylene was injected 10mm upstream of cavity flameholder from 3 orifices 60 degree inclined relative to freestream direction. The 1064nm laser beam, from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser source running at 3Hz and 200mJ per pulse, was focused into cavity for ignition. High speed photography was used to capture the transient ignition process. The laser-induced gas breakdown, flame kernel generation and propagation were all recorded and ensuing stable supersonic combustion was established in cavity. The flame kernel is found rotating anti-clockwise and gradually moves upwards as the entrainment of circulation flow in cavity. The flame is then stretched from leading edge to trailing edge to fully fill the entire cavity. Eventually, a stable combustion is achieved roughly 900μs after the laser pulse. The results show promising potentials for practical application. The perspective of laser-induced plasma ignition of hydrocarbon fuel in scramjet engine is outlined.

Strap-down inertial navigation system (SINS) is widely used in military field, to facilitate the study of SINS algorithms and various coupled navigation algorithms, a simulation system of SINS is designed. Based on modular design, with good portability and expansibility, the system consists of four independent modules: analysis module of motion state, trajectory simulator, IMU simulation module and SINS calculation module. With graphical interface, the system can control every motion state of the trajectory, which is convenient to generate various trajectories efficiently. Using rotation vector attitude algorithm to process simulation data, experiment results show that the attitude, velocity and position error is consistent with the theoretical value, which verifies the rationality of the simulation model and the availability of the simulation system.

A tunable diode laser absorption sensor, based on direct absorption spectroscopy and time division multiplexing scheme, was developed to measure H 2 O concentration and temperature of flat flame burner. At the height of 15mm from the furnace surface, temperature and concentration were measured at different equivalence ratios. Then the distance between the laser and the furnace surface was changed while the equivalence ratio was fixed at 1 and experiments were performed to measure temperature and H 2 O concentration at every height. At last flame temperatures and H 2 O concentrations were obtained by simulation and computational analysis and these combustion parameters were compared with the reference. The results showed that the experimental results were in accordance with the reference values. Temperature errors were less than 4% and H2O component concentration errors were less than 5%and both of them reached their maximum when the equivalent ratio was set at 1. The temperature and H 2 O concentration increased with the height from furnace surface to laser when it varied from 3mm to 9mm and it decreased when it varied from 9mm to 30mm and they reached their maximum at the height of 9mm. Keywords: tunable diode laser, direct absorption spectroscopy

Cirrus cloud has an important effect on the radiation balance between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere. The vertical structures, optical depth and effective lidar ratio of cirrus cloud detected by Mie scattering-polarization-Raman lidar system in Beijing from April 11 to December 31, 2012 are analyzed. The results show that the cloud height in Beijing is lower in spring and higher in autumn, with a mean value of about 8km. The mean of cloud thickness is 0.74km. The mean of optical depth is 0.092, and most observed cirrus cloud is thin while optical depth is less than 0.3. The effective lidar ratio of cirrus is lower in summer and higher in winter, inversely related to local temperature, with a mean value of 32.29Sr.

Based on the relative intensity distributions of Sodium Laser Beacon (SLB) and analysis of the on-axis imaging of incoherent light, considering the effects of atmospheric turbulence and the changes of telescope receiving diameter on the short-exposure SLB imagings on the focal plane, imagings of an extended source SLB are simulated under the three atmospheric turbulence models. Results indicate that sharpness and peak strehl ratio of SLB imagings increase but sharpness radius decrease with the decrease of atmosphere turbulence strengths. Moreover, the changes of telescope diameter from 3.0m to 1.5m cause the decrease of sharpness and peak strehl ratio but the increase of sharpness radius.

With the rapid development of science and technology and the promotion of many local wars in the world, altitude optical sensor mounted on unmanned aerial vehicle is more widely applied in the airborne remote sensing, measurement and detection. In order to obtain high quality image of the aero optical remote sensor, it is important to analysis its thermal-optical performance on the condition of high speed and high altitude. Especially for the key imaging assembly, such as optical window, the temperature variation and temperature gradient can result in defocus and aberrations in optical system, which will lead to the poor quality image. In order to improve the optical performance of a high speed aerial camera optical window, the thermal/structural/optical integrated design method is developed. Firstly, the flight environment of optical window is analyzed. Based on the theory of aerodynamics and heat transfer, the convection heat transfer coefficient is calculated. The temperature distributing of optical window is simulated by the finite element analysis software. The maximum difference in temperature of the inside and outside of optical window is obtained. Then the deformation of optical window under the boundary condition of the maximum difference in temperature is calculated. The optical window surface deformation is fitted in Zernike polynomial as the interface, the calculated Zernike fitting coefficients is brought in and analyzed by CodeV Optical Software. At last, the transfer function diagrams of the optical system on temperature field are comparatively analyzed. By comparing and analyzing the result, it can be obtained that the optical path difference caused by thermal deformation of the optical window is 138.2 nm, which is under PV ≤1 4λ . The above study can be used as an important reference for other optical window designs.

A unidirectional two-pulse amplifying architecture (UTPA) was proposed to amplify the laser pulses in inertial confinement fusion and fusion energy facilities. Compared with laser output performance in the conventional single pulse amplifier (SPA), the preliminary results show that although the performance in SPA and UTPA with the gain media of Yb:YAG operating at 200K are almost equal with output energies of 8.12 kJ and 8.26 kJ, and extraction efficiencies of 79.5% and 81.4%, respectively; however, at the maximum output in SPA, ΣB increases up to 3.499 rad close to the limitation of 3.5 rad, while in UTPA ΣB is relative small with the value of 1.769 rad, which reduces the nonlinear effects for high power pulses and is beneficial to system reliability and stability. In addition, for achieving a pulse with squared temporal shape, the demands for the pre-shaping ability of the laser system were significantly reduced in UTPA by around 6 times. With ΣB margins in UPTA, it is possible to scale the output performance with high extraction efficiency by increasing the gain coefficient or the slaps.

YbF 3 was proposed as a substitute for ThF 4 in anti-reflection or reflection coatings for the infrared range, and the residual stress of YbF 3 thin film using APS plasma ion assisted deposition(PIAD) was studied. From the results, we found the anode voltage of PIAD has a large effect on the residual stress of YbF 3 thin film, and the refractive index of YbF 3 produced with PIAD was higher than without it, with a possible reason close to packing density. Finally, we produced multi-layer reflection coating on a 260mm diameter mono-crystalline silicon substrate. Its surface contour was approximately 0.240λ (λ＝632.8nm), and the absorption was lower than 200ppm, which can satisfy the practical requirement.