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Abstract A prediction method based on an improved salp swarm algorithm (ISSA) and extreme learning machine (ELM) was proposed to improve line heating and forming. First, a three-dimensional transient numerical simulation of line heating and forming was carried out by applying a finite element simulation, and the influence of machining parameters on deformation was studied. Second, a prediction model for the ELM network was established based on simulation data, and the deformation of hull plate was predicted by the training network. Additionally, swarm intelligence optimization, particle swarm optimization (PSO), the seagull optimization algorithm (SOA), and the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) were studied while considering the shortcomings of the ELM, and the ISSA was proposed. Input weights and hidden layer biases of the ELM model were optimized to increase the stability of prediction results from the PSO, SOA, SSA and ISSA approaches. Finally, it was shown that the prediction effect of the ISSA–ELM model was superior by comparing and analyzing the prediction effect of each prediction model for line heating and forming.