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Computed tomography (CT) has been developed as a nondestructive technique for observing minute internal images in samples. It has been difficult to obtain photorealistic (clean or clear) CT images due to various unwanted artifacts generated during the CT scanning process, along with the limitations of back-projection algorithms. Recently, an iterative optimization algorithm has been developed that uses an entire sinogram to reduce errors caused by artifacts. In this paper, we introduce a new quantum algorithm for reconstructing CT images. This algorithm can be used with any type of light source as long as the projection is defined. Assuming an experimental sinogram produced by a Radon transform, to find the CT image of this sinogram, we express the CT image as a combination of qubits. After acquiring the Radon transform of the undetermined CT image, we combine the actual sinogram and the optimized qubits. The global energy optimization value used here can determine the value of qubits through a gate model quantum computer or quantum annealer. In particular, the new algorithm can also be used for cone-beam CT image reconstruction and for medical imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) has been developed as a nondestructive technique for observing minute internal images in samples. It has been difficult to obtain photorealistic (clean or clear) CT images due to various unwanted artifacts generated during the CT scanning process, along with the limitations of back-projection algorithms. Recently, an iterative optimization algorithm has been developed that uses an entire sinogram to reduce errors caused by artifacts. In this paper, we introduce a new quantum algorithm for reconstructing CT images. This algorithm can be used with any type of light source as long as the projection is defined. Assuming an experimental sinogram produced by a Radon transform, to find the CT image of this sinogram, we express the CT image as a combination of qubits. After acquiring the Radon transform of the undetermined CT image, we combine the actual sinogram and the optimized qubits. The global energy optimization value used here can determine the value of qubits through a gate model quantum computer or quantum annealer. In particular, the new algorithm can also be used for cone-beam CT image reconstruction and for medical imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental CBCT and panoramic images are important imaging modalities used in dental diagnosis and treatment planning. In order to acquire a panoramic image without an additional panoramic scan, in this study, we proposed a method of reconstructing a panoramic image by extracting panoramic projection data from dental CBCT projection data. After specifying the patient's dental arch from the patient's CBCT image, panoramic projection data are extracted from the CBCT projection data along the appropriate panoramic scan trajectory that fits the dental arch. A total of 40 clinical human datasets and one head phantom dataset were used to test the proposed method. The clinical human dataset used in this study includes cases in which it is difficult to reconstruct panoramic images from CBCT images, such as data with severe metal artifacts or data without teeth. As a result of applying the panoramic image reconstruction method proposed in this study, we were able to successfully acquire panoramic images from the CBCT projection data of various patients. The proposed method acquires a universally applicable panoramic image that is less affected by CBCT image quality and metal artifacts by extracting panoramic projection data from dental CBCT data and reconstructing a panoramic image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro cone-beam computed tomography (µCBCT) imaging is of utmost importance for carrying out extensive preclinical research in rodents. The imaging of animals is an essential step prior to preclinical precision irradiation, but also in the longitudinal assessment of treatment outcomes. However, imaging artifacts such as beam hardening will occur due to the low energetic nature of the X-ray imaging beam (i.e., 60 kVp). Beam hardening artifacts are especially difficult to resolve in a 'pancake' imaging geometry with stationary source and detector, where the animal is rotated around its sagittal axis, and the X-ray imaging beam crosses a wide range of thicknesses. In this study, a seven-layer U-Net based network architecture (vMonoCT) is adopted to predict virtual monoenergetic X-ray projections from polyenergetic X-ray projections. A Monte Carlo simulation model is developed to compose a training dataset of 1890 projection pairs. Here, a series of digital anthropomorphic mouse phantoms was derived from the reference DigiMouse phantom as simulation geometry. vMonoCT was trained on 1512 projection pairs (= 80%) and tested on 378 projection pairs (= 20%). The percentage error calculated for the test dataset was 1.7 ± 0.4%. Additionally, the vMonoCT model was evaluated on a retrospective projection dataset of five mice and one frozen cadaver. It was found that beam hardening artifacts were minimized after image reconstruction of the vMonoCT-corrected projections, and that anatomically incorrect gradient errors were corrected in the cranium up to 15%. Our results disclose the potential of Artificial Intelligence to enhance the µCBCT image quality in biomedical applications. vMonoCT is expected to contribute to the reproducibility of quantitative preclinical applications such as precision irradiations in X-ray cabinets, and to the evaluation of longitudinal imaging data in extensive preclinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired adult flatfoot is a frequent deformity which implies multiple, complex and combined 3D modifications of the foot skeletal structure. The difficult thorough evaluation of the degree of severity pre-op and the corresponding assessment post-op can now be overcome by cone-beam (CBCT) technology, which can provide access to the 3D skeletal structure in weight-bearing. This study aims to report flatfoot deformities originally in 3D and in weight-bearing, with measurements taken using two different bone segmentation techniques. 21 such patients, with indication for surgical corrections, underwent CBCT (Carestream, US) while standing on one leg. From these scans, 3D models of each bone of the foot were reconstructed by using two different state-of-the-art segmentation tools: a semi-automatic (Mimics Innovation Suite, Materialise, Belgium), and an automatic (Bonelogic Ortho Foot and Ankle, Disior, Finland). From both reconstructed models, Principal Component Analysis was used to define anatomical reference frames, and original foot and ankle angles and other parameters were calculated mostly based on the longitudinal axis of the bones, in anatomical plane projections and in 3D. Both bone model reconstructions revealed a considerable valgus of the calcareous, plantarflexion and internal rotation of the talus, and typical Meary's angles in the lateral and transverse plane projections. The mean difference from these angles between semi-automatic and automatic segmentations was larger than 3.5 degrees for only 3 of the 32 measurements, and a large number of these differences were not statistically significant. CBCT and the present techniques for bone shape reconstruction finally provide a novel and valuable 3D assessment of complex foot deformities in weight-bearing, eliminating previous limitations associated to unloaded feet and bidimensional measures. Corresponding measurements on the bone models from the two segmentation tools compared well. Other more representative measurements can be defined in the future using CBCT and these techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, conventional radiographs have been the primary tool to morphometrically evaluate the talocrural joint, which is comprised of the distal tibia, distal fibula, and proximal talus. More recently, high-resolution volumetric imaging, including computed tomography (CT), has enabled the generation of three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the talocrural joint. Weightbearing cone-beam CT (WBCT) technology provides additional benefit to assess 3D spatial relationships and joint congruency while the patient is load bearing. In this study we applied statistical shape modeling, a computational morphometrics technique, to objectively quantify anatomical variation, joint level coverage, joint space distance, and congruency at the talocrural joint. Shape models were developed from segmented WBCT images and included the distal tibia, distal fibula, and full talus. Key anatomical variation across subjects included the fibular notch on the tibia, talar trochlea sagittal plane rate of curvature, tibial plafond curvature with medial malleolus prominence, and changes in the fibular shaft diameter. The shape analysis also revealed a highly congruent talocrural joint with minimal inter-individual morphometric differences at the articular regions. These data are helpful to improve understanding of ankle joint pathologies and to guide refinement of operative treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops an improved Feldkamp–Davis–Kress (FDK) reconstruction algorithm using non-local total variation (NLTV) denoising and a cubic B-spline interpolation-based backprojector to enhance the image quality of low-dose cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The NLTV objective function is minimized on all log-transformed projections using steepest gradient descent optimization with an adaptive control of the step size to augment the difference between a real structure and noise. The proposed algorithm was evaluated using a phantom data set acquired from a low-dose protocol with lower milliampere-seconds (mAs).The combination of NLTV minimization and cubic B-spline interpolation rendered the enhanced reconstruction images with significantly reduced noise compared to conventional FDK and local total variation with anisotropic penalty. The artifacts were remarkably suppressed in the reconstructed images. Quantitative analysis of reconstruction images using low-dose projections acquired from low mAs showed a contrast-to-noise ratio with spatial resolution comparable to images reconstructed using projections acquired from high mAs. The proposed approach produced the lowest RMSE and the highest correlation. These results indicate that the proposed algorithm enables application of the conventional FDK algorithm for low mAs image reconstruction in low-dose CBCT imaging, thereby eliminating the need for more computationally demanding algorithms. The substantial reductions in radiation exposure associated with the low mAs projection acquisition may facilitate wider practical applications of daily online CBCT imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]